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{{Short description|Roman province}}
{{about||the EuroCity train service|Rätia (train)|the canton of the Helvetic Republic|Canton of Raetia}}
{{for multi|the EuroCity train service|Rätia (train)|the Free State|Three Leagues|the canton of the Helvetic Republic|Canton of Raetia}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name = {{aut|Provincia Raetia}}
|native_name = {{aut|Provincia Raetia}}
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|image_map_caption =
|image_map_caption =
|life_span =
|life_span =
|year_start = 15
|year_start = 15 BC
|event_start =
|event_start =
|event1 =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|date_event1 =
|year_end = 476
|year_end = 476 AD
|event_end = Ostrogothic conquest{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
|event_end = Ostrogothic conquest{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
|p1 =
|p1 =
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|s3 = Baiuvarii
|s3 = Baiuvarii
|s4 = Churraetia
|s4 = Churraetia
| today = {{plainlist| *[[Austria]]<br>[[Switzerland]]<br>[[Germany]]<br>[[Liechtenstein]]<br>[[Italy]] }}
|demonym=}}
|demonym=}}
[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|250px|The Roman empire in the time of [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117-138 AD), showing, on the upper [[Danube]] river, the [[imperial province]] of '''Raetia''' (Switzerland/Tyrol/Germany south of the Danube), with no [[Roman legion|legions]] deployed there in 125.]]
[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|250px|The Roman empire in the time of [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117–138 AD), showing, on the upper [[Danube]] river, the [[imperial province]] of '''Raetia''' (Switzerland/Tyrol/Germany south of the Danube), with no [[Roman legion|legions]] deployed there in 125.]]
[[File:REmpire Rhetia.png|thumb|250px|Province of Raetia highlighted.]]
[[File:REmpire Rhetia.png|thumb|250px|Province of Raetia highlighted.]]


'''Raetia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|ʃ|(|i|)|ə}} {{respell|REE|sh(ee|)ə}}, {{IPA-la|ˈrae̯tɪ.a|lang}}; also spelled '''Rhaetia''') was a [[Roman province|province]] of the [[Roman Empire]], named after the Rhaetian (''[[Raeti]]'' or ''Rhaeti'') people. It bordered on the west with the [[country]] of the [[Helvetii]], on the east with [[Noricum]], on the north with [[Vindelicia]], on the south-west with [[Gallia Narbonensis|Transalpine Gaul]] and on the south with [[Italia (Roman Empire)|Venetia et Histria]].
'''Raetia''' or '''Rhaetia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|ʃ|(|i|)|ə}} {{respell|REE|sh(ee|)ə}}, {{IPA|la|ˈrae̯.ti.a|lang}}) was a [[Roman province|province]] of the [[Roman Empire]] named after the [[Rhaetian people]]. It bordered on the west with the country of the [[Helvetii]], on the east with [[Noricum]], on the north with [[Vindelicia]], on the south-west with [[Gallia Narbonensis|Transalpine Gaul]] and on the south with [[Venetia et Histria]], a region of [[Roman Italy]].


It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central [[Switzerland]] (containing the [[Upper Rhine]] and [[Lake Constance]]), southern [[Germany]] ([[Bavaria]] and most of [[Baden-Württemberg]]), [[Vorarlberg]] and the greater part of [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] in [[Austria]], and part of northern [[Lombardy]] in [[Italy]]. The region of Vindelicia (today eastern [[Württemberg]] and western Bavaria) was annexed to the province at a later date than the others. The northern border of Raetia during the times of Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube. Later the [[Limes Germanicus]] marked the northern boundary, stretching for 166&nbsp;km north of the Danube. Raetia linked to Italy across the Alps over the [[Reschen Pass]], by the [[Via Claudia Augusta]].
It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central [[Switzerland]] (containing the [[Upper Rhine]] and [[Lake Constance]]), southern [[Germany]] ([[Bavaria]] and most of [[Baden-Württemberg]]), [[Vorarlberg]] and the greater part of [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] in [[Austria]], and part of northern [[Lombardy]] in [[Italy]]. The region of Vindelicia (today eastern [[Württemberg]] and western Bavaria) was annexed to the province at a later date than the others. The northern border of Raetia during the reigns of [[Roman emperor|emperors]] [[Augustus]] and [[Tiberius]] was the [[River Danube]]. Later the [[Limes Germanicus]] marked the northern boundary, stretching for 166&nbsp;km north of the Danube. Raetia was connected to Italy across the Alps over the [[Reschen Pass]], by the [[Via Claudia Augusta]].


