Jump to content

Haplogroup T (mtDNA): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
OAbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
431,569 edits
m Open access bot: doi added to citation with #oabot.
Tag: Reverted
(35 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}}
{{About|the human mtDNA Haplogroup T|the unrelated human Y-Chromosome Haplogroup T-M184|Haplogroup T-M184}}
{{About|the human mtDNA Haplogroup T|the unrelated human Y-Chromosome Haplogroup T-M184|Haplogroup T-M184}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=T
|name=T
|origin-date=25,149 ± 4,668 years before present
|origin-date=25,149 ± 4,668 years before present
|origin-place=[[Near East]]
|origin-place=[[Near East]], and/or [[Caucasus]]
|ancestor=[[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]]
|ancestor=[[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]]
|descendants=T1 and T2
|descendants=T1 and T2
Line 9: Line 10:
}}
}}


'''Haplogroup T''' is a [[Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup|human mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the [[Near East]].
'''Haplogroup T''' is a [[Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup|human mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the [[Near East]].{{CN|date=November 2023}}
{{TOC limit|3}}
{{TOC limit|3}}


==Origins==
==Origins==
Mitochondrial clade T derives from the haplogroup [[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]], which also gave rise to the mtDNA [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|haplogroup J]]. The T maternal clade is thought to have emanated from the [[Near East]] {{harv|Bermisheva|2002}}.
Mitochondrial clade T derives from the haplogroup [[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]], which also gave rise to the mtDNA [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|haplogroup J]]. The T maternal clade is thought to have emanated from the [[Near East]].{{CN|date=May 2023}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
[[File:Frequency maps based on HVS-I data for haplogroups T.png|thumb|Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup T.]]
[[File:Frequency maps based on HVS-I data for haplogroups T.png|thumb|Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup T.]]
The basal haplogroup T* is found among [[Algeria]]ns in [[Oran]] (1.67%) and [[Reguibat tribe|Reguibate]] [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]] (0.93%).<ref name="Bekada2015">{{cite journal|author1=Asmahan Bekada |author2=Lara R. Arauna |author3=Tahria Deba |author4=Francesc Calafell |author5=Soraya Benhamamouch |author6=David Comas |title=Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations|journal=PLOS ONE|date=September 24, 2015|volume=10|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|pages=e0138453 |pmid=26402429 |pmc=4581715|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038453B}}; [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?unique&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453.s007 S5 Table]</ref> It is also distributed among the [[Soqotri people|Soqotri]] (1.2%).<ref name="Cerny2009">{{cite journal|last1=Černý, Viktor|title=Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2009|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–447|url=http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|access-date=13 June 2016|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|pmid=19012329|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125303/http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>
The basal haplogroup T* is found among [[Algeria]]ns in [[Oran]] (1.67%) and [[Reguibat tribe|Reguibate]] [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]] (0.93%).<ref name="Bekada2015">{{cite journal|author1=Asmahan Bekada |author2=Lara R. Arauna |author3=Tahria Deba |author4=Francesc Calafell |author5=Soraya Benhamamouch |author6=David Comas |title=Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations|journal=PLOS ONE|date=September 24, 2015|volume=10|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|pages=e0138453 |pmid=26402429 |pmc=4581715|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038453B|doi-access=free }}; [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?unique&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138453.s007 S5 Table]</ref> It is also distributed among the [[Soqotri people|Soqotri]] (1.2%).<ref name="Cerny2009">{{cite journal|last1=Černý, Viktor|title=Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2009|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–447|url=http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|access-date=13 June 2016|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|pmid=19012329|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125303/http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>


Haplogroup T is present at low frequencies haplogroup throughout Western and Central Asia and Europe, with varying degrees of prevalence and certainly might have been present in other groups from the surrounding areas. T is found in approximately 10% of native Europeans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bryan Sykes|title=The Seven Daughters of Eve|year=2001|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0393020182|title-link=The Seven Daughters of Eve|author-link=Bryan Sykes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maternal Ancestry|url=http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|publisher=Oxford Ancestors|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715205636/http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|archive-date=15 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also common among modern day [[Demographics of Iran|Iranians]]. Based on a sample of over 400 modern day Iranians {{harv|Kivisild and Metspalu|2003}}, the T haplogroup represents roughly 8.3% of the population (about 1 out of 12 individuals), with the more specific T1 subtype constituting roughly half of those. Furthermore, the specific subtype T1 tends to be found further east and is common in [[Central Asia]]n and modern [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] populations {{harv|Lalueza-Fox|2004}}, who inhabit much of the same territory as the ancient [[Saka]], [[Sarmatian]], [[Andronovo]], and other putative Iranian peoples of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Lalueza-Fox et al. (2004) also found several T and T1 sequences in ancient burials, including [[Kurgan]]s, in the Kazakh steppe between the 14th-10th centuries BC, as well as later into the 1st millennia BC. These coincide with the latter part of the Andronovo period and the Saka period in the region.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Casey | last2 = Kaestle | first2 = Frederika A. | year = 2010 | title = Investigation of Ancient DNA from Western Siberia and the Sargat Culture | journal = Human Biology | volume = 82 | issue = 2| pages = 143–156 | doi=10.3378/027.082.0202| pmid = 20649397 | arxiv = 1112.2014 | s2cid = 54566651 }}</ref>
Haplogroup T is present at low frequencies throughout Western and Central Asia and Europe, with varying degrees of prevalence and certainly might have been present in other groups from the surrounding areas. T is found in approximately 10% of native Europeans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bryan Sykes|title=The Seven Daughters of Eve|year=2001|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0393020182|title-link=The Seven Daughters of Eve|author-link=Bryan Sykes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maternal Ancestry|url=http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|publisher=Oxford Ancestors|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715205636/http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/|archive-date=15 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also common among modern day [[Demographics of Iran|Iranians]]. Based on a sample of over 400 modern day Iranians,{{CN|date=May 2023}} the T haplogroup represents roughly 8.3% of the population (about 1 out of 12 individuals), with the more specific T1 subtype constituting roughly half of those. Furthermore, the specific subtype T1 tends to be found further east and is common in [[Central Asia]]n and modern [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] populations {{harv|Lalueza-Fox|2004}}, who inhabit much of the same territory as the ancient [[Saka]], [[Sarmatian]], [[Andronovo]], and other putative Iranian peoples of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Lalueza-Fox et al. (2004) also found several T and T1 sequences in ancient burials, including [[Kurgan]]s, in the Kazakh steppe between the 14th-10th centuries BC, as well as later into the 1st millennia BC. These coincide with the latter part of the Andronovo period and the Saka period in the region.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Casey | last2 = Kaestle | first2 = Frederika A. | year = 2010 | title = Investigation of Ancient DNA from Western Siberia and the Sargat Culture | journal = Human Biology | volume = 82 | issue = 2| pages = 143–156 | doi=10.3378/027.082.0202| pmid = 20649397 | arxiv = 1112.2014 | s2cid = 54566651 }}</ref>


The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in Britain and Ireland, to a high in Saudi Arabia {{harv|Bedford|2012}}. Within subhaplogroup T2e, a very rare motif is identified among Sephardic Jews of Turkey and Bulgaria and suspected conversos from the New World {{harv|Bedford|2012}}.
The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in Britain and Ireland, to a high in Saudi Arabia {{harv|Bedford|2012}}. Within subhaplogroup T2e, a very rare motif is identified among Sephardic Jews of Turkey and Bulgaria and suspected conversos from the New World {{harv|Bedford|2012}}.
Line 25: Line 26:
Found in Svan population from Caucasus (Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2%. T1a1a1 is particularly common in countries with high levels of Y-haplogroup R1a, such as Central and Northeast Europe. The clade is also found everywhere in Central Asia and deep into North Asia, as far east as Mongolia.
Found in Svan population from Caucasus (Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2%. T1a1a1 is particularly common in countries with high levels of Y-haplogroup R1a, such as Central and Northeast Europe. The clade is also found everywhere in Central Asia and deep into North Asia, as far east as Mongolia.


T2c and T2d appear to have a Near Eastern origin around the time of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (LGM) and more recent dispersals into Europe. Most of T2c comprises haplogroup T2c1. Apart from a peak in Cyprus, T2c1 is most common in the [[Persian Gulf]] region but is also found in the Levant and in Mediterranean Europe, with a more far-flung distribution at very low levels.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mitochondrial DNA Signals of Late Glacial Recolonization of Europe from Near Eastern Refugia|date=4 May 2012|pages=915–924|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.003|volume=90|issue=5|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|pmid=22560092|pmc=3376494 | last1 = Pala | first1 = M | last2 = Olivieri | first2 = A | last3 = Achilli | first3 = A | last4 = Accetturo | first4 = M | last5 = Metspalu | first5 = E | last6 = Reidla | first6 = M | last7 = Tamm | first7 = E | last8 = Karmin | first8 = M | last9 = Reisberg | first9 = T | last10 = Hooshiar Kashani | first10 = B | last11 = Perego | first11 = UA | last12 = Carossa | first12 = V | last13 = Gandini | first13 = F | last14 = Pereira | first14 = JB | last15 = Soares | first15 = P | last16 = Angerhofer | first16 = N | last17 = Rychkov | first17 = S | last18 = Al-Zahery | first18 = N | last19 = Carelli | first19 = V | last20 = Sanati | first20 = MH | last21 = Houshmand | first21 = M | last22 = Hatina | first22 = J | last23 = Macaulay | first23 = V | last24 = Pereira | first24 = L | last25 = Woodward | first25 = SR | last26 = Davies | first26 = W | last27 = Gamble | first27 = C | last28 = Baird | first28 = D | last29 = Semino | first29 = O | last30 = Villems | first30 = R | last31 = Torroni | first31 = A | last32 = Richards | first32 = MB}}http://haplogroup.org/sources/mitochondrial-dna-signals-of-late-glacial-recolonization-of-europe-from-near-eastern-refugia/</ref>
T2c and T2d appear to have a Near Eastern origin around the time of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (LGM) and more recent dispersals into Europe. Most of T2c comprises haplogroup T2c1. Apart from a peak in Cyprus, T2c1 is most common in the [[Persian Gulf]] region but is also found in the Levant and in Mediterranean Europe, with a more far-flung distribution at very low levels.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mitochondrial DNA Signals of Late Glacial Recolonization of Europe from Near Eastern Refugia|date=4 May 2012|pages=915–924|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.003|volume=90|issue=5|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|pmid=22560092|pmc=3376494 | last1 = Pala | first1 = M | last2 = Olivieri | first2 = A | last3 = Achilli | first3 = A | last4 = Accetturo | first4 = M | last5 = Metspalu | first5 = E | last6 = Reidla | first6 = M | last7 = Tamm | first7 = E | last8 = Karmin | first8 = M | last9 = Reisberg | first9 = T | last10 = Hooshiar Kashani | first10 = B | last11 = Perego | first11 = UA | last12 = Carossa | first12 = V | last13 = Gandini | first13 = F | last14 = Pereira | first14 = JB | last15 = Soares | first15 = P | last16 = Angerhofer | first16 = N | last17 = Rychkov | first17 = S | last18 = Al-Zahery | first18 = N | last19 = Carelli | first19 = V | last20 = Sanati | first20 = MH | last21 = Houshmand | first21 = M | last22 = Hatina | first22 = J | last23 = Macaulay | first23 = V | last24 = Pereira | first24 = L | last25 = Woodward | first25 = SR | last26 = Davies | first26 = W | last27 = Gamble | first27 = C | last28 = Baird | first28 = D | last29 = Semino | first29 = O | last30 = Villems | first30 = R | last31 = Torroni | first31 = A | last32 = Richards | first32 = MB}}http://haplogroup.org/sources/mitochondrial-dna-signals-of-late-glacial-recolonization-of-europe-from-near-eastern-refugia/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207084159/https://haplogroup.org/sources/mitochondrial-dna-signals-of-late-glacial-recolonization-of-europe-from-near-eastern-refugia/ |date=2023-02-07 }}</ref>


T2 is also found among the Soqotri (7.7%).<ref name="Cerny2009"/>
T2 is also found among the Soqotri (7.7%).<ref name="Cerny2009"/>


