HMS Challenger (1858): Difference between revisions
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{{Main|Challenger expedition}} |
{{Main|Challenger expedition}} |
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The [[Challenger expedition|''Challenger'' expedition]], which embarked from [[Portsmouth]], [[England]] on 21 December 1872, was a grand tour of the world covering 68,000 nautical miles (125,936 km) organized by the [[Royal Society]] in collaboration with the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name="Rice">{{cite book |last=Rice |first=A. L. |title=Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger |publisher=UCL Press |place=London |year=1999 |pages=27–48 |chapter=The Challenger Expedition |isbn=978-1-85728-705-9}}</ref> British |
The [[Challenger expedition|''Challenger'' expedition]], which embarked from [[Portsmouth]], [[England]] on 21 December 1872, was a grand tour of the world covering 68,000 nautical miles (125,936 km) organized by the [[Royal Society]] in collaboration with the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name="Rice">{{cite book |last=Rice |first=A. L. |title=Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger |publisher=UCL Press |place=London |year=1999 |pages=27–48 |chapter=The Challenger Expedition |isbn=978-1-85728-705-9}}</ref> British scientist Charles Thomson led a large scientific team which accompanied the crew.<ref name="crew list">{{cite book |chapter=Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger – Chapter 1 |chapter-url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1885/publication-4749.pdf |first1=T. H. |last1=Tizard |first2=H. N. |last2=Moseley |first3=J. Y |last3=Buchanan |first4=J. |last4=Murray |date=1965 |orig-date=1885 |editor-last1=Thomson |editor-first1=C. W. |editor-last2=Murray |editor-first2=J. |title=Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–1876 |volume=I, first part |edition=facsimile |publisher=Johnson Reprint Corporation |place=New York |pages=19–20}}</ref> |
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* Captains: [[George Nares]] (1873 and 1874) and [[Frank Tourle Thomson]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiralty service record: Thomson, Frank Tourle |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7586978 |publisher=The National Archives |location=Kew |id=ADM 196/13/348 |url-access=registration}}</ref> (1874 to 1876) |
* Captains: [[George Nares]] (1873 and 1874) and [[Frank Tourle Thomson]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiralty service record: Thomson, Frank Tourle |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7586978 |publisher=The National Archives |location=Kew |id=ADM 196/13/348 |url-access=registration}}</ref> (1874 to 1876) |
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* Publications: C.W. Thomson, ''Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76... prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson,... and now of John Murray,...'' (fifty volumes, London, 1880–1895). H.N. Moseley, ''Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger'' (1879). W.J.J. Spry, ''The cruise of the Challenger'' (1876). |
* Publications: C.W. Thomson, ''Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76... prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson,... and now of John Murray,...'' (fifty volumes, London, 1880–1895). H.N. Moseley, ''Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger'' (1879). W.J.J. Spry, ''The cruise of the Challenger'' (1876). |
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To enable her to probe the depths, all but two of ''Challenger''{{'}}s guns had been removed and her spars reduced to make more space available for scientific instruments.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite web |last1=Bishop |first1=T. |last2=Tuddenham |first2=P. |last3=Tuddenham |first3=P. |last4=Payne |first4=D. |last5=Babb |first5=I. |title=Then and Now: The HMS Challenger Expedition and the "Mountains in the Sea" Expedition |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html |website=Ocean Explorer |publisher= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> Laboratories, extra cabins and a special [[Marine biology dredge|dredging]] platform were installed as well.<ref name="Aitken1">{{cite book |last1=Aitken |first1=F. |last2=Foulc |first2=J.-N. |title=The First Explorations of the Deep Sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872–1876) |series=From Deep Sea to Laboratory |volume=1 |date=2019 |publisher=ISTE |location=London |isbn=978-1-78630-374-5 |doi=10.1002/9781119610953 |at=Chapter 4}}</ref> |
To enable her to probe the depths, all but two of ''Challenger''{{'}}s guns had been removed and her spars reduced to make more space available for scientific instruments.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite web |last1=Bishop |first1=T. |last2=Tuddenham |first2=P. |last3=Tuddenham |first3=P. |last4=Payne |first4=D. |last5=Babb |first5=I. |title=Then and Now: The HMS Challenger Expedition and the "Mountains in the Sea" Expedition |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html |website=Ocean Explorer |publisher= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> Laboratories, extra cabins and a special [[Marine biology dredge|dredging]] platform were installed as well.<ref name="Aitken1">{{cite book |last1=Aitken |first1=F. |last2=Foulc |first2=J.-N. |title=The First Explorations of the Deep Sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872–1876) |series=From Deep Sea to Laboratory |volume=1 |date=2019 |publisher=ISTE |location=London |isbn=978-1-78630-374-5 |doi=10.1002/9781119610953 |s2cid=146750038 |at=Chapter 4}}</ref> |