The capital of the province was [[Augusta Vindelicorum]], present-day [[Augsburg]] in southern Germany.
The capital of the province was [[Augusta Vindelicorum]], present-day [[Augsburg]] in southern Germany.
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==History==
==History==
{{see also|Switzerland in the Roman era}}
{{see also|Switzerland in the Roman era}}
Little is known of the origin or history of the [[Raetians]], who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the [[Alps|Alpine]] tribes. [[Livy]] states distinctly<ref name=EB1911/><ref>''Ab Urbe Condita'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0026&layout=&loc=5.33 v. 33]</ref> that they were of [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] origin (a belief that was favored by [[Barthold Georg Niebuhr|Niebuhr]] and [[Theodor Mommsen|Mommsen]]). A tradition reported by [[Justin (historian)|Justin]]<ref>xx. 5</ref> and [[Pliny the Elder]]<ref name=EB1911/><ref>''Naturalis Historia'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&layout=&loc=3.24 iii. 24], 133</ref> affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the [[Po River|Po]] and were driven into the mountains by the invading [[Gauls]], when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from an [[eponym]]ous leader '''Raetus'''. Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted, at the time when the land became known to the Romans, [[Celt]]ic tribes were already in possession of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that, generally speaking, the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people, although non-Celtic tribes (es. [[Euganei]]) were settled among them.<ref name=EB1911/>
Little is known of the origin or history of the [[Rhaetian people|Raetians]], who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the [[Alps|Alpine]] tribes. [[Livy]] states distinctly<ref name=EB1911/><ref>''Ab urbe condita'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0026&layout=&loc=5.33 v. 33]</ref> that they were of [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] origin (a belief that was favored by [[Barthold Georg Niebuhr|Niebuhr]] and [[Theodor Mommsen|Mommsen]]). A tradition reported by [[Justin (historian)|Justin]]<ref>xx. 5</ref> and [[Pliny the Elder]]<ref name=EB1911/><ref>''Naturalis Historia'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&layout=&loc=3.24 iii. 24], 133</ref> affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the [[Po River|Po]] and were driven into the mountains by the invading [[Gauls]], when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from an [[eponym]]ous leader Raetus. Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted, at the time when the land became known to the Romans, [[Celt]]ic tribes were already in possession of much of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that, generally speaking, the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people, although non-Celtic tribes (es. [[Euganei]]) were settled among them.<ref name=EB1911/>


The Raetians are first mentioned (but only incidentally) by [[Polybius]],<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Histories [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=34.10 xxxiv. 10], iS</ref> and little is heard of them till after the end of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]]. There is little doubt, however, that they retained their independence until their subjugation in 15 BC by [[Tiberius]] and [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]].<ref name=EB1911/><ref>compare [[Horace]], ''Odes'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0025&layout=&loc=4.4 iv. 4] and [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0025&layout=&loc=4.14 14]</ref>
The Raetians are first mentioned (but only incidentally) by [[Polybius]],<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Histories [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=34.10 xxxiv. 10], iS</ref> and little is heard of them till after the end of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]]. There is little doubt, however, that they retained their independence until their subjugation in 15 BC by [[Tiberius]] and [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]].<ref name=EB1911/><ref>compare [[Horace]], ''Odes'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0025&layout=&loc=4.4 iv. 4] and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0025&layout=&loc=4.14 14]</ref>


At first Raetia formed a distinct province, but towards the end of the 1st century AD Vindelicia was added to it; hence [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] (''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', 41) could speak of ''Augusta Vindelicorum'' ([[Augsburg]]) as "a [[colony]] of the province of Raetia". The whole province (including Vindelicia) was at first under a military [[prefect]], then under a [[procurator (Roman)|procurator]]; it had no standing army quartered in it but relied on its own native troops and [[militia]] for protection until the 2nd century AD.<ref name=EB1911/>
At first Raetia formed a distinct province, but towards the end of the 1st century AD Vindelicia was added to it; hence, [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] (''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', 41) could speak of ''Augusta Vindelicorum'' ([[Augsburg]]) as "a [[colony]] of the province of Raetia". The whole province (including Vindelicia) was at first under a military [[prefect]], then under a [[Procurator (Roman)|procurator]]; it had no standing army quartered in it but relied on its own native troops and [[militia]] for protection until the 2nd century AD.<ref name=EB1911/>