===Archaeology===
===Archaeology===
Wilde et al. (2014) tested mtDNA samples from the [[Yamna culture]], the presumed homeland of [[Proto-Indo-European]] speakers. They found T2a1b in the Middle [[Volga region]] and [[Bulgaria]], and T1a both in central [[Ukraine]] and the Middle Volga. The frequency of T1a and T2 in Yamna samples were each 14.5%, a percentage higher than in any country today and only found in similarly high frequencies among the [[Udmurts]] of the Volga-Ural region.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1316513111 | pmid=24616518 | volume=111 | issue=13 | title=Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | pages=4832–4837 | year=2014 | last1 = Wilde | first1 = Sandra| pmc=3977302 | bibcode=2014PNAS..111.4832W }}</ref>
Wilde et al. (2014) tested mtDNA samples from the [[Yamna culture]], the presumed homeland of [[Proto-Indo-European]] speakers. They found T2a1b in the Middle [[Volga region]] and [[Bulgaria]], and T1a both in central [[Ukraine]] and the Middle Volga. The frequency of T1a and T2 in Yamna samples were each 14.5%, a percentage higher than in any country today and only found in similarly high frequencies among the [[Udmurts]] of the Volga-Ural region.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1316513111 | pmid=24616518 | volume=111 | issue=13 | title=Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | pages=4832–4837 | year=2014 | last1 = Wilde | first1 = Sandra| pmc=3977302 | bibcode=2014PNAS..111.4832W | doi-access=free }}</ref>


Haplogroup T has also been found among [[Iberomaurusian]] specimens dating from the [[Epipaleolithic]] at the [[Mechta-Afalou|Afalou]] prehistoric site in [[Algeria]]. One ancient individual carried the T2b subclade (1/9; 11%).<ref name="Kefi2016">{{cite journal|last1=Kefi, Rym|display-authors=etal|title=On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations|journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part A|year=2018|volume=29|issue=1|pages=147–157|doi=10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406|pmid=28034339|s2cid=4490910}}</ref> Additionally, haplogroup T has been observed among [[ancient Egypt]]ian mummies excavated at the [[Abusir|Abusir el-Meleq]] archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-[[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]]/late [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] (T1, T2), Ptolemaic (T1, T2), and [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman]] (undifferentiated T, T1) periods.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J.|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in [[Morocco]], which have been dated to around 3,000 BCE, have also been observed to carry the T2 subclade.<ref>{{cite biorxiv|last1=Fregel|display-authors=etal|year=2018|title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/20/191569.full.pdf|biorxiv=10.1101/191569}}</ref> Additionally, haplogroup T has been observed in ancient [[Guanches|Guanche]] fossils excavated in [[Gran Canaria]] and [[Tenerife]] on the [[Canary Islands]], which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with one specimen found to belong to the T2c1d2 subclade (1/7; 14%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrı́guez-Varela|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans|journal=Current Biology|date=2017|volume=27|issue=1–7|url=http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)31257-5|access-date=28 October 2017|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059|pmid=29107554|pages=3396–3402.e5|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Haplogroup T has also been found among [[Iberomaurusian]] specimens dating from the [[Epipaleolithic]] at the [[Mechta-Afalou|Afalou]] prehistoric site in [[Algeria]]. One ancient individual carried the T2b subclade (1/9; 11%).<ref name="Kefi2016">{{cite journal|last1=Kefi, Rym|display-authors=etal|title=On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations|journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part A|year=2018|volume=29|issue=1|pages=147–157|doi=10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406|pmid=28034339|s2cid=4490910}}</ref> Additionally, haplogroup T has been observed among [[ancient Egypt]]ian mummies excavated at the [[Abusir|Abusir el-Meleq]] archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-[[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]]/late [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] (T1, T2), Ptolemaic (T1, T2), and [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman]] (undifferentiated T, T1) periods.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J.|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in [[Morocco]], which have been dated to around 3,000 BCE, have also been observed to carry the T2 subclade.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Fregel |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe <!-- unsupported parameter |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/20/191569.full.pdf --> |biorxiv=10.1101/191569}}</ref> Additionally, haplogroup T has been observed in ancient [[Guanches|Guanche]] fossils excavated in [[Gran Canaria]] and [[Tenerife]] on the [[Canary Islands]], which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with one specimen found to belong to the T2c1d2 subclade (1/7; 14%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrı́guez-Varela|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans|journal=Current Biology|date=2017|volume=27|issue=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059|pmid=29107554|pages=3396–3402.e5|doi-access=free|hdl=2164/13526|hdl-access=free}}</ref>


===Africa===
===Africa===
In Africa, haplogroup T is primarily found among [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]-speaking populations, including the basal T* clade.<ref name="Bekada2015"/> Some non-basal T clades are also commonly found among the [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]]-speaking [[Serer people|Serer]] due to diffusion from the [[Maghreb]], likely with the spread of Islam and urban civilizations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ball|first1=Edward|title=The Genetic Strand: Exploring a Family History Through DNA|date=2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=233|isbn=978-1416554257|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=cj8_GbJhY6sC|access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref>
In Africa, haplogroup T is primarily found among [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]-speaking populations, including the basal T* clade.<ref name="Bekada2015"/> Some non-basal T clades are also commonly found among the [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]]-speaking [[Serer people|Serer]] due to diffusion from the [[Maghreb]], likely with the spread of Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ball|first1=Edward|title=The Genetic Strand: Exploring a Family History Through DNA|date=2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=233|isbn=978-1416554257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj8_GbJhY6sC|access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
!scope="col" |'''Population'''
!scope="col" |'''Population'''
Line 121: Line 122:
***T1a
***T1a
****T1a1
****T1a1
****T1a2
***T1b
***T1b
**T2
**T2
Line 142: Line 144:


==Health issues==
==Health issues==
One study has shown Haplogroup T to be associated with increased risk for [[coronary artery disease]] {{harv|Sanger|2007}}. However, some studies have also shown that people of Haplogroup T are less prone to [[diabetes]] ({{harvnb|Chinnery|2007}} and {{harvnb|González|2012}}).
One study has shown Haplogroup T to be associated with increased risk for [[coronary artery disease]].{{CN|date=May 2023}} However, some studies have also shown that people of Haplogroup T are less prone to [[diabetes]] ({{harvnb|Chinnery|2007}} and {{harvnb|González|2012}}).


A few tentative medical studies have demonstrated that Haplogroup T may offer some resistance to both [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
A few tentative medical studies have demonstrated that Haplogroup T may offer some resistance to both [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}


One study has found that among the Spanish population, Hypertrophic CardioMyopathy (HCM) also referred to as Hypertrophic Obstructive CardioMyopathy or HOCM is more likely to happen in those of T2 ancestry than those in other maternal haplogroups.<ref name="Castro et al">{{cite journal|last1=Castro|first1=M|title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Spanish patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. |pmid=16313983|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.09.008|volume=112|issue=2|pages=202–6|journal=Int J Cardiol|year=2006}}</ref> It is unknown whether or not this is specific to this subclaude of haplogroup T or is a risk factor shared by all of haplogroup T. With a statistically significant difference found in such a small sample, it may be advisable for those of known haplogroup T maternal ancestry to be aware of this and have their physician check for evidence of this condition when having a routine exam at an early age. It is usually symptom-less and increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, which often happens to those of as early in life as teenagers and may affect those who are active and have no other risk factors.<ref name="Chen 2014">{{cite web|last1=Chen|first1=Michael|title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000192.htm|website=Medline Plus|publisher=National Library of Medicine|access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref>
One study has found that among the Spanish population, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) also referred to as hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is more likely to happen in those of T2 ancestry than those in other maternal haplogroups.<ref name="Castro et al">{{cite journal|last1=Castro|first1=M|title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Spanish patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. |pmid=16313983|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.09.008|volume=112|issue=2|pages=202–6|journal=Int J Cardiol|year=2006}}</ref> It is unknown whether or not this is specific to this subclaude of haplogroup T or is a risk factor shared by all of haplogroup T. With a statistically significant difference found in such a small sample, it may be advisable for those of known haplogroup T maternal ancestry to be aware of this and have their physician check for evidence of this condition when having a routine exam at an early age. It is usually symptom-less and increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, which often happens to those of as early in life as teenagers and may affect those who are active and have no other risk factors.<ref name="Chen 2014">{{cite web|last1=Chen|first1=Michael|title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000192.htm|website=Medline Plus|publisher=National Library of Medicine|access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref>


Certain medical studies had shown mitochondrial Haplogroup T to be associated with reduced [[sperm motility]] in males, although these results have been challenged {{harv|Mishmar|2002}}. According to the Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologica Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Haplogroup T can predispose to [[asthenozoospermia]] {{harv|Ruiz-Pesini|2000}}. However, these findings have been disputed due to a small sample size in the study {{harv|Mishmar|2002}}.
Certain medical studies had shown mitochondrial Haplogroup T to be associated with reduced [[sperm motility]] in males, although these results have been challenged {{harv|Mishmar|2002}}. According to the Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologica Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Haplogroup T can predispose to [[asthenozoospermia]] {{harv|Ruiz-Pesini|2000}}. However, these findings have been disputed due to a small sample size in the study {{harv|Mishmar|2002}}.
Line 152: Line 154:
==Famous members==
==Famous members==


During the [[BBC One]] documentary ''[[Meet the Izzards]]'' the actor and comedian [[Eddie Izzard]] learns that his mitochondrial DNA is of Haplogroup T, specifically the subclade T2f1a1.<ref>{{cite AV media|title= Meet the Izzards: The Mum's Line |publisher= [[BBC One]] |minutes= 48 |date= 2013-03-12}}</ref>
During the [[BBC One]] documentary ''[[Meet the Izzards]],'' the actor and comedian [[Eddie Izzard]] learns that his mitochondrial DNA is of Haplogroup T, specifically the subclade T2f1a1.<ref>{{cite AV media|title= Meet the Izzards: The Mum's Line |publisher= [[BBC One]] |minutes= 48 |date= 2013-03-12}}</ref>

[[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]] belongs to haplogroup T2b2.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gates Jr.|first=Henry Louis|page=4|date=2010|title=Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts|publisher=New York University Press}}</ref>


===Nicholas II of Russia===
===Nicholas II of Russia===
Line 168: Line 172:
*[[Human mitochondrial molecular clock]]
*[[Human mitochondrial molecular clock]]
*[[Mitochondrial Eve]]
*[[Mitochondrial Eve]]
*[[mtDna haplogroups by populations|mtDNA Haplogroups by Populations]]
*[[Population genetics]]
*[[Population genetics]]
}}
}}
Line 183: Line 186:
<references />
<references />


