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{{Short description|Ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty}}
{{Short description|Zhou dynasty Chinese state (1046–221 BCE)}}
{{About|the major state of Q'''í''' (''齊'')|the minor state of Q'''ǐ''' (''杞'')|Qi (Henan)|other uses|Qi (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the major state of Q'''í''' (''齊'')|the minor state of Q'''ǐ''' (''杞'')|Qi (Henan)|other uses|Qi (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Qi Kingdom|the Han dynasty kingdom|Qi Kingdom (Han dynasty)}}
{{Redirect|Qi Kingdom|the Han dynasty kingdom|Qi Kingdom (Han dynasty)}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|native_name = <big>{{lang|zh|齊}}</big><br /><small>[[Old Chinese phonology|*]]Dzəj</small>
|native_name = {{lang|zh|齊}}<br / >{{small|[[Old Chinese phonology|*]]Dzəj}}
|conventional_long_name = Qi
|conventional_long_name = Qi
|common_name = Qi
|common_name = Qi
|era =
|era =
|status = Duchy (1046–323&nbsp;BC)<br />Kingdom (323–221&nbsp;BC)
|status = {{unbulleted list|Regional State (1046–323&nbsp;BCE )|Kingdom (323–221&nbsp;BCE )}}
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
|year_start = 1046 BC
|year_start = 1046 BCE
|year_end = 221 BC
|year_end = 221 BCE
|p1 = Pugu (state){{!}}Pugu
|p1 = Pugu (state){{!}}Pugu
|s1 = Qin dynasty
|s1 = Qin dynasty
|event_start = Enfeoffment of [[Jiang Ziya|Duke Tai]]
|event_start = Enfeoffment of [[Jiang Ziya|Duke Tai]]
|event_end = Conquered by Qin
|event_end = Conquered by Qin
Line 25: Line 25:
|event5 =
|event5 =
|date_event5 =
|date_event5 =
|image_map = EN-QI260BCE.jpg
|image_map = EN-QI260BCE.jpg
|image_map_caption = Qi in 260 BC
|image_map_caption = Qi in 260 BCE
|capital = Yingqiu (11 c.–866 BC)<br />[[Pugu (state)|Bogu]] (866–859 BC)<br />[[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]] (859–221 BC)
|capital = Yingqiu (11 c.–866 BCE )<br />[[Pugu (state)|Bogu]] (866–859 BCE )<br />[[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]] (859–221 BCE )
|common_languages =
|common_languages =
|religion = [[Chinese folk religion]]<br />[[ancestor worship]]
|religion = {{unbulleted list|[[ancestor worship]]|[[Chinese folk religion]]}}
|currency = [[Knife money]]
|currency = [[Knife money]]
|leader1 =
|leader1 = [[Duke Huan of Qi]]
|leader2 =
|leader2 = [[Duke Jing of Qi]]
|year_leader1 =
|year_leader1 = 685–643 BCE
|year_leader2 =
|year_leader2 = 547–490 BCE
|deputy2 = [[Yan Ying]]
⚫
|title_leader = King of Qi
|year_deputy2 = 556–500 BCE
⚫
|title_leader = [[Gong (title)|Lord]] of Qi
|deputy1 = [[Guan Zhong]]
|deputy1 = [[Guan Zhong]]
|year_deputy1 = 685–645 BC
|year_deputy1 = 685–645 BCE
|title_deputy = [[Chancellor of China|Chancellor]]
|title_deputy = [[Chancellor of China|Chancellor]]
}}
}}
{{Chinese
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=Qi (Chinese characters).svg
|pic=Qi (Chinese characters).svg
|piccap="Qi" in [[seal script]] (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
|piccap="Qi" in [[seal script]] (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
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}}
}}
[[File:Great wall of qi 2008 07 14.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The [[Great Wall of Qi]] on Dafeng Mountain]]
[[File:Great wall of qi 2008 07 14.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The [[Great Wall of Qi]] on Dafeng Mountain]]
'''Qi'''<!--Chinese in infobox-->, or '''Ch'i'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Qi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Qi-ancient-state-China-771-221-BC|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> in [[Wade–Giles]] romanization, was a [[ancient Chinese state|state]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]]-era in [[History of China#Ancient China|ancient China]], variously reckoned as a [[marchland|march]], [[duke (China)|duchy]], and independent [[Realm|kingdom]]. Its capital was [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]], located in present-day [[Shandong]].
'''Qi'''<!--Chinese in infobox-->, or '''Ch'i'''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Qi – ancient state, China [771–221 BCE] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Qi-ancient-state-China-771-221-BC |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica | date= 2008}}</ref> in [[Wade–Giles]] romanization, was a [[ancient Chinese state|regional state]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]] in [[History of China#Ancient China|ancient China]], whose rulers held [[Zhou dynasty nobility|titles]] of ''Hou'' ({{lang|zh|侯}}), then ''[[Gong (title)|Gong]]'', before declaring themselves independent Kings. Its capital was [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]], located in present-day [[Shandong]]. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou [[Battle of Muye|conquest]] of [[Shang dynasty|Shang]], {{circa|1046 BCE }}. Its first monarch was [[Jiang Ziya]] (Lord Tai; {{reign}}1046–1015 BCE ), [[chancellor (China)|minister]] of [[King Wen of Zhou|King Wen]] and a [[Chinese legend|legendary]] figure in Chinese culture. His [[Chinese surname#Xing|family]] ruled Qi for several centuries before it was [[Usurpation of Qi by Tian|replaced by the Tian family]] in 386{{nbsp}}BCE.<ref>{{ cite book | isbn =9780231521314 | publisher= Columbia University Press | editor= Burton Watson | date= 2003 | page =1 | title= Xunzi: Basic Writings | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0SE2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | orig-date= c. 230s BCE | author = Xunzi | author-link= Xun Kuang }}</ref> Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by [[state of Qin|Qin]] during its [[Qin's wars of unification|unification of China]].

Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou overthrow of [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] in the 11th century{{nbsp}}BC. Its first [[marquis (China)|marquis]] was [[Jiang Ziya]], [[chancellor (China)|minister]] of [[King Wen of Zhou|King Wen]] and a [[Chinese legend|legendary]] figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>Burton Watson 2003 p.1. Xunzi: Basic Writings. https://books.google.com/books?id=0SE2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1</ref> In 221{{nbsp}}BC, Qi was the final major state annexed by [[state of Qin|Qin]] during its [[Qin's wars of unification|unification of China]].


==History==
==History==
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===Foundation===
===Foundation===
{{Main|Western Zhou}}
During the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] [[Battle of Muye|conquest]] of [[Shang dynasty|Shang]], [[Jiang Ziya]] served as the [[chancellor (China)|chief minister]] to [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]]. After Wu's death, Jiang remained loyal to the [[Duke of Zhou]] during the [[Three Guards]]' [[Rebellion of the Three Guards|failed rebellion]] against his regency. The Shang prince [[Wu Geng]] had joined the revolt along with the [[Dongyi]] [[states of ancient China|states]] of [[Yan (Dongyi)|Yan]], [[Xu (Dongyi)|Xu]], and [[Pugu (Dongyi)|Pugu]]. These were suppressed by 1039&nbsp;BC and Jiang was given the Pugu lands in what is now western [[Shandong]] as the [[marchland|march]] of Qi. Little information survives from this period, but the ''[[Bamboo Annals]]'' suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time {{circa|lk=no|1026}}.
During the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] [[Battle of Muye|conquest]] of [[Shang dynasty|Shang]], [[Jiang Ziya]], a native of [[Ju County]] served as the [[chancellor (China)|chief minister]] to [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]], the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father. Following the Zhou victory, the lands comprising much of the Shandong peninsula and some nearby surrounds were established as the state of Qi, with Jiang [[fengjian|charged with]] ruling and defending them. After King Wu's death, Ziya remained loyal to the [[Duke of Zhou]]'s regency during the [[Three Guards]]' [[Rebellion of the Three Guards|failed rebellion]]. The Shang prince [[Wu Geng]] had joined the revolt along with the [[Dongyi]] polities of [[Yan (Dongyi)|Yan]], [[Xu (Dongyi)|Xu]], and [[Pugu (Dongyi)|Pugu]], located within the boundaries of Qi. These were suppressed by 1039{{nbsp}}BCE, but the ''[[Bamboo Annals]]'' suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time {{circa|lk=no|1026}}.