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She was loaded with specimen jars, [[ethanol]] for preserving samples acquired, [[microscope]]s and other chemical apparatus, [[trawl]]s, [[Marine biology dredge|dredge]]s, [[thermometer]]s, water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to collect [[sediment]] from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths.<ref name="Aitken1"/><ref name="Equipment">{{cite web|title=Scientific Equipment on HMS Challenger|url=https://rammhmschallenger.wordpress.com/2015/06/02/scientific-equipment-on-hms-challenger/|website=HMS Challenger Project|access-date=31 January 2018|date=2 June 2015}}</ref> In all she was supplied with 181 miles (291 km)<!--depends if nautical miles or statute miles; with the odd, three "significant" digit number, it may well be 1,100,000 feet expressed in nautical miles)--> of Italian hemp for sounding, trawling and dredging.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rice |first1=A. L. |title=H.M.S. Challenger: Midwife to Oceanography |magazine=Sea Frontiers |date=September–October 1972 |volume=18 |number=5 |pages=295–296 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sea-frontiers_september-october-1972_18_5/page/294/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=International Oceanographic Foundation |location=Miami, Florida |issn=0897-2249}}</ref><ref name="Aitken1"/> ''Challenger''{{'}}s crew was the first to sound the deepest part of the ocean, which was thereafter named the [[Challenger Deep]].<ref name="Aitken1"/> |
She was loaded with specimen jars, [[ethanol]] for preserving samples acquired, [[microscope]]s and other chemical apparatus, [[trawl]]s, [[Marine biology dredge|dredge]]s, [[thermometer]]s, water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to collect [[sediment]] from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths.<ref name="Aitken1"/><ref name="Equipment">{{cite web|title=Scientific Equipment on HMS Challenger|url=https://rammhmschallenger.wordpress.com/2015/06/02/scientific-equipment-on-hms-challenger/|website=HMS Challenger Project|access-date=31 January 2018|date=2 June 2015}}</ref> In all she was supplied with 181 miles (291 km)<!--depends if nautical miles or statute miles; with the odd, three "significant" digit number, it may well be 1,100,000 feet expressed in nautical miles)--> of Italian hemp for sounding, trawling and dredging.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rice |first1=A. L. |title=H.M.S. Challenger: Midwife to Oceanography |magazine=Sea Frontiers |date=September–October 1972 |volume=18 |number=5 |pages=295–296 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sea-frontiers_september-october-1972_18_5/page/294/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=International Oceanographic Foundation |location=Miami, Florida |issn=0897-2249}}</ref><ref name="Aitken1"/> ''Challenger''{{'}}s crew was the first to sound the deepest part of the ocean, which was thereafter named the [[Challenger Deep]].<ref name="Aitken1"/> |
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==Later service and |
==Later service and decommissioning== |
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She was commissioned as a [[His Majesty's Coastguard]] and [[Royal Naval Reserve]] training ship at the [[Harwich Dockyard]] in July 1876.<ref name="Bastock"/> In 1878, ''Challenger'' went through an overhaul by the Chief Constructor at [[Chatham Dockyard]] with a view to converting the vessel into a training ship for boys of the Royal Navy. She was found suitable and it was planned to take the place of [[HMS Eurydice (1843)|HMS ''Eurydice'']] which sank off the [[Isle of Wight]] on 24 March 1878.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naval|work=The Cornishman|issue=27|date=16 January 1879|page=6}}</ref> |
She was commissioned as a [[His Majesty's Coastguard]] and [[Royal Naval Reserve]] training ship at the [[Harwich Dockyard]] in July 1876.<ref name="Bastock"/> In 1878, ''Challenger'' went through an overhaul by the Chief Constructor at [[Chatham Dockyard]] with a view to converting the vessel into a training ship for boys of the Royal Navy. She was found suitable and it was planned to take the place of [[HMS Eurydice (1843)|HMS ''Eurydice'']] which sank off the [[Isle of Wight]] on 24 March 1878.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naval|work=The Cornishman|issue=27|date=16 January 1879|page=6}}</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 18:47, 14 August 2024
 Painting of Challenger by William Frederick Mitchell
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| History | |
|---|---|
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | Challenger |
| Builder | Woolwich Dockyard |
| Launched | 13 February 1858 |
| Decommissioned | Chatham Dockyard, 1878 |
| Fate | Broken for scrap, 1921 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Pearl-class corvette |
| Displacement | 2,137 long tons (2,171 t)[1] |
| Tons burthen | 1465 bm[1] |
| Length |
|
| Beam | 40 ft 4 in (12.29 m) |
| Draught |
|
| Depth of hold | 23 ft 11 in (7.29 m) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion |
|
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Speed | 10.7 knots (19.8 km/h) (under steam) |
| Armament |
|
HMS Challenger was a Pearl-class corvette of the Royal Navy launched on 13 February 1858 at the Woolwich Dockyard. She served the flagship of the Australia Station between 1866 and 1870.[2]
As part of the North America and West Indies Station, she took part in naval operations during the Second French intervention in Mexico, including the occupation of Veracruz, in 1862. She was assigned as the flagship of Australia Station in 1866, undertaking a punitive expedition in Fiji before leaving the station four years later.[2][3]
She was picked to undertake the first global marine research expedition: the Challenger expedition. She carried a complement of 243 officers, scientists and sailors when she embarked on her 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) journey.