===Sources===
<!--Comment Out

*{{cite journal|year=|doi=|pmid=|pmc=}}
*{{cite journal}}
-->


*{{cite journal|vauthors=Pike DA, Barton TJ, Bauer SL, Kipp E |title=mtDNA Haplogroup T Phylogeny Based on Full Mitochondrial Sequences|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=6|issue=1|year=2010|url=http://www.jogg.info/62/index.html}}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Pike DA, Barton TJ, Bauer SL, Kipp E|title=mtDNA Haplogroup T Phylogeny Based on Full Mitochondrial Sequences|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=6|issue=1|year=2010|url=http://www.jogg.info/62/index.html|access-date=2011-10-19|archive-date=2016-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422154847/http://www.jogg.info/62/index.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal|title=Molecular instability of the mitochondrial haplogroup T sequences at nucleotide positions 16292 and 16296}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Malyarchuk |first1=B. A. |last2=Derenko |first2=M. V. |title=Molecular instability of the mitochondrial haplogroup T sequences at nucleotide positions 16292 and 16296 |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=November 1999 |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=489–497 |doi=10.1017/S0003480099007794|pmid=11246451 }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Abu-Amero|year=2008|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-45|pmid=18269758|pmc=2268671|title=Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula|first1=Khaled K|last2=Larruga|first2=José M|last3=Cabrera|first3=Vicente M|last4=González|first4=Ana M|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=8|pages=45}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Abu-Amero|year=2008|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-45|pmid=18269758|pmc=2268671|title=Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula|first1=Khaled K|last2=Larruga|first2=José M|last3=Cabrera|first3=Vicente M|last4=González|first4=Ana M|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=8|issue=1 |pages=45 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...45A |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Babalini|year=2005|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201439|pmid=15886710|title=The population history of the Croatian linguistic minority of Molise (southern Italy): A maternal view|first1=Carla|last2=Martínez-Labarga|first2=Cristina|last3=Tolk|first3=Helle-Viivi|last4=Kivisild|first4=Toomas|last5=Giampaolo|first5=Rita|last6=Tarsi|first6=Tiziana|last7=Contini|first7=Irene|last8=Barać|first8=Lovorka|last9=Janićijević|first9=Branka|last10=Martinović Klarić|first10=Irena|last11=Peričić|first11=Marijana|last12=Sujoldžić|first12=Anita|last13=Villems|first13=Richard|last14=Biondi|first14=Gianfranco|last15=Rudan|first15=Pavao|last16=Rickards|first16=Olga|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=8|pages=902–12|display-authors=8|url=http://idiprints.knjiznica.idi.hr/682/|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Babalini|year=2005|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201439|pmid=15886710|title=The population history of the Croatian linguistic minority of Molise (southern Italy): A maternal view|first1=Carla|last2=Martínez-Labarga|first2=Cristina|last3=Tolk|first3=Helle-Viivi|last4=Kivisild|first4=Toomas|last5=Giampaolo|first5=Rita|last6=Tarsi|first6=Tiziana|last7=Contini|first7=Irene|last8=Barać|first8=Lovorka|last9=Janićijević|first9=Branka|last10=Martinović Klarić|first10=Irena|last11=Peričić|first11=Marijana|last12=Sujoldžić|first12=Anita|last13=Villems|first13=Richard|last14=Biondi|first14=Gianfranco|last15=Rudan|first15=Pavao|last16=Rickards|first16=Olga|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=8|pages=902–12|display-authors=8|url=http://idiprints.knjiznica.idi.hr/682/|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Bedford|year=2012|pmid=22108605|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2011.200|pmc=3306851|title=Sephardic signature in haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA|first1=Felice L|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=20|issue=4|pages=441–8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Bedford|author-link1=Felice Bedford|year=2012|pmid=22108605|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2011.200|pmc=3306851|title=Sephardic signature in haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA|first1=Felice L|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=20|issue=4|pages=441–8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Behar|year=2008|ref={{harvid|Behar|2008a}}|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002062|pmid=18446216|pmc=2323359|first1=DM|last2=Metspalu|first2=E|last3=Kivisild|first3=T|last4=Rosset|first4=S|last5=Tzur|first5=S|last6=Hadid|first6=Y|last7=Yudkovsky|first7=G|last8=Rosengarten|first8=D|last9=Pereira|first9=L|last10=Amorim|first10=A|last11=Kutuev|first11=I|last12=Gurwitz|first12=D|last13=Bonne-Tamir|first13=B|last14=Villems|first14=R|last15=Skorecki|first15=K|title=Counting the founders: The matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora|volume=3|issue=4|pages=e2062|journal=PLOS ONE|editor1-last=MacAulay|editor1-first=Vincent|display-authors=8|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2062B}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Behar|year=2008|ref={{harvid|Behar|2008a}}|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002062|pmid=18446216|pmc=2323359|first1=DM|last2=Metspalu|first2=E|last3=Kivisild|first3=T|last4=Rosset|first4=S|last5=Tzur|first5=S|last6=Hadid|first6=Y|last7=Yudkovsky|first7=G|last8=Rosengarten|first8=D|last9=Pereira|first9=L|last10=Amorim|first10=A|last11=Kutuev|first11=I|last12=Gurwitz|first12=D|last13=Bonne-Tamir|first13=B|last14=Villems|first14=R|last15=Skorecki|first15=K|title=Counting the founders: The matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora|volume=3|issue=4|pages=e2062|journal=PLOS ONE|editor1-last=MacAulay|editor1-first=Vincent|display-authors=8|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2062B|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Behar|year=2012|ref={{harvid|Behar|2012b}}|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002|title=A "Copernican" Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root|first1=Doron M.|last2=Van Oven|first2=Mannis|last3=Rosset|first3=Saharon|last4=Metspalu|first4=Mait|last5=Loogväli|first5=Eva-Liis|last6=Silva|first6=Nuno M.|last7=Kivisild|first7=Toomas|last8=Torroni|first8=Antonio|last9=Villems|first9=Richard|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=90|issue=4|pages=675–84|pmid=22482806|pmc=3322232}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Behar|year=2012|ref={{harvid|Behar|2012b}}|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002|title=A "Copernican" Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root|first1=Doron M.|last2=Van Oven|first2=Mannis|last3=Rosset|first3=Saharon|last4=Metspalu|first4=Mait|last5=Loogväli|first5=Eva-Liis|last6=Silva|first6=Nuno M.|last7=Kivisild|first7=Toomas|last8=Torroni|first8=Antonio|last9=Villems|first9=Richard|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=90|issue=4|pages=675–84|pmid=22482806|pmc=3322232}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Belyaeva|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Belyaeva|2003}}|doi=10.1353/hub.2003.0069|pmid=14763602|title=Mitochondrial DNA variations in Russian and Belorussian populations|first1=Olga|last2=Bermisheva|first2=Marina|last3=Khrunin|first3=Andrey|last4=Slominsky|first4=Petr|last5=Bebyakova|first5=Natalia|last6=Khusnutdinova|first6=E. K. (Elza Kamilevna)|last7=Mikulich|first7=Aleksei Ignatevich|last8=Limborskaia|first8=S. A. (Svetlana Andreevna)|journal=Human Biology|volume=75|issue=5|pages=647–60|s2cid=23876546}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Belyaeva|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Belyaeva|2003}}|doi=10.1353/hub.2003.0069|pmid=14763602|title=Mitochondrial DNA variations in Russian and Belorussian populations|first1=Olga|last2=Bermisheva|first2=Marina|last3=Khrunin|first3=Andrey|last4=Slominsky|first4=Petr|last5=Bebyakova|first5=Natalia|last6=Khusnutdinova|first6=E. K. (Elza Kamilevna)|last7=Mikulich|first7=Aleksei Ignatevich|last8=Limborskaia|first8=S. A. (Svetlana Andreevna)|journal=Human Biology|volume=75|issue=5|pages=647–60|s2cid=23876546}}
Line 202: Line 201:
*{{cite journal|last1=Castrì|year=2008|ref={{harvid|Castrì|2008}}|first1=Loredana|title=Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa|journal=[[Journal of Anthropological Sciences]]|volume=86|pages=189–192|pmid=19934476|last2=Garagnani|first2=P|last3=Useli|first3=A|last4=Pettener|first4=D|last5=Luiselli|first5=D }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Castrì|year=2008|ref={{harvid|Castrì|2008}}|first1=Loredana|title=Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa|journal=[[Journal of Anthropological Sciences]]|volume=86|pages=189–192|pmid=19934476|last2=Garagnani|first2=P|last3=Useli|first3=A|last4=Pettener|first4=D|last5=Luiselli|first5=D }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Castrì|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Castrì|2009}}|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21070|title=MtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa|first1=Loredana|last2=Tofanelli|first2=Sergio|last3=Garagnani|first3=Paolo|last4=Bini|first4=Carla|last5=Fosella|first5=Xenia|last6=Pelotti|first6=Susi|last7=Paoli|first7=Giorgio|last8=Pettener|first8=Davide|last9=Luiselli|first9=Donata|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=140|issue=2|pages=302–11|pmid=19425093}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Castrì|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Castrì|2009}}|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21070|title=MtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa|first1=Loredana|last2=Tofanelli|first2=Sergio|last3=Garagnani|first3=Paolo|last4=Bini|first4=Carla|last5=Fosella|first5=Xenia|last6=Pelotti|first6=Susi|last7=Paoli|first7=Giorgio|last8=Pettener|first8=Davide|last9=Luiselli|first9=Donata|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=140|issue=2|pages=302–11|pmid=19425093}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Chinnery|year=2007|doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.048876|pmid=17551080|pmc=2740896|title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and type 2 diabetes: A study of 897 cases and 1010 controls|first1=P F|last2=Mowbray|first2=C|last3=Patel|first3=S K|last4=Elson|first4=J L|last5=Sampson|first5=M|last6=Hitman|first6=G A|last7=McCarthy|first7=M I|last8=Hattersley|first8=A T|last9=Walker|first9=M|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=44|issue=6|pages=e80}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Chinnery|2007}} |last1=Chinnery|year=2007|doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.048876|pmid=17551080|pmc=2740896|title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and type 2 diabetes: A study of 897 cases and 1010 controls|first1=P F|last2=Mowbray|first2=C|last3=Patel|first3=S K|last4=Elson|first4=J L|last5=Sampson|first5=M|last6=Hitman|first6=G A|last7=McCarthy|first7=M I|last8=Hattersley|first8=A T|last9=Walker|first9=M|journal=Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=44|issue=6|pages=e80}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Coble|year=2009|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004838|pmid=19277206|pmc=2652717|title=Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis|editor1-last=Hofreiter|editor1-first=Michael|first1=Michael D.|last2=Loreille|first2=Odile M.|last3=Wadhams|first3=Mark J.|last4=Edson|first4=Suni M.|last5=Maynard|first5=Kerry|last6=Meyer|first6=Carna E.|last7=Niederstätter|first7=Harald|last8=Berger|first8=Cordula|last9=Berger|first9=Burkhard|last10=Falsetti|first10=A. B.|last11=Gill|first11=P|last12=Parson|first12=W|last13=Finelli|first13=L. N.|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=3|pages=e4838|display-authors=8|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4838C}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Coble|year=2009|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004838|pmid=19277206|pmc=2652717|title=Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis|editor1-last=Hofreiter|editor1-first=Michael|first1=Michael D.|last2=Loreille|first2=Odile M.|last3=Wadhams|first3=Mark J.|last4=Edson|first4=Suni M.|last5=Maynard|first5=Kerry|last6=Meyer|first6=Carna E.|last7=Niederstätter|first7=Harald|last8=Berger|first8=Cordula|last9=Berger|first9=Burkhard|last10=Falsetti|first10=A. B.|last11=Gill|first11=P|last12=Parson|first12=W|last13=Finelli|first13=L. N.|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=3|pages=e4838|display-authors=8|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4838C|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Costa|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Costa|2009}}|doi=10.1016/j.mad.2008.12.001|pmid=19133286|first1=MD|last2=Cherni|first2=L|last3=Fernandes|first3=V|last4=Freitas|first4=F|last5=Ammar El Gaaied|first5=AB|last6=Pereira|first6=L|title=Data from complete mtDNA sequencing of Tunisian centenarians: Testing haplogroup association and the "golden mean" to longevity|volume=130|issue=4|pages=222–6|journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development|s2cid=6102820}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Costa|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Costa|2009}}|doi=10.1016/j.mad.2008.12.001|pmid=19133286|first1=MD|last2=Cherni|first2=L|last3=Fernandes|first3=V|last4=Freitas|first4=F|last5=Ammar El Gaaied|first5=AB|last6=Pereira|first6=L|title=Data from complete mtDNA sequencing of Tunisian centenarians: Testing haplogroup association and the "golden mean" to longevity|volume=130|issue=4|pages=222–6|journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development|s2cid=6102820}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Cvjetan|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Cvjetan|2004}}|first1=S|last2=Tolk|first2=HV|last3=Lauc|first3=LB|last4=Colak|first4=I|last5=Dordević|first5=D|last6=Efremovska|first6=L|last7=Janićijević|first7=B|last8=Kvesić|first8=A|last9=Klarić|first9=IM|last10=Metspalu|first10=E|last11=Pericić|first11=M|last12=Parik|first12=J|last13=Popović|first13=D|last14=Sijacki|first14=A|last15=Terzić|first15=R|last16=Villems|first16=R|last17=Rudan|first17=P|title=Frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups in southeastern Europe--Croatians, Bosnians and Herzegovinians, Serbians, Macedonians and Macedonian Romani|journal=Collegium Antropologicum|volume=28|issue=1|pages=193–8|pmid=15636075|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Cvjetan|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Cvjetan|2004}}|first1=S|last2=Tolk|first2=HV|last3=Lauc|first3=LB|last4=Colak|first4=I|last5=Dordević|first5=D|last6=Efremovska|first6=L|last7=Janićijević|first7=B|last8=Kvesić|first8=A|last9=Klarić|first9=IM|last10=Metspalu|first10=E|last11=Pericić|first11=M|last12=Parik|first12=J|last13=Popović|first13=D|last14=Sijacki|first14=A|last15=Terzić|first15=R|last16=Villems|first16=R|last17=Rudan|first17=P|title=Frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups in southeastern Europe--Croatians, Bosnians and Herzegovinians, Serbians, Macedonians and Macedonian Romani|journal=Collegium Antropologicum|volume=28|issue=1|pages=193–8|pmid=15636075|display-authors=8}}