During the reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]], Raetia was governed by the commander of the [[Legio III Italica|Legio III ''Italica'']], which was based in Castra Regina ([[Regensburg]]) by 179 AD. Under [[Diocletian]], Raetia formed part of the [[diocese]] of the ''vicarius Italiae'', and was subdivided into ''Raetia prima'', with a ''praeses'' at Curia Raetorum ([[Chur]]) and ''Raetia secunda'', with a ''praeses'' at Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), the former corresponding to the old Raetia, the latter to Vindelicia. The boundary between them is not clearly defined, but may be stated generally as a line drawn eastwards from the ''lacus Brigantinus'' ([[Lake Constance]]) to the ''Oenus'' ([[Inn (river)|River Inn]]).<ref name=EB1911/>
During the reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]], Raetia was governed by the commander of the [[Legio III Italica|Legio III ''Italica'']], which was based in Castra Regina ([[Regensburg]]) by 179 AD. Under [[Diocletian]], Raetia formed part of the [[diocese]] of the ''vicarius Italiae'', and was subdivided into ''Raetia prima'', with a ''praeses'' at Curia Raetorum ([[Chur]]) and ''Raetia secunda'', with a ''praeses'' at Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), the former corresponding to the old Raetia, the latter to Vindelicia. The boundary between them is not clearly defined, but may be stated generally as a line drawn eastwards from the ''lacus Brigantinus'' ([[Lake Constance]]) to the ''Oenus'' ([[Inn (river)|River Inn]]).<ref name=EB1911/>


During the last years of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the land was in a desolate condition, but its occupation by the [[Ostrogoths]] in the time of [[Theodoric the Great]], who placed it under a ''dux'', to some extent revived its prosperity.<ref name=EB1911/> Much of ''Raetia prima'' remained as a separate political unit, [[Raetia Curiensis]], for several centuries, until it was attached to the [[Duchy of Swabia]] in AD 917.
During the last years of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the land was in a desolate condition, but its occupation by the [[Ostrogoths]] in the time of [[Theodoric the Great]], who placed it under a ''[[dux]]'', to some extent revived its prosperity.<ref name=EB1911/> Much of ''Raetia prima'' remained as a separate political unit, [[Raetia Curiensis]], for several centuries, until it was attached to the [[Duchy of Swabia]] in AD 917.


==Economy==
==Economy==
The land was very mountainous, and the inhabitants, when not engaged in predatory expeditions, chiefly supported themselves by breeding cattle and cutting timber, little attention being paid to agriculture. Some of the valleys, however, were rich and fertile, and produced wine, which was considered equal to any in [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]. [[Augustus Caesar]] preferred Raetian wine to any other. Considerable trade in [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]], [[honey]], [[wax]], and [[cheese]] occurred.<ref name=EB1911/>
The land was very mountainous, and the inhabitants, when not engaged in predatory expeditions, chiefly supported themselves by breeding cattle and cutting timber, little attention being paid to agriculture. Some of the valleys, however, were rich and fertile, and produced wine, which was considered equal to any in [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]]. [[Augustus]] preferred Raetian wine to any other. Considerable trade in [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]], [[honey]], [[wax]], and [[cheese]] occurred.<ref name=EB1911/>


==Geography==
==Geography==
The chief towns of Raetia (excluding Vindelicia) were ''Tridentum'' ([[Trento]]) and ''Curia'' (Coire or [[Chur]]). It was traversed by two great lines of Roman roads — the Via Claudia Augusta leading from [[Verona, Italy|Verona]] and Tridentum across the [[Reschen Pass]] to the [[Fern Pass]] and thence to ''Augusta Vindelicorum'' ([[Augsburg]]),<ref>http://www.viaclaudia.org/en/introduction/</ref><ref name=EB1911/> the other from ''Brigantium'' ([[Bregenz]]) on Lake Constance by Chur and [[Chiavenna]] to [[Como]] and [[Milan]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Raetia|volume=22|pages=812–813|inline=1}}</ref>
The chief towns of Raetia (excluding Vindelicia) were Tridentum ([[Trento]]) and Curia (Coire or [[Chur]]). It was traversed by two great lines of Roman roads: the [[Via Claudia Augusta]] leading from [[Verona, Italy|Verona]] and Tridentum across the [[Reschen Pass]] to the [[Fern Pass]] and thence to Augusta Vindelicorum ([[Augsburg]]),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viaclaudia.org/en/introduction/ |title=Via Claudia Augusta – die alte Römerstraße, Bayern, Tirol, Südtirol, Italien: Introduction |access-date=2010-10-12 |archive-date=2018-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230812/http://www.viaclaudia.org/en/introduction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=EB1911/> the other from Brigantium ([[Bregenz]]) on Lake Constance by Chur and [[Chiavenna]] to [[Como]] and [[Milan]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Raetia|volume=22|pages=812–813|inline=1}}</ref>