The United States Space Shuttle Challenger was named after the ship.[4] Her figurehead is on display in the foyer of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.
1873–1876: Grand tour
[edit]The Challenger expedition, which embarked from Portsmouth, England on 21 December 1872, was a grand tour of the world covering 68,000 nautical miles (125,936 km) organized by the Royal Society in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh.[5] British scientist Charles Thomson led a large scientific team which accompanied the crew.[6]
- Captains: George Nares (1873 and 1874) and Frank Tourle Thomson[7] (1874 to 1876)
- Naturalists: Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882), Henry Nottidge Moseley (1844–1891) and Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm (1847–1875)
- Oceanographers: John Young Buchanan (1844–1925) and John Murray (1841–1914)
- Publications: C.W. Thomson, Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76... prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson,... and now of John Murray,... (fifty volumes, London, 1880–1895). H.N. Moseley, Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger (1879). W.J.J. Spry, The cruise of the Challenger (1876).
To enable her to probe the depths, all but two of Challenger's guns had been removed and her spars reduced to make more space available for scientific instruments.[8] Laboratories, extra cabins and a special dredging platform were installed as well.[9]
She was loaded with specimen jars, ethanol for preserving samples acquired, microscopes and other chemical apparatus, trawls, dredges, thermometers, water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to collect sediment from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths.[9][10] In all she was supplied with 181 miles (291 km) of Italian hemp for sounding, trawling and dredging.[11][9] Challenger's crew was the first to sound the deepest part of the ocean, which was thereafter named the Challenger Deep.[9]
Later service and decommissioning
[edit]She was commissioned as a His Majesty's Coastguard and Royal Naval Reserve training ship at the Harwich Dockyard in July 1876.[2] In 1878, Challenger went through an overhaul by the Chief Constructor at Chatham Dockyard with a view to converting the vessel into a training ship for boys of the Royal Navy. She was found suitable and it was planned to take the place of HMS Eurydice which sank off the Isle of Wight on 24 March 1878.[12]
The Admiralty did not go ahead with the conversion and she remained in reserve until 1883, when she was converted into a receiving hulk in the River Medway, where she stayed until she was sold to J B Garnham on 6 January 1921 and broken up for her copper bottom that same year.[2] Only her figurehead now remains, kept at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555.
- ^ a b c d Bastock, J. (1988). Ships on the Australia Station. Frenchs Forest: Child & Associates Publishing. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-86777-348-4.
- ^ "Fiji". The Sydney Mail. Vol. IX, no. 429. 19 September 1868. p. 11. Retrieved 9 April 2018 – via NLA Trove.
- ^ Grinter, K., ed. (3 October 2000). "Orbiter Vehicles: Challenger (STA-099, OV-99)". Kennedy Space Center. Merritt Island: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Rice, A. L. (1999). "The Challenger Expedition". Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger. London: UCL Press. pp. 27–48. ISBN 978-1-85728-705-9.
- ^ Tizard, T. H.; Moseley, H. N.; Buchanan, J. Y; Murray, J. (1965) [1885]. "Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger – Chapter 1" (PDF). In Thomson, C. W.; Murray, J. (eds.). Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–1876. Vol. I, first part (facsimile ed.). New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation. pp. 19–20.
- ^ "Admiralty service record: Thomson, Frank Tourle". Kew: The National Archives. ADM 196/13/348.
- ^ Bishop, T.; Tuddenham, P.; Tuddenham, P.; Payne, D.; Babb, I. "Then and Now: The HMS Challenger Expedition and the "Mountains in the Sea" Expedition". Ocean Explorer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d Aitken, F.; Foulc, J.-N. (2019). The First Explorations of the Deep Sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872–1876). From Deep Sea to Laboratory. Vol. 1. London: ISTE. Chapter 4. doi:10.1002/9781119610953. ISBN 978-1-78630-374-5. S2CID 146750038.
- ^ "Scientific Equipment on HMS Challenger". HMS Challenger Project. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
- ^ Rice, A. L. (September–October 1972). "H.M.S. Challenger: Midwife to Oceanography". Sea Frontiers. Vol. 18, no. 5. Miami, Florida: International Oceanographic Foundation. pp. 295–296. ISSN 0897-2249.
- ^ "Naval". The Cornishman. No. 27. 16 January 1879. p. 6.
- ^ "Figurehead of the HMS Challenger". London: Royal Museums Greenwich. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
Further reading
[edit]- Thomson, C. W.; Murray, J., eds. (1880–1895). Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873–1876, under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S., and Captain Frank Tourle Thomson R.N. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6513. OCLC 10354084.
External links
[edit]
Media related to HMS Challenger (1858) at Wikimedia Commons