Line 210: Line 209:
*{{cite journal|last1=Fernandes|year=2012|ref={{harvid|Fernandes|2012}}|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.010|title=The Arabian Cradle: Mitochondrial Relicts of the First Steps along the Southern Route out of Africa|first1=Verónica|last2=Alshamali|first2=Farida|last3=Alves|first3=Marco|last4=Costa|first4=Marta D.|last5=Pereira|first5=Joana B.|last6=Silva|first6=Nuno M.|last7=Cherni|first7=Lotfi|last8=Harich|first8=Nourdin|last9=Cerny|first9=Viktor|last10=Soares|first10=Pedro|last11=Richards|first11=Martin B.|last12=Pereira|first12=Luísa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=90|issue=2|pages=347–355|display-authors=8|pmid=22284828|pmc=3276663}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Fernandes|year=2012|ref={{harvid|Fernandes|2012}}|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.010|title=The Arabian Cradle: Mitochondrial Relicts of the First Steps along the Southern Route out of Africa|first1=Verónica|last2=Alshamali|first2=Farida|last3=Alves|first3=Marco|last4=Costa|first4=Marta D.|last5=Pereira|first5=Joana B.|last6=Silva|first6=Nuno M.|last7=Cherni|first7=Lotfi|last8=Harich|first8=Nourdin|last9=Cerny|first9=Viktor|last10=Soares|first10=Pedro|last11=Richards|first11=Martin B.|last12=Pereira|first12=Luísa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=90|issue=2|pages=347–355|display-authors=8|pmid=22284828|pmc=3276663}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Finnila|year=2001|ref={{harvid|Finnila|2001}}|pmid=12949126|first1=JS|last2=Finnila|first2=S|last3=Majamaa|first3=K|title=Lineage-specific selection in human mtDNA: Lack of polymorphisms in a segment of MTND5 gene in haplogroup J|volume=20|issue=12|pages=2132–42|doi=10.1093/molbev/msg230|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Finnila|year=2001|ref={{harvid|Finnila|2001}}|pmid=12949126|first1=JS|last2=Finnila|first2=S|last3=Majamaa|first3=K|title=Lineage-specific selection in human mtDNA: Lack of polymorphisms in a segment of MTND5 gene in haplogroup J|volume=20|issue=12|pages=2132–42|doi=10.1093/molbev/msg230|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Gasparre|year=2007|ref={{harvid|Gasparre|2007}}|doi=10.1073/pnas.0703056104|title=Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors|first1=G.|last2=Porcelli|first2=A. M.|last3=Bonora|first3=E.|last4=Pennisi|first4=L. F.|last5=Toller|first5=M.|last6=Iommarini|first6=L.|last7=Ghelli|first7=A.|last8=Moretti|first8=M.|last9=Betts|first9=C. M.|last10=Martinelli|first10=G. N.|last11=Ceroni|first11=A. R.|last12=Curcio|first12=F.|last13=Carelli|first13=V.|last14=Rugolo|first14=M.|last15=Tallini|first15=G.|last16=Romeo|first16=G.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=104|issue=21|pages=9001–9006|display-authors=8|pmid=17517629|pmc=1885617|bibcode=2007PNAS..104.9001G}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Gasparre|year=2007|ref={{harvid|Gasparre|2007}}|doi=10.1073/pnas.0703056104|title=Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors|first1=G.|last2=Porcelli|first2=A. M.|last3=Bonora|first3=E.|last4=Pennisi|first4=L. F.|last5=Toller|first5=M.|last6=Iommarini|first6=L.|last7=Ghelli|first7=A.|last8=Moretti|first8=M.|last9=Betts|first9=C. M.|last10=Martinelli|first10=G. N.|last11=Ceroni|first11=A. R.|last12=Curcio|first12=F.|last13=Carelli|first13=V.|last14=Rugolo|first14=M.|last15=Tallini|first15=G.|last16=Romeo|first16=G.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=104|issue=21|pages=9001–9006|display-authors=8|pmid=17517629|pmc=1885617|bibcode=2007PNAS..104.9001G|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Gonder|year=2006|doi=10.1093/molbev/msl209|title=Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages|first1=M. K.|last2=Mortensen|first2=H. M.|last3=Reed|first3=F. A.|last4=De Sousa|first4=A.|last5=Tishkoff|first5=S. A.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=3|pages=757–68|pmid=17194802|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Gonder|year=2006|doi=10.1093/molbev/msl209|title=Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages|first1=M. K.|last2=Mortensen|first2=H. M.|last3=Reed|first3=F. A.|last4=De Sousa|first4=A.|last5=Tishkoff|first5=S. A.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=3|pages=757–68|pmid=17194802|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=González|year=2012|doi=10.1089/gtmb.2011.0207|pmid=22480375|pmc=3422557|title=Genetics, Environment, and Diabetes-Related End-Stage Renal Disease in the Canary Islands|first1=Ana M.|last2=MacEira|first2=Benito M.|last3=Pérez|first3=Estefanía|last4=Cabrera|first4=Vicente M.|last5=López|first5=Alfonso J.|last6=Larruga|first6=José M.|journal=Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers|volume=16|issue=8|pages=859–64}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|González|2012}} |last1=González|year=2012|doi=10.1089/gtmb.2011.0207|pmid=22480375|pmc=3422557|title=Genetics, Environment, and Diabetes-Related End-Stage Renal Disease in the Canary Islands|first1=Ana M.|last2=MacEira|first2=Benito M.|last3=Pérez|first3=Estefanía|last4=Cabrera|first4=Vicente M.|last5=López|first5=Alfonso J.|last6=Larruga|first6=José M.|journal=Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers|volume=16|issue=8|pages=859–64}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Hartmann|2009}}|doi=10.1002/humu.20816|pmid=18623076|first1=A|last2=Thieme|first2=M|last3=Nanduri|first3=LK|last4=Stempfl|first4=T|last5=Moehle|first5=C|last6=Kivisild|first6=T|last7=Oefner|first7=PJ|title=Validation of microarray-based resequencing of 93 worldwide mitochondrial genomes|volume=30|issue=1|pages=115–22|journal=Human Mutation|s2cid=205918494}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Hartmann|2009}}|doi=10.1002/humu.20816|pmid=18623076|first1=A|last2=Thieme|first2=M|last3=Nanduri|first3=LK|last4=Stempfl|first4=T|last5=Moehle|first5=C|last6=Kivisild|first6=T|last7=Oefner|first7=PJ|title=Validation of microarray-based resequencing of 93 worldwide mitochondrial genomes|volume=30|issue=1|pages=115–22|journal=Human Mutation|s2cid=205918494}}
*{{cite web|last1=Hassan|first1=Hisham Yousif|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Hassan|2009}}|title=Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan|url=http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Khartoum}}
*{{cite web|last1=Hassan|first1=Hisham Yousif|year=2009|title=Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan|url=http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Khartoum|access-date=2016-04-18|archive-date=2020-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110063820/http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/handle/123456789/6376/restricted-resource?bitstreamId=11199|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Helgason|year=2001|ref={{harvid|Helgason|2001}}|doi=10.1086/318785|title=mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry|first1=Agnar|last2=Hickey|first2=Eileen|last3=Goodacre|first3=Sara|last4=Bosnes|first4=Vidar|last5=Stefánsson|first5=Kári|last6=Ward|first6=Ryk|last7=Sykes|first7=Bryan|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=68|issue=3|pages=206–15|pmc=1274484|pmid=11179019}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Helgason|year=2001|ref={{harvid|Helgason|2001}}|doi=10.1086/318785|title=mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry|first1=Agnar|last2=Hickey|first2=Eileen|last3=Goodacre|first3=Sara|last4=Bosnes|first4=Vidar|last5=Stefánsson|first5=Kári|last6=Ward|first6=Ryk|last7=Sykes|first7=Bryan|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=68|issue=3|pages=206–15|pmc=1274484|pmid=11179019}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Hofreiter|year=2010|ref={{harvid|Hofreiter|2010}}|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011898|quote=The overall occurrence of haplogroups did not deviate from extant Scandinavians, however, haplogroup I was significantly more frequent among the ancient Danes (average 13%) than among extant Danes and Scandinavians (~2.5%) as well as among other ancient population samples reported. Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type “diluted” by later immigration events.|title=Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations|editor1-last=Hofreiter|editor1-first=Michael|first1=Linea|last2=Lynnerup|first2=Niels|last3=Siegismund|first3=Hans R.|last4=Kivisild|first4=Toomas|last5=Dissing|first5=Jørgen|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=5|issue=7|pages=e11898|pmid=20689597|pmc=2912848|bibcode=2010PLoSO...511898M}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Hofreiter|year=2010|ref={{harvid|Hofreiter|2010}}|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011898|quote=The overall occurrence of haplogroups did not deviate from extant Scandinavians, however, haplogroup I was significantly more frequent among the ancient Danes (average 13%) than among extant Danes and Scandinavians (~2.5%) as well as among other ancient population samples reported. Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type “diluted” by later immigration events.|title=Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations|editor1-last=Hofreiter|editor1-first=Michael|first1=Linea|last2=Lynnerup|first2=Niels|last3=Siegismund|first3=Hans R.|last4=Kivisild|first4=Toomas|last5=Dissing|first5=Jørgen|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=5|issue=7|pages=e11898|pmid=20689597|pmc=2912848|bibcode=2010PLoSO...511898M|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Ivanov|year=1996|doi=10.1038/ng0496-417|pmid=8630496|title=Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II|first1=Pavel L.|last2=Wadhams|first2=Mark J.|last3=Roby|first3=Rhonda K.|last4=Holland|first4=Mitchell M.|last5=Weedn|first5=Victor W.|last6=Parsons|first6=Thomas J.|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=12|issue=4|pages=417–20|s2cid=287478|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233381}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Ivanov|1996}} |last1=Ivanov|year=1996|doi=10.1038/ng0496-417|pmid=8630496|title=Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II|first1=Pavel L.|last2=Wadhams|first2=Mark J.|last3=Roby|first3=Rhonda K.|last4=Holland|first4=Mitchell M.|last5=Weedn|first5=Victor W.|last6=Parsons|first6=Thomas J.|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=12|issue=4|pages=417–20|s2cid=287478|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233381}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Janssen|year=2006|ref={{harvid|Janssen|2006}}|doi=10.1055/s-2006-924066|pmid=16705548|first1=GM|last2=Neu|first2=A|last3='t Hart|first3=LM|last4=Van De Sande|first4=CM|last5=Antonie Maassen|first5=J|title=Novel mitochondrial DNA length variants and genetic instability in a family with diabetes and deafness|volume=114|issue=4|pages=168–74|journal=Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Janssen|year=2006|ref={{harvid|Janssen|2006}}|doi=10.1055/s-2006-924066|pmid=16705548|first1=GM|last2=Neu|first2=A|last3='t Hart|first3=LM|last4=Van De Sande|first4=CM|last5=Antonie Maassen|first5=J|title=Novel mitochondrial DNA length variants and genetic instability in a family with diabetes and deafness|volume=114|issue=4|pages=168–74|journal=Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Keyser|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Keyser|2009}}|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0|title=Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people|first1=Christine|last2=Bouakaze|first2=Caroline|last3=Crubézy|first3=Eric|last4=Nikolaev|first4=Valery G.|last5=Montagnon|first5=Daniel|last6=Reis|first6=Tatiana|last7=Ludes|first7=Bertrand|journal=Human Genetics|volume=126|issue=3|pages=395–410|pmid=19449030|s2cid=21347353}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Keyser|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Keyser|2009}}|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0|title=Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people|first1=Christine|last2=Bouakaze|first2=Caroline|last3=Crubézy|first3=Eric|last4=Nikolaev|first4=Valery G.|last5=Montagnon|first5=Daniel|last6=Reis|first6=Tatiana|last7=Ludes|first7=Bertrand|journal=Human Genetics|volume=126|issue=3|pages=395–410|pmid=19449030|s2cid=21347353}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kivisild|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Kivisild|2004}}|doi=10.1086/425161|pmid=15457403|pmc=1182106|first1=T|last2=Reidla|first2=M|last3=Metspalu|first3=E|last4=Rosa|first4=A|last5=Brehm|first5=A|last6=Pennarun|first6=E|last7=Parik|first7=J|last8=Geberhiwot|first8=T|last9=Usanga|first9=E|last10=Villems|first10=Richard|title=Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: Tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears|volume=75|issue=5|pages=752–70|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kivisild|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Kivisild|2004}}|doi=10.1086/425161|pmid=15457403|pmc=1182106|first1=T|last2=Reidla|first2=M|last3=Metspalu|first3=E|last4=Rosa|first4=A|last5=Brehm|first5=A|last6=Pennarun|first6=E|last7=Parik|first7=J|last8=Geberhiwot|first8=T|last9=Usanga|first9=E|last10=Villems|first10=Richard|title=Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: Tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears|volume=75|issue=5|pages=752–70|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Knight|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Knight|2003}}|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1|pmid=12646128|first1=A|last2=Underhill|first2=PA|last3=Mortensen|first3=HM|last4=Zhivotovsky|first4=LA|last5=Lin|first5=AA|last6=Henn|first6=BM|last7=Louis|first7=D|last8=Ruhlen|first8=M|last9=Mountain|first9=JL|title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages|volume=13|issue=6|pages=464–73|journal=Current Biology|s2cid=52862939}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Knight|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Knight|2003}}|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1|pmid=12646128|first1=A|last2=Underhill|first2=PA|last3=Mortensen|first3=HM|last4=Zhivotovsky|first4=LA|last5=Lin|first5=AA|last6=Henn|first6=BM|last7=Louis|first7=D|last8=Ruhlen|first8=M|last9=Mountain|first9=JL|title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages|volume=13|issue=6|pages=464–73|journal=Current Biology|s2cid=52862939|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Krings|year=1999|ref={{harvid|Krings|1999}}|doi=10.1086/302314|pmid=10090902|pmc=1377841|first1=M|last2=Salem|first2=AE|last3=Bauer|first3=K|last4=Geisert|first4=H|last5=Malek|first5=AK|last6=Chaix|first6=L|last7=Simon|first7=C|last8=Welsby|first8=D|last9=Di Rienzo|first9=A|last10=Utermann|first10=Gerd|last11=Sajantila|first11=Antti|last12=Pääbo|first12=Svante|last13=Stoneking|first13=Mark|title=MtDNA analysis of Nile River Valley populations: A genetic corridor or a barrier to migration?|volume=64|issue=4|pages=1166–1176|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Krings|year=1999|ref={{harvid|Krings|1999}}|doi=10.1086/302314|pmid=10090902|pmc=1377841|first1=M|last2=Salem|first2=AE|last3=Bauer|first3=K|last4=Geisert|first4=H|last5=Malek|first5=AK|last6=Chaix|first6=L|last7=Simon|first7=C|last8=Welsby|first8=D|last9=Di Rienzo|first9=A|last10=Utermann|first10=Gerd|last11=Sajantila|first11=Antti|last12=Pääbo|first12=Svante|last13=Stoneking|first13=Mark|title=MtDNA analysis of Nile River Valley populations: A genetic corridor or a barrier to migration?|volume=64|issue=4|pages=1166–1176|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Kujanova|2009}}|author1=Martina Kujanova |author2=Luisa Pereira |author3=Veronica Fernandes |author4=Joana B. Pereira |author5=Viktor Cerny |title=Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=140|issue=2|pages=336–346|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21078|pmid=19425100}}