The [[Rätikon]] mountain range derives its name from Raetia.
The [[Rätikon]] mountain range derives its name from Raetia.
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== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Alpine regiments of the Roman army]]
*[[Alpine regiments of the Roman army]]
*[[List of Roman governors of Raetia]]


==References==
==References==
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== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* A. Baruffi, ''Spirit of Rhaetia: The Call of the Holy Mountains'' (LiteraryJoint, Philadelphia, PA, 2020), {{ISBN|978-1-716-30027-1}}

* PC von Planta, ''Das alte Rätien'' (Berlin, 1872)
* PC von Planta, ''Das alte Rätien'' (Berlin, 1872)
* T Mommsen in ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'', iii. p.&nbsp;706
* T Mommsen in ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'', iii. p.&nbsp;706
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==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/991348 |title=Places: 991348 (Raetia) |author=Bagnall, R., J. Drinkwater, A. Esmonde-Cleary, W. Harris, R. Knapp, S. Mitchell, S. Parker, C. Wells, J. Wilkes, R. Talbert, M. E. Downs, M. Joann McDaniel, B. Z. Lund, T. Elliott, S. Gillies |accessdate=March 8, 2012<!-- 12:06 pm -->|publisher=Pleiades}}
*{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/991348 |title=Places: 991348 (Raetia) |author=Bagnall, R., J. Drinkwater, A. Esmonde-Cleary, W. Harris, R. Knapp, S. Mitchell, S. Parker, C. Wells, J. Wilkes, R. Talbert, M. E. Downs, M. Joann McDaniel, B. Z. Lund, T. Elliott, S. Gillies |date=18 January 2018 |access-date=March 8, 2012<!-- 12:06 pm -->|publisher=Pleiades}}


{{Roman provinces AD 117}}
{{Roman provinces AD 117}}
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{{coord|47.3600|N|8.5600|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}


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[[Category:Raetia| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Roman Empire]]
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[[Category:States and territories established in the 1st century BC]]
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[[Category:15 establishments]]

Revision as of 16:23, 9 August 2024

For the EuroCity train service, see Rätia (train). For the Free State, see Three Leagues. For the canton of the Helvetic Republic, see Canton of Raetia.
Raetia
Provincia Raetia
Province of the Roman Empire
15 BC–476 AD

CapitalAugusta Vindelicorum
Historical eraAntiquity
• Established
15 BC
• Ostrogothic conquest[citation needed]
476 AD
 Succeeded by
Ostrogoths
Alemanni
Baiuvarii
Churraetia
Today part of
The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117–138 AD), showing, on the upper Danube river, the imperial province of Raetia (Switzerland/Tyrol/Germany south of the Danube), with no legions deployed there in 125.
Province of Raetia highlighted.

Raetia or Rhaetia (/ˈriːʃ(i)ə/ REE-sh(ee-)ə, Latin: [ˈrae̯.ti.a]) was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people. It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii, on the east with Noricum, on the north with Vindelicia, on the south-west with Transalpine Gaul and on the south with Venetia et Histria, a region of Roman Italy.

It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland (containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance), southern Germany (Bavaria and most of Baden-Württemberg), Vorarlberg and the greater part of Tyrol in Austria, and part of northern Lombardy in Italy. The region of Vindelicia (today eastern Württemberg and western Bavaria) was annexed to the province at a later date than the others. The northern border of Raetia during the reigns of emperors Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube. Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary, stretching for 166 km north of the Danube. Raetia was connected to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass, by the Via Claudia Augusta.

The capital of the province was Augusta Vindelicorum, present-day Augsburg in southern Germany.