*{{cite journal|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Kujanova|2009}}|author1=Martina Kujanova |author2=Luisa Pereira |author3=Veronica Fernandes |author4=Joana B. Pereira |author5=Viktor Cerny |title=Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=140|issue=2|pages=336–346|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21078|pmid=19425100}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Lalueza-Fox|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Lalueza-Fox|2004}}|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2698|pmid=15255049|first1=C|last2=Sampietro|first2=ML|last3=Gilbert|first3=MT|last4=Castri|first4=L|last5=Facchini|first5=F|last6=Pettener|first6=D|last7=Bertranpetit|first7=J|title=Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians|volume=271|issue=1542|pages=941–7|pmc=1691686|journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Lalueza-Fox|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Lalueza-Fox|2004}}|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2698|pmid=15255049|first1=C|last2=Sampietro|first2=ML|last3=Gilbert|first3=MT|last4=Castri|first4=L|last5=Facchini|first5=F|last6=Pettener|first6=D|last7=Bertranpetit|first7=J|title=Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians|volume=271|issue=1542|pages=941–7|pmc=1691686|journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Maca-Meyer|ref={{harvid|Maca-Meyer|2001}}|year=2001|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-2-13|pmid=11553319|first1=N|last2=González|first2=AM|last3=Larruga|first3=JM|last4=Flores|first4=C|last5=Cabrera|first5=VM|title=Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions|volume=2|pages=13|pmc=55343|journal=BMC Genetics}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Maca-Meyer|ref={{harvid|Maca-Meyer|2001}}|year=2001|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-2-13|pmid=11553319|first1=N|last2=González|first2=AM|last3=Larruga|first3=JM|last4=Flores|first4=C|last5=Cabrera|first5=VM|title=Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions|volume=2|pages=13|pmc=55343|journal=BMC Genetics |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal|last1=MacAulay|year=1999|ref={{harvid|MacAulay|1999}}|doi=10.1086/302204|title=The Emerging Tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: A Synthesis of Control-Region Sequences and RFLPs|first1=Vincent|last2=Richards|first2=Martin|last3=Hickey|first3=Eileen|last4=Vega|first4=Emilce|last5=Cruciani|first5=Fulvio|last6=Guida|first6=Valentina|last7=Scozzari|first7=Rosaria|last8=Bonné-Tamir|first8=Batsheva|last9=Sykes|first9=Bryan|last10=Torroni|first10=Antonio|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=64|pages=232–49|pmid=9915963|pmc=1377722|issue=1|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=MacAulay|year=1999|ref={{harvid|MacAulay|1999}}|doi=10.1086/302204|title=The Emerging Tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: A Synthesis of Control-Region Sequences and RFLPs|first1=Vincent|last2=Richards|first2=Martin|last3=Hickey|first3=Eileen|last4=Vega|first4=Emilce|last5=Cruciani|first5=Fulvio|last6=Guida|first6=Valentina|last7=Scozzari|first7=Rosaria|last8=Bonné-Tamir|first8=Batsheva|last9=Sykes|first9=Bryan|last10=Torroni|first10=Antonio|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=64|pages=232–49|pmid=9915963|pmc=1377722|issue=1|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Malyarchuk|year=1999|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6360489.x|pmid=11246451|title=Molecular instability of the mitochondrial haplogroup T sequences at nucleotide positions 16292 and 16296|first1=B. A.|last2=Derenko|first2=M. V.|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=63|issue=6|pages=489–497|s2cid=45007072|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Malyarchuk|year=1999|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6360489.x|pmid=11246451|title=Molecular instability of the mitochondrial haplogroup T sequences at nucleotide positions 16292 and 16296|first1=B. A.|last2=Derenko|first2=M. V.|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=63|issue=6|pages=489–497|s2cid=45007072|doi-access=free}}
Line 231: Line 230:
*{{cite journal|last1=Malyarchuk|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Malyarchuk|2003}}|pmid=12940915|first1=BA|last2=Grzybowski|first2=T|last3=Derenko|first3=MV|last4=Czarny|first4=J|last5=Drobnic|first5=K|last6=Miścicka-Sliwka|first6=D|title=Mitochondrial DNA variability in Bosnians and Slovenians|volume=67|issue=Pt 5|pages=412–25|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00042.x|s2cid=2105448}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Malyarchuk|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Malyarchuk|2003}}|pmid=12940915|first1=BA|last2=Grzybowski|first2=T|last3=Derenko|first3=MV|last4=Czarny|first4=J|last5=Drobnic|first5=K|last6=Miścicka-Sliwka|first6=D|title=Mitochondrial DNA variability in Bosnians and Slovenians|volume=67|issue=Pt 5|pages=412–25|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00042.x|s2cid=2105448}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Malyarchuk|year=2010|ref={{harvid|Malyarchuk|2010b}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq065|pmid=20457583|first1=B|last2=Derenko|first2=M|last3=Denisova|first3=G|last4=Kravtsova|first4=O|title=Mitogenomic diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural region of Russia|volume=27|issue=10|pages=2220–6|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Malyarchuk|year=2010|ref={{harvid|Malyarchuk|2010b}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq065|pmid=20457583|first1=B|last2=Derenko|first2=M|last3=Denisova|first3=G|last4=Kravtsova|first4=O|title=Mitogenomic diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural region of Russia|volume=27|issue=10|pages=2220–6|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Martinez-Cruz|year=2012|ref={{harvid|Martınez-Cruz|2012}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/mss091|title=Evidence of Pre-Roman Tribal Genetic Structure in Basques from Uniparentally Inherited Markers|first1=B.|last2=Harmant|first2=C.|last3=Platt|first3=D. E.|last4=Haak|first4=W.|last5=Manry|first5=J.|last6=Ramos-Luis|first6=E.|last7=Soria-Hernanz|first7=D. F.|last8=Bauduer|first8=F.|last9=Salaberria|first9=J.|last10=Oyharcabal|first10=B.|last11=Quintana-Murci|first11=L.|last12=Comas|first12=D.|last13=Genographic|first13=Consortium|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=29|issue=9|pages=2211–22|pmid=22411853|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Martinez-Cruz|year=2012|ref={{harvid|Martınez-Cruz|2012}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/mss091|title=Evidence of Pre-Roman Tribal Genetic Structure in Basques from Uniparentally Inherited Markers|first1=B.|last2=Harmant|first2=C.|last3=Platt|first3=D. E.|last4=Haak|first4=W.|last5=Manry|first5=J.|last6=Ramos-Luis|first6=E.|last7=Soria-Hernanz|first7=D. F.|last8=Bauduer|first8=F.|last9=Salaberria|first9=J.|last10=Oyharcabal|first10=B.|last11=Quintana-Murci|first11=L.|last12=Comas|first12=D.|last13=Genographic|first13=Consortium|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=29|issue=9|pages=2211–22|pmid=22411853|display-authors=8|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/112478|hdl-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Melchior|year=2008|ref={{harvid|Melchior|2008}}|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002214|title=Evidence of Authentic DNA from Danish Viking Age Skeletons Untouched by Humans for 1,000 Years|editor1-last=Ahmed|editor1-first=Niyaz|first1=Linea|last2=Kivisild|first2=Toomas|last3=Lynnerup|first3=Niels|last4=Dissing|first4=Jørgen|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=5|pages=e2214|pmid=18509537|pmc=2386972|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2214M}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Melchior|year=2008|ref={{harvid|Melchior|2008}}|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002214|title=Evidence of Authentic DNA from Danish Viking Age Skeletons Untouched by Humans for 1,000 Years|editor1-last=Ahmed|editor1-first=Niyaz|first1=Linea|last2=Kivisild|first2=Toomas|last3=Lynnerup|first3=Niels|last4=Dissing|first4=Jørgen|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=5|pages=e2214|pmid=18509537|pmc=2386972|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2214M|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Metspalu|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Metspalu|2004}}|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-5-26|first1=Mait|last2=Kivisild|first2=Toomas|last3=Metspalu|first3=Ene|last4=Parik|first4=Jüri|last5=Hudjashov|first5=Georgi|last6=Kaldma|first6=Katrin|last7=Serk|first7=Piia|last8=Karmin|first8=Monika|last9=Behar|first9=Doron M|last10=Gilbert|first10=M Thomas P|last11=Endicott|first11=Phillip|last12=Mastana|first12=Sarabjit|last13=Papiha|first13=Surinder S|last14=Skorecki|first14=Karl|last15=Torroni|first15=Antonio|last16=Villems|first16=Richard|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=5|pages=26|pmid=15339343|title=Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans|pmc=516768}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Metspalu|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Metspalu|2004}}|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-5-26|first1=Mait|last2=Kivisild|first2=Toomas|last3=Metspalu|first3=Ene|last4=Parik|first4=Jüri|last5=Hudjashov|first5=Georgi|last6=Kaldma|first6=Katrin|last7=Serk|first7=Piia|last8=Karmin|first8=Monika|last9=Behar|first9=Doron M|last10=Gilbert|first10=M Thomas P|last11=Endicott|first11=Phillip|last12=Mastana|first12=Sarabjit|last13=Papiha|first13=Surinder S|last14=Skorecki|first14=Karl|last15=Torroni|first15=Antonio|last16=Villems|first16=Richard|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=5|pages=26|pmid=15339343|title=Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans|pmc=516768 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Mikkelsen|year=2010|ref={{harvid|Mikkelsen|2010}}|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.07.007|pmid=20457038|title=Mitochondrial DNA HV1 and HV2 variation in Danes|first1=Martin|last2=Sørensen|first2=Erik|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Erik Michael|last4=Morling|first4=Niels|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e87–8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Mikkelsen|year=2010|ref={{harvid|Mikkelsen|2010}}|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.07.007|pmid=20457038|title=Mitochondrial DNA HV1 and HV2 variation in Danes|first1=Martin|last2=Sørensen|first2=Erik|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Erik Michael|last4=Morling|first4=Niels|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e87–8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Mishmar|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Mishmar|2003}}|doi=10.1073/pnas.0136972100|pmid=12509511|first1=D|last2=Ruiz-Pesini|first2=E|last3=Golik|first3=P|last4=MacAulay|first4=V|last5=Clark|first5=AG|last6=Hosseini|first6=S|last7=Brandon|first7=M|last8=Easley|first8=K|last9=Chen|first9=E|last10=Brown|first10=M. D.|last11=Sukernik|first11=R. I.|last12=Olckers|first12=A.|last13=Wallace|first13=D. C.|title=Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans|volume=100|issue=1|pages=171–6|pmc=140917|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|display-authors=8|bibcode=2003PNAS..100..171M}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Mishmar|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Mishmar|2002}}|doi=10.1073/pnas.0136972100|pmid=12509511|first1=D|last2=Ruiz-Pesini|first2=E|last3=Golik|first3=P|last4=MacAulay|first4=V|last5=Clark|first5=AG|last6=Hosseini|first6=S|last7=Brandon|first7=M|last8=Easley|first8=K|last9=Chen|first9=E|last10=Brown|first10=M. D.|last11=Sukernik|first11=R. I.|last12=Olckers|first12=A.|last13=Wallace|first13=D. C.|title=Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans|volume=100|issue=1|pages=171–6|pmc=140917|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|display-authors=8|bibcode=2003PNAS..100..171M|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Musilová|year=2011|ref={{harvid|Musilová|2011}}|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21522|title=Population history of the Red Sea-genetic exchanges between the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa signaled in the mitochondrial DNA HV1 haplogroup|first1=Eliška|last2=Fernandes|first2=Verónica|last3=Silva|first3=Nuno M.|last4=Soares|first4=Pedro|last5=Alshamali|first5=Farida|last6=Harich|first6=Nourdin|last7=Cherni|first7=Lotfi|last8=Gaaied|first8=Amel Ben Ammar El|last9=Al-Meeri|first9=Ali|last10=Pereira|first10=Luísa|last11=Černý|first11=Viktor|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=145|issue=4|pages=592–8|pmid=21660931|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Musilová|year=2011|ref={{harvid|Musilová|2011}}|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21522|title=Population history of the Red Sea-genetic exchanges between the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa signaled in the mitochondrial DNA HV1 haplogroup|first1=Eliška|last2=Fernandes|first2=Verónica|last3=Silva|first3=Nuno M.|last4=Soares|first4=Pedro|last5=Alshamali|first5=Farida|last6=Harich|first6=Nourdin|last7=Cherni|first7=Lotfi|last8=Gaaied|first8=Amel Ben Ammar El|last9=Al-Meeri|first9=Ali|last10=Pereira|first10=Luísa|last11=Černý|first11=Viktor|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=145|issue=4|pages=592–8|pmid=21660931|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Nikitin|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Nikitin|2009}}|doi=10.3378/027.081.0104|title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in the Boyko, Hutsul, and Lemko Populations of the Carpathian Highlands|journal=Human Biology|first1=Alexey G.|last2=Kochkin|first2=Igor T.|last3=June|first3=Cynthia M.|last4=Willis|first4=Catherine M.|last5=McBain|first5=Ian|last6=Videiko|first6=Mykhailo Y.|volume=81|pages=43–58|pmid=19589018|issue=1|s2cid=45791162}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Nikitin|year=2009|ref={{harvid|Nikitin|2009}}|doi=10.3378/027.081.0104|title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in the Boyko, Hutsul, and Lemko Populations of the Carpathian Highlands|journal=Human Biology|first1=Alexey G.|last2=Kochkin|first2=Igor T.|last3=June|first3=Cynthia M.|last4=Willis|first4=Catherine M.|last5=McBain|first5=Ian|last6=Videiko|first6=Mykhailo Y.|volume=81|pages=43–58|pmid=19589018|issue=1|s2cid=45791162}}
Line 248: Line 247:
*{{cite journal|last1=Richards|year=2000|ref={{harvid|Richards|2000}}|doi=10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1|title=Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool|first1=Martin|last2=MacAulay|first2=Vincent|last3=Hickey|first3=Eileen|last4=Vega|first4=Emilce|last5=Sykes|first5=Bryan|last6=Guida|first6=Valentina|last7=Rengo|first7=Chiara|last8=Sellitto|first8=Daniele|last9=Cruciani|first9=Fulvio|last10=Kivisild|first10=Toomas|last11=Villems|first11=Richard|last12=Thomas|first12=Mark|last13=Rychkov|first13=Serge|last14=Rychkov|first14=Oksana|last15=Rychkov|first15=Yuri|last16=Gölge|first16=Mukaddes|last17=Dimitrov|first17=Dimitar|last18=Hill|first18=Emmeline|last19=Bradley|first19=Dan|last20=Romano|first20=Valentino|last21=Calì|first21=Francesco|last22=Vona|first22=Giuseppe|last23=Demaine|first23=Andrew|last24=Papiha|first24=Surinder|last25=Triantaphyllidis|first25=Costas|last26=Stefanescu|first26=Gheorghe|last27=Hatina|first27=Jiři|last28=Belledi|first28=Michele|last29=Di Rienzo|first29=Anna|last30=Novelletto|first30=Andrea|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=67|issue=5|pages=1251–76|pmid=11032788|pmc=1288566|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Richards|year=2000|ref={{harvid|Richards|2000}}|doi=10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1|title=Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool|first1=Martin|last2=MacAulay|first2=Vincent|last3=Hickey|first3=Eileen|last4=Vega|first4=Emilce|last5=Sykes|first5=Bryan|last6=Guida|first6=Valentina|last7=Rengo|first7=Chiara|last8=Sellitto|first8=Daniele|last9=Cruciani|first9=Fulvio|last10=Kivisild|first10=Toomas|last11=Villems|first11=Richard|last12=Thomas|first12=Mark|last13=Rychkov|first13=Serge|last14=Rychkov|first14=Oksana|last15=Rychkov|first15=Yuri|last16=Gölge|first16=Mukaddes|last17=Dimitrov|first17=Dimitar|last18=Hill|first18=Emmeline|last19=Bradley|first19=Dan|last20=Romano|first20=Valentino|last21=Calì|first21=Francesco|last22=Vona|first22=Giuseppe|last23=Demaine|first23=Andrew|last24=Papiha|first24=Surinder|last25=Triantaphyllidis|first25=Costas|last26=Stefanescu|first26=Gheorghe|last27=Hatina|first27=Jiři|last28=Belledi|first28=Michele|last29=Di Rienzo|first29=Anna|last30=Novelletto|first30=Andrea|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=67|issue=5|pages=1251–76|pmid=11032788|pmc=1288566|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Richards|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Richards|2003}}|doi=10.1086/374384|title=Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations|first1=Martin|last2=Rengo|first2=Chiara|last3=Cruciani|first3=Fulvio|last4=Gratrix|first4=Fiona|last5=Wilson|first5=James F.|last6=Scozzari|first6=Rosaria|last7=MacAulay|first7=Vincent|last8=Torroni|first8=Antonio|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=72|issue=4|pages=1058–64|pmid=12629598|pmc=1180338}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Richards|year=2003|ref={{harvid|Richards|2003}}|doi=10.1086/374384|title=Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations|first1=Martin|last2=Rengo|first2=Chiara|last3=Cruciani|first3=Fulvio|last4=Gratrix|first4=Fiona|last5=Wilson|first5=James F.|last6=Scozzari|first6=Rosaria|last7=MacAulay|first7=Vincent|last8=Torroni|first8=Antonio|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=72|issue=4|pages=1058–64|pmid=12629598|pmc=1180338}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Rogaev|year=2009|doi=10.1073/pnas.0811190106|pmid=19251637|pmc=2664067|title=Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family|first1=E. I.|last2=Grigorenko|first2=A. P.|last3=Moliaka|first3=Y. K.|last4=Faskhutdinova|first4=G.|last5=Goltsov|first5=A.|last6=Lahti|first6=A.|last7=Hildebrandt|first7=C.|last8=Kittler|first8=E. L. W.|last9=Morozova|first9=I.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=106|issue=13|pages=5258–63|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5258R}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Rogaev|year=2009|doi=10.1073/pnas.0811190106|pmid=19251637|pmc=2664067|title=Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family|first1=E. I.|last2=Grigorenko|first2=A. P.|last3=Moliaka|first3=Y. K.|last4=Faskhutdinova|first4=G.|last5=Goltsov|first5=A.|last6=Lahti|first6=A.|last7=Hildebrandt|first7=C.|last8=Kittler|first8=E. L. W.|last9=Morozova|first9=I.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=106|issue=13|pages=5258–63|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5258R|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Ruiz-Pesini|year=2000|doi=10.1086/303040|pmid=10936107|pmc=1287528|title=Human mtDNA Haplogroups Associated with High or Reduced Spermatozoa Motility|first1=Eduardo|last2=Lapeña|first2=Ana-Cristina|last3=Díez-Sánchez|first3=Carmen|last4=Pérez-Martos|first4=Acisclo|last5=Montoya|first5=Julio|last6=Alvarez|first6=Enrique|last7=Díaz|first7=Miguel|last8=Urriés|first8=Antonio|last9=Montoro|first9=Luis|last10=López-Pérez|first10=Manuel J.|last11=Enríquez|first11=José A.|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=67|issue=3|pages=682–96|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Ruiz-Pesini|2000}} |last1=Ruiz-Pesini|year=2000|doi=10.1086/303040|pmid=10936107|pmc=1287528|title=Human mtDNA Haplogroups Associated with High or Reduced Spermatozoa Motility|first1=Eduardo|last2=Lapeña|first2=Ana-Cristina|last3=Díez-Sánchez|first3=Carmen|last4=Pérez-Martos|first4=Acisclo|last5=Montoya|first5=Julio|last6=Alvarez|first6=Enrique|last7=Díaz|first7=Miguel|last8=Urriés|first8=Antonio|last9=Montoro|first9=Luis|last10=López-Pérez|first10=Manuel J.|last11=Enríquez|first11=José A.|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=67|issue=3|pages=682–96|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Shlush|year=2008|ref={{harvid|Shlush|2008}}|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002105|title=The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East|editor1-last=Gemmell|editor1-first=Neil John|first1=Liran I.|last2=Behar|first2=Doron M.|last3=Yudkovsky|first3=Guennady|last4=Templeton|first4=Alan|last5=Hadid|first5=Yarin|last6=Basis|first6=Fuad|last7=Hammer|first7=Michael|last8=Itzkovitz|first8=Shalev|last9=Skorecki|first9=Karl|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=5|pages=e2105|pmid=18461126|pmc=2324201|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2105S}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Shlush|year=2008|ref={{harvid|Shlush|2008}}|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002105|title=The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East|editor1-last=Gemmell|editor1-first=Neil John|first1=Liran I.|last2=Behar|first2=Doron M.|last3=Yudkovsky|first3=Guennady|last4=Templeton|first4=Alan|last5=Hadid|first5=Yarin|last6=Basis|first6=Fuad|last7=Hammer|first7=Michael|last8=Itzkovitz|first8=Shalev|last9=Skorecki|first9=Karl|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=5|pages=e2105|pmid=18461126|pmc=2324201|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2105S|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Soares|year=2011|ref={{harvid|Soares|2011}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/msr245|title=The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa|first1=P.|last2=Alshamali|first2=F.|last3=Pereira|first3=J. B.|last4=Fernandes|first4=V.|last5=Silva|first5=N. M.|last6=Afonso|first6=C.|last7=Costa|first7=M. D.|last8=Musilova|first8=E.|last9=MacAulay|first9=V.|last10=Richards|first10=M. B.|last11=Cerny|first11=V.|last12=Pereira|first12=L.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=29|issue=3|pages=915–27|pmid=22096215|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Soares|year=2011|ref={{harvid|Soares|2011}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/msr245|title=The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa|first1=P.|last2=Alshamali|first2=F.|last3=Pereira|first3=J. B.|last4=Fernandes|first4=V.|last5=Silva|first5=N. M.|last6=Afonso|first6=C.|last7=Costa|first7=M. D.|last8=Musilova|first8=E.|last9=MacAulay|first9=V.|last10=Richards|first10=M. B.|last11=Cerny|first11=V.|last12=Pereira|first12=L.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=29|issue=3|pages=915–27|pmid=22096215|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Stanger|year=2007|doi=10.1016/j.mito.2007.08.034|title=30 Mitochondrial haplogroup T is associated with coronary artery disease|first1=Olaf|last2=Müller|first2=Edith|last3=Zimmermann|first3=Franz|last4=Wiesbauer|first4=Martina|last5=Mayr|first5=Johannes A.|last6=Paulweber|first6=Bernhard|last7=Iglseder|first7=Bernhard|last8=Renner|first8=Wilfried|last9=Eder|first9=Waltraud|last10=Kofler|first10=Barbara|journal=Mitochondrion|volume=7|issue=6|pages=412|display-authors=8}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Stanger|year=2007|doi=10.1016/j.mito.2007.08.034|title=30 Mitochondrial haplogroup T is associated with coronary artery disease|first1=Olaf|last2=Müller|first2=Edith|last3=Zimmermann|first3=Franz|last4=Wiesbauer|first4=Martina|last5=Mayr|first5=Johannes A.|last6=Paulweber|first6=Bernhard|last7=Iglseder|first7=Bernhard|last8=Renner|first8=Wilfried|last9=Eder|first9=Waltraud|last10=Kofler|first10=Barbara|journal=Mitochondrion|volume=7|issue=6|pages=412|display-authors=8}}
Line 258: Line 257:
*{{cite journal|last1=Tishkoff|year=2007|ref={{harvid|Tishkoff|2007}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155|pmid=17656633|title=History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation|first1=S. A.|last2=Gonder|first2=M. K.|last3=Henn|first3=B. M.|last4=Mortensen|first4=H.|last5=Knight|first5=A.|last6=Gignoux|first6=C.|last7=Fernandopulle|first7=N.|last8=Lema|first8=G.|last9=Nyambo|first9=T. B.|last10=Ramakrishnan|first10=U.|last11=Reed|first11=F. A.|last12=Mountain|first12=J. L.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=10|pages=2180–95|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Tishkoff|year=2007|ref={{harvid|Tishkoff|2007}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155|pmid=17656633|title=History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation|first1=S. A.|last2=Gonder|first2=M. K.|last3=Henn|first3=B. M.|last4=Mortensen|first4=H.|last5=Knight|first5=A.|last6=Gignoux|first6=C.|last7=Fernandopulle|first7=N.|last8=Lema|first8=G.|last9=Nyambo|first9=T. B.|last10=Ramakrishnan|first10=U.|last11=Reed|first11=F. A.|last12=Mountain|first12=J. L.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=10|pages=2180–95|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Topf|year=2005|ref={{harvid|Topf|2005}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/msj013|title=Tracing the Phylogeography of Human Populations in Britain Based on 4th-11th Century mtDNA Genotypes|first1=A. L.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=23|pages=152–61|pmid=16151183|last2=Gilbert|first2=MT|last3=Dumbacher|first3=JP|last4=Hoelzel|first4=AR|issue=1|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Topf|year=2005|ref={{harvid|Topf|2005}}|doi=10.1093/molbev/msj013|title=Tracing the Phylogeography of Human Populations in Britain Based on 4th-11th Century mtDNA Genotypes|first1=A. L.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=23|pages=152–61|pmid=16151183|last2=Gilbert|first2=MT|last3=Dumbacher|first3=JP|last4=Hoelzel|first4=AR|issue=1|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Torroni|year=1996|ref={{harvid|Torroni|1996}}|title=Classification of European mtDNAs From an Analysis of Three European Populations|journal=Genetics|pmid=8978068|first1=A|last2=Huoponen|first2=K|last3=Francalacci|first3=P|last4=Petrozzi|first4=M|last5=Morelli|first5=L|last6=Scozzari|first6=R|last7=Obinu|first7=D|last8=Savontaus|first8=ML|last9=Wallace|first9=DC|volume=144|issue=4|pages=1835–50|pmc=1207732}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Torroni|year=1996|ref={{harvid|Torroni|1996}}|title=Classification of European mtDNAs From an Analysis of Three European Populations|journal=Genetics|pmid=8978068|first1=A|last2=Huoponen|first2=K|last3=Francalacci|first3=P|last4=Petrozzi|first4=M|last5=Morelli|first5=L|last6=Scozzari|first6=R|last7=Obinu|first7=D|last8=Savontaus|first8=ML|last9=Wallace|first9=DC|volume=144|issue=4|pages=1835–50|doi=10.1093/genetics/144.4.1835|pmc=1207732}}
*{{cite journal|last1=van Oven|year=2009|ref={{harvid|van Oven|2009}}|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|first1=Mannis|last2=Kayser|first2=Manfred|journal=Human Mutation|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–94|pmid=18853457|s2cid=27566749|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=van Oven|year=2009|ref={{harvid|van Oven|2008}}|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|first1=Mannis|last2=Kayser|first2=Manfred|journal=Human Mutation|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–94|pmid=18853457|s2cid=27566749|doi-access=free}}
<!-- Per Richards et al. (2006), Watson et al. (1997) made a statistical error, as it "was based largely on control-region sequence data, which fails to resolve many mtDNA haplogroups" -- see Non (2010) for the actual relative frequencies: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf -->
<!-- Per Richards et al. (2006), Watson et al. (1997) made a statistical error, as it "was based largely on control-region sequence data, which fails to resolve many mtDNA haplogroups" -- see Non (2010) for the actual relative frequencies: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf -->