History

See also: Switzerland in the Roman era

Little is known of the origin or history of the Raetians, who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes. Livy states distinctly[1][2] that they were of Etruscan origin (a belief that was favored by Niebuhr and Mommsen). A tradition reported by Justin[3] and Pliny the Elder[1][4] affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls, when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from an eponymous leader Raetus. Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted, at the time when the land became known to the Romans, Celtic tribes were already in possession of much of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that, generally speaking, the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people, although non-Celtic tribes (es. Euganei) were settled among them.[1]

The Raetians are first mentioned (but only incidentally) by Polybius,[1][5] and little is heard of them till after the end of the Republic. There is little doubt, however, that they retained their independence until their subjugation in 15 BC by Tiberius and Drusus.[1][6]

At first Raetia formed a distinct province, but towards the end of the 1st century AD Vindelicia was added to it; hence, Tacitus (Germania, 41) could speak of Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg) as "a colony of the province of Raetia". The whole province (including Vindelicia) was at first under a military prefect, then under a procurator; it had no standing army quartered in it but relied on its own native troops and militia for protection until the 2nd century AD.[1]

During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, Raetia was governed by the commander of the Legio III Italica, which was based in Castra Regina (Regensburg) by 179 AD. Under Diocletian, Raetia formed part of the diocese of the vicarius Italiae, and was subdivided into Raetia prima, with a praeses at Curia Raetorum (Chur) and Raetia secunda, with a praeses at Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), the former corresponding to the old Raetia, the latter to Vindelicia. The boundary between them is not clearly defined, but may be stated generally as a line drawn eastwards from the lacus Brigantinus (Lake Constance) to the Oenus (River Inn).[1]

During the last years of the Western Roman Empire, the land was in a desolate condition, but its occupation by the Ostrogoths in the time of Theodoric the Great, who placed it under a dux, to some extent revived its prosperity.[1] Much of Raetia prima remained as a separate political unit, Raetia Curiensis, for several centuries, until it was attached to the Duchy of Swabia in AD 917.

Economy

The land was very mountainous, and the inhabitants, when not engaged in predatory expeditions, chiefly supported themselves by breeding cattle and cutting timber, little attention being paid to agriculture. Some of the valleys, however, were rich and fertile, and produced wine, which was considered equal to any in Italia. Augustus preferred Raetian wine to any other. Considerable trade in pitch, honey, wax, and cheese occurred.[1]

Geography

The chief towns of Raetia (excluding Vindelicia) were Tridentum (Trento) and Curia (Coire or Chur). It was traversed by two great lines of Roman roads: the Via Claudia Augusta leading from Verona and Tridentum across the Reschen Pass to the Fern Pass and thence to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg),[7][1] the other from Brigantium (Bregenz) on Lake Constance by Chur and Chiavenna to Como and Milan.[1]

The Rätikon mountain range derives its name from Raetia.

Important cities

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Raetia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 812–813.
  2. ^ Ab urbe condita v. 33
  3. ^ xx. 5
  4. ^ Naturalis Historia, iii. 24, 133
  5. ^ Histories xxxiv. 10, iS
  6. ^ compare Horace, Odes, iv. 4 and 14
  7. ^ "Via Claudia Augusta – die alte Römerstraße, Bayern, Tirol, Südtirol, Italien: Introduction". Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2010-10-12.

Further reading

  • A. Baruffi, Spirit of Rhaetia: The Call of the Holy Mountains (LiteraryJoint, Philadelphia, PA, 2020), ISBN 978-1-716-30027-1
  • PC von Planta, Das alte Rätien (Berlin, 1872)
  • T Mommsen in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, iii. p. 706
  • Joachim Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, 1. (2nd ed., 1881) p. 288
  • Ludwig Steub, Ueber die Urbewohner Rätiens und ihren Zusammenhang mit den Etruskern (Munich, 1843)
  • Julius Jung, Römer und Romanen in den Donauländern (Innsbruck, 1877)
  • Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1873)
  • T Mommsen, The Roman Provinces (English translation, 1886), i. pp. 16, 161, 196
  • Mary B Peaks, The General Civil and Military Administration of Noricum and Raetia (Chicago, 1907).
  • Bagnall, R., J. Drinkwater, A. Esmonde-Cleary, W. Harris, R. Knapp, S. Mitchell, S. Parker, C. Wells, J. Wilkes, R. Talbert, M. E. Downs, M. Joann McDaniel, B. Z. Lund, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (18 January 2018). "Places: 991348 (Raetia)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

47°21′36″N 8°33′36″E / 47.3600°N 8.5600°E / 47.3600; 8.5600

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