====Websites====
====Websites====
*{{cite web|last1=Behar|last2=Family Tree DNA|year=2012|ref={{harvid|Behar and Family Tree DNA|2012}}|title=mtDNA Community|url=http://www.mtdnacommunity.org/human-mtdna-phylogeny.aspx}}
*{{cite web|last1=Behar|last2=Family Tree DNA|year=2012|ref={{harvid|Behar and Family Tree DNA|2012}}|title=mtDNA Community|url=http://www.mtdnacommunity.org/human-mtdna-phylogeny.aspx|access-date=2013-01-12|archive-date=2018-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102091357/http://www.mtdnacommunity.org/human-mtdna-phylogeny.aspx|url-status=dead}}


===Further reading===
===Further reading===
*{{cite journal|last1=Černý|year=2009|ref={{harv|Černý|2009}}|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|title=Out of Arabia-The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|first1=Viktor|last2=Pereira|first2=Luísa|last3=Kujanová|first3=Martina|last4=VašÍková|first4=Alžběta|last5=Hájek|first5=Martin|last6=Morris|first6=Miranda|last7=Mulligan|first7=Connie J.|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–47|pmid=19012329}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Černý|year=2009|ref={{harv|Černý|2009}}|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|title=Out of Arabia-The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|first1=Viktor|last2=Pereira|first2=Luísa|last3=Kujanová|first3=Martina|last4=VašÍková|first4=Alžběta|last5=Hájek|first5=Martin|last6=Morris|first6=Miranda|last7=Mulligan|first7=Connie J.|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–47|pmid=19012329}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kitchen|year=2009|doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0408|title=Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East|first1=A.|last2=Ehret|first2=C.|last3=Assefa|first3=S.|last4=Mulligan|first4=C. J.|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=276|issue=1668|pages=2703–10|pmid=19403539|pmc=2839953}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kitchen|year=2009|doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0408|title=Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East|first1=A.|last2=Ehret|first2=C.|last3=Assefa|first3=S.|last4=Mulligan|first4=C. J.|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=276|issue=1668|pages=2703–10|pmid=19403539|pmc=2839953}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Petit-Maire|year=2000|doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i4/001|title=Geological records of the recent past, a key to the near future world environments|first1=Nicole|journal=Episodes|volume=23|issue=4|pages=230–246|last2=Bouysse|first2=Philippe|url=http://www.episodes.co.in/www/backissues/234/230-246%20Petit.pdf}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Petit-Maire|year=2000|doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i4/001|title=Geological records of the recent past, a key to the near future world environments|first1=Nicole|journal=Episodes|volume=23|issue=4|pages=230–246|last2=Bouysse|first2=Philippe|url=http://www.episodes.co.in/www/backissues/234/230-246%20Petit.pdf|doi-access=free}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 276: Line 275:
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20080405220810/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/pdf/PLOS_paper.pdf The Genographic Project Public Participation Mitochondrial DNA Database]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20080405220810/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/pdf/PLOS_paper.pdf The Genographic Project Public Participation Mitochondrial DNA Database]
*'''Haplogroup T'''
*'''Haplogroup T'''
**YFull MTree's [https://www.yfull.com/mtree/T/ Haplogroup T]
**[http://lists.rootsweb.ancestry.com/index/other/DNA/MTDNA-HAPLOGROUP-T.html Discussion List at RootsWeb]
**MITOMAP's [https://mitomap.org/cgi-bin/haplo_distribution?hg=T Haplogroup T]
**[[Family TreeDNA]]'s mtDNA Haplotree: [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/T Haplogroup T]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20061117000120/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm019 Spread of Haplogroup T], from [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20061117000120/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm019 Spread of Haplogroup T], from [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]
**[http://www.jengod.com/genealogy/family/genetic.html Genetic Genealogy: A Personal Perspective on Tara, Karelians and Kent, England]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211131223/https://www.jengod.com/genealogy/family/genetic.html Genetic Genealogy: A Personal Perspective on Tara, Karelians and Kent, England]
**[http://www.u.arizona.edu/~bedford/mitochondrialdna%20for%20posting.htm Analysis of a Haplogroup T sequence (T5/T2)]
**[http://www.u.arizona.edu/~bedford/mitochondrialdna%20for%20posting.htm Analysis of a Haplogroup T sequence (T5/T2)]
**[http://www.jogg.info/21/Pike.html Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T]
**[http://www.jogg.info/21/Pike.html Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531032822/http://www.jogg.info/21/Pike.html |date=2008-05-31 }}
⚫
**[http://www.jogg.info/21/Pike.pdf Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509071101/http://www.jogg.info/21/Pike.pdf |date=2008-05-09 }}
**[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/T_FGS/default.aspx mtDNA Haplogroup T - Full Genomic Sequence Research Project]
**[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/T_FGS/default.aspx mtDNA Haplogroup T - Full Genomic Sequence Research Project]
⚫
**[http://www.jogg.info/21/Pike.pdf Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T]


[[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|T]]
[[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|T]]

Revision as of 05:27, 23 August 2024

This article is about the human mtDNA Haplogroup T. For the unrelated human Y-Chromosome Haplogroup T-M184, see Haplogroup T-M184.
Haplogroup T
Possible time of origin25,149 ± 4,668 years before present
Possible place of originNear East, and/or Caucasus
AncestorJT
DescendantsT1 and T2
Defining mutationsG709A, G1888A, A4917G, G8697A, T10463C, G13368A, G14905A, A15607G, G15928A, C16294T

Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East.[citation needed]

Origins

Mitochondrial clade T derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to the mtDNA haplogroup J. The T maternal clade is thought to have emanated from the Near East.[citation needed]

Distribution

Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup T.

The basal haplogroup T* is found among Algerians in Oran (1.67%) and Reguibate Sahrawi (0.93%).[1] It is also distributed among the Soqotri (1.2%).[2]

Haplogroup T is present at low frequencies throughout Western and Central Asia and Europe, with varying degrees of prevalence and certainly might have been present in other groups from the surrounding areas. T is found in approximately 10% of native Europeans.[3][4] It is also common among modern day Iranians. Based on a sample of over 400 modern day Iranians,[citation needed] the T haplogroup represents roughly 8.3% of the population (about 1 out of 12 individuals), with the more specific T1 subtype constituting roughly half of those. Furthermore, the specific subtype T1 tends to be found further east and is common in Central Asian and modern Turkic populations (Lalueza-Fox 2004), who inhabit much of the same territory as the ancient Saka, Sarmatian, Andronovo, and other putative Iranian peoples of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Lalueza-Fox et al. (2004) also found several T and T1 sequences in ancient burials, including Kurgans, in the Kazakh steppe between the 14th-10th centuries BC, as well as later into the 1st millennia BC. These coincide with the latter part of the Andronovo period and the Saka period in the region.[5]

The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in Britain and Ireland, to a high in Saudi Arabia (Bedford 2012). Within subhaplogroup T2e, a very rare motif is identified among Sephardic Jews of Turkey and Bulgaria and suspected conversos from the New World (Bedford 2012).

Found in Svan population from Caucasus (Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2%. T1a1a1 is particularly common in countries with high levels of Y-haplogroup R1a, such as Central and Northeast Europe. The clade is also found everywhere in Central Asia and deep into North Asia, as far east as Mongolia.

T2c and T2d appear to have a Near Eastern origin around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and more recent dispersals into Europe. Most of T2c comprises haplogroup T2c1. Apart from a peak in Cyprus, T2c1 is most common in the Persian Gulf region but is also found in the Levant and in Mediterranean Europe, with a more far-flung distribution at very low levels.[6]

T2 is also found among the Soqotri (7.7%).[2]

Archaeology

Wilde et al. (2014) tested mtDNA samples from the Yamna culture, the presumed homeland of Proto-Indo-European speakers. They found T2a1b in the Middle Volga region and Bulgaria, and T1a both in central Ukraine and the Middle Volga. The frequency of T1a and T2 in Yamna samples were each 14.5%, a percentage higher than in any country today and only found in similarly high frequencies among the Udmurts of the Volga-Ural region.[7]

Haplogroup T has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Afalou prehistoric site in Algeria. One ancient individual carried the T2b subclade (1/9; 11%).[8] Additionally, haplogroup T has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom (T1, T2), Ptolemaic (T1, T2), and Roman (undifferentiated T, T1) periods.[9] Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been dated to around 3,000 BCE, have also been observed to carry the T2 subclade.[10] Additionally, haplogroup T has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with one specimen found to belong to the T2c1d2 subclade (1/7; 14%).[11]

Africa

In Africa, haplogroup T is primarily found among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations, including the basal T* clade.[1] Some non-basal T clades are also commonly found among the Niger-Congo-speaking Serer due to diffusion from the Maghreb, likely with the spread of Islam.[12]

Population Location Language Family N Frequency Source
Amhara Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Semitic 5/120 4.17% Kivisild 2004
Beja Sudan Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 1/48 2.1% Hassan 2009
Beta Israel Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/29 0.00% Behar 2008a
Copt Egypt Afro-Asiatic > Egyptian 5/29 17.2% Hassan 2009
Dawro K. Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Omotic 2/137 1.46% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Egyptians (El-Hayez) Egypt Afro-Asiatic > Semitic 10/35 28.6% Kujanova 2009
Ethiopia Ethiopia Undetermined 2/77 2.60% Soares 2011
Ethiopian Jew Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/41 0.00% Non 2011
Gurage Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Semitic 0/21 0.00% Kivisild 2004
Hamer Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Omotic 0/11 0.00% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Ongota Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/19 0.00% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Oromo Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/33 0.00% Kivisild 2004
Tigrai Ethiopia Afro-Asiatic > Semitic 3/44 6.82% Kivisild 2004
Daasanach Kenya Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/49 0.00% Poloni 2009
Elmolo Kenya Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/52 0.00% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Luo Kenya Nilo-Saharan 0/49 0.00% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Maasai Kenya Nilo-Saharan 0/81 0.00% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Nairobi Kenya Niger-Congo 0/100 0.00% Brandstatter 2004
Nyangatom Kenya Nilo-Saharan 0/112 0.00% Poloni 2009
Rendille Kenya Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/17 0.00% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Samburu Kenya Nilo-Saharan 0/35 0.00% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Turkana Kenya Nilo-Saharan 0/51 0.00% Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Hutu Rwanda Niger-Congo 0/42 0.00% Castrì 2009
Dinka Sudan Nilo-Saharan 0/46 0.00% Krings 1999
Sudan Sudan Undetermined 3/102 2.94% Soares 2011
Burunge Tanzania Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/38 0.00% Tishkoff 2007
Datoga Tanzania Nilo-Saharan 1/57 1.75% Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003
Iraqw Tanzania Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic 0/12 0.00% Knight 2003
Sukuma Tanzania Niger-Congo 0/32 0.00% Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003
Turu Tanzania Niger-Congo 0/29 0.00% Tishkoff 2007
Yemeni Yemen Afro-Asiatic > Semitic 1/114 0.88% Kivisild 2004

Asia

Europe

Subclades

Schematic tree of mtDNA haplogroup T. Ages (in ka) indicated are maximum likelihood estimates obtained for the whole-mtDNA genome.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades is based on the paper (van Oven 2008) and subsequent published research (Behar 2012b). For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades (branches) are shown.

  • T
    • T1
      • T1a
        • T1a1
        • T1a2
      • T1b
    • T2
      • T2a
        • T2a1
      • T2b
        • T2b1
        • T2b2
        • T2b3
        • T2b4
        • T2b5
        • T2b6
      • T2c
        • T2c1
      • T2d
      • T2e
        • T2e2
      • T2f
        • T2f1
      • T2g

Health issues

One study has shown Haplogroup T to be associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease.[citation needed] However, some studies have also shown that people of Haplogroup T are less prone to diabetes (Chinnery 2007 and González 2012).

A few tentative medical studies have demonstrated that Haplogroup T may offer some resistance to both Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.[citation needed]

One study has found that among the Spanish population, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) also referred to as hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is more likely to happen in those of T2 ancestry than those in other maternal haplogroups.[13] It is unknown whether or not this is specific to this subclaude of haplogroup T or is a risk factor shared by all of haplogroup T. With a statistically significant difference found in such a small sample, it may be advisable for those of known haplogroup T maternal ancestry to be aware of this and have their physician check for evidence of this condition when having a routine exam at an early age. It is usually symptom-less and increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, which often happens to those of as early in life as teenagers and may affect those who are active and have no other risk factors.[14]

Certain medical studies had shown mitochondrial Haplogroup T to be associated with reduced sperm motility in males, although these results have been challenged (Mishmar 2002). According to the Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologica Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Haplogroup T can predispose to asthenozoospermia (Ruiz-Pesini 2000). However, these findings have been disputed due to a small sample size in the study (Mishmar 2002).

Famous members

During the BBC One documentary Meet the Izzards, the actor and comedian Eddie Izzard learns that his mitochondrial DNA is of Haplogroup T, specifically the subclade T2f1a1.[15]

Henry Louis Gates Jr. belongs to haplogroup T2b2.[16]

Nicholas II of Russia

The last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, has been shown to be of Haplogroup T, specifically subclade T2 (Ivanov 1996). Assuming all relevant pedigrees are correct, this includes all female-line descendants of his female line ancestor Barbara of Celje (1390–1451), wife of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. This includes a great number of European nobles, including George I of Great Britain and Frederick William I of Prussia (through the Electress Sophia of Hanover), Charles I of England, George III of the United Kingdom, George V of the United Kingdom, Charles X Gustav of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Olav V of Norway, and George I of Greece.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup T (mtDNA).

Genetics

Backbone mtDNA Tree

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

Footnotes

Citations

  1. ^ a b Asmahan Bekada; Lara R. Arauna; Tahria Deba; Francesc Calafell; Soraya Benhamamouch; David Comas (September 24, 2015). "Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0138453. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038453B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453. PMC 4581715. PMID 26402429.; S5 Table
  2. ^ a b Černý, Viktor; et al. (2009). "Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–447. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  3. ^ Bryan Sykes (2001). The Seven Daughters of Eve. London; New York: Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0393020182.
  4. ^ "Maternal Ancestry". Oxford Ancestors. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  5. ^ Bennett, Casey; Kaestle, Frederika A. (2010). "Investigation of Ancient DNA from Western Siberia and the Sargat Culture". Human Biology. 82 (2): 143–156. arXiv:1112.2014. doi:10.3378/027.082.0202. PMID 20649397. S2CID 54566651.
  6. ^ Pala, M; Olivieri, A; Achilli, A; Accetturo, M; Metspalu, E; Reidla, M; Tamm, E; Karmin, M; Reisberg, T; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Perego, UA; Carossa, V; Gandini, F; Pereira, JB; Soares, P; Angerhofer, N; Rychkov, S; Al-Zahery, N; Carelli, V; Sanati, MH; Houshmand, M; Hatina, J; Macaulay, V; Pereira, L; Woodward, SR; Davies, W; Gamble, C; Baird, D; Semino, O; Villems, R; Torroni, A; Richards, MB (4 May 2012). "Mitochondrial DNA Signals of Late Glacial Recolonization of Europe from Near Eastern Refugia". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 90 (5): 915–924. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.003. PMC 3376494. PMID 22560092.http://haplogroup.org/sources/mitochondrial-dna-signals-of-late-glacial-recolonization-of-europe-from-near-eastern-refugia/ Archived 2023-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Wilde, Sandra (2014). "Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 y". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (13): 4832–4837. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4832W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1316513111. PMC 3977302. PMID 24616518.
  8. ^ Kefi, Rym; et al. (2018). "On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations". Mitochondrial DNA Part A. 29 (1): 147–157. doi:10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406. PMID 28034339. S2CID 4490910.
  9. ^ Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
  10. ^ Fregel; et al. (2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". bioRxiv 10.1101/191569.
  11. ^ Rodrı́guez-Varela; et al. (2017). "Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans". Current Biology. 27 (1–7): 3396–3402.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059. hdl:2164/13526. PMID 29107554.
  12. ^ Ball, Edward (2007). The Genetic Strand: Exploring a Family History Through DNA. Simon and Schuster. p. 233. ISBN 978-1416554257. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  13. ^ Castro, M (2006). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Spanish patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". Int J Cardiol. 112 (2): 202–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.09.008. PMID 16313983.
  14. ^ Chen, Michael. "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Medical Encyclopedia". Medline Plus. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  15. ^ Meet the Izzards: The Mum's Line. BBC One. 2013-03-12. 48 minutes in.
  16. ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2010). Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts. New York University Press. p. 4.

Sources

Websites

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)&oldid=1241795900"