In the mid-9th century&nbsp;BC, [[King Yi of Zhou (Xie)|King Yi]] ({{abbr|r|ruled}}.&nbsp;865–58{{nbsp}}BC) attacked Qi and [[Death by boiling|boil]]ed [[Duke Ai of Qi|Duke Ai]] to death. Under the reign of [[King Xuan of Zhou|King Xuan]] (r.{{nbsp}}827–782), there was a local succession struggle. During this time, many of the native [[Dongyi]] peoples [[sinification|were absorbed]] into the Qi state.
Transmitted documents from the [[Western Zhou]] period are scant, but it is known that [[King Yi of Zhou (Xie)|King Yi]] of Zhou ({{reign}}865–858 BCE) attacked Qi and [[Death by boiling|boil]]ed [[Duke Ai of Qi|Duke Ai]] to death. During the time of [[King Xuan of Zhou]] ({{reign}} 827–782), there was a local succession struggle. Throughout this period, many of the native [[Dongyi]] peoples [[sinification|were absorbed]] into the Zhou cultural sphere.


===Spring and Autumn period===
===Spring and Autumn period===
{{Main|Spring and Autumn period}}
[[File:Sacrificial horsepit linzi 2010 06 06.jpg|thumb|left|Sacrificial horses discovered in the tomb of [[Duke Jing of Qi]]]]
[[File:Sacrificial horsepit linzi 2010 06 06.jpg|thumb|left|Sacrificial horses discovered in the tomb of [[Duke Jing of Qi]]]]


The succession crisis following the violent death of [[King You of Zhou]] led to a dramatic and unrecoverable loss of political and military authority in the Zhou royal court. Under this new geopolitical situation, Qi rose to prominence under [[Duke Huan of Qi]] ({{reign}} 685–643{{nbsp}}BCE ). He and his minister [[Guan Zhong]] strengthened the state by consolidating power in the hands of the central government at the expense of the landed aristocracy, establishing a system of counties ({{zh|labels=no|c=縣|p=xiàn}}) ruled directly by ministers of the state court.<ref>Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in {{harvnb|''Cambridge History of Ancient China''|1999|pp=553–554}}.</ref> Qi annexed 35 neighboring polities – including [[Tan (state)|Tan]] – and brought others into submission. Guan Zhong's administrative reforms also included state monopolies on salt and iron, and in general were characteristic of the later political philosophy of [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kiser |first1=Edgar | last2 = Cai |first2 = Young |year= 2003 | title = War and bureaucratization in Qin China: Exploring an anomalous case |journal = American Sociological Review |volume=68 | issue =4 |pages=511–39 |doi = 10.2307/1519737|jstor=1519737 }}</ref>{{rp|526}}
In 706{{nbsp}}BC, Qi was attacked by the [[Shan Rong]]. Qi rose to prominence under [[Duke Huan of Qi]] (685–643{{nbsp}}BC). He and his minister [[Guan Zhong]] strengthened the state by centralizing it. He annexed 35 neighboring states including [[Tan (state)|Tan]] and brought others into submission. In 667{{nbsp}}BC, Duke Huan met with the rulers of [[Lu (state)|Lu]], [[Song (state)|Song]], [[Chen (state)|Chen]] and [[Zheng (state)|Zheng]] and was elected leader. Subsequently, [[King Hui of Zhou]] made him the first [[Five Hegemons|Hegemon]]. He attacked [[Wei (Spring and Autumn Period)|Wei]] for supporting a rival of the Zhou king and intervened in the affairs of Lu. In 664{{nbsp}}BC, he protected [[Yan (state)|Yan]] from the [[Rong people]]. In 659{{nbsp}}BC, he protected [[Xing (state)|Xing]] and in 660, Wei, from the [[Red Di]]. In 656 he blocked the northward expansion of [[Chu (state)|Chu]]. After his death, a [[War of Qi's succession|war of succession]] broke out among his sons, greatly weakening Qi. The hegemony consequently passed to [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]].

In 667{{nbsp}}BCE, the lords of Qi, [[Lu (state)|Lu]], [[Song (state)|Song]], [[Chen (state)|Chen]], and [[Zheng (state)|Zheng]] assembled in one of the first great interstate conferences, and Duke Huan was elected as their leader. Subsequently, [[King Hui of Zhou]] pronounced him ''Bà'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=霸|l=big brother<ref>{{ cite journal
| last= Goldin | first= Paul R.
| journal= T'oung Pao | volume= 107
| publisher= Brill | pages= 475–480
| place= Leiden | date= 2021
| doi = 10.1163/15685322-10703005
| title= Etymological Notes on Early Chinese Aristocratic Titles
| issue= 3–4
| s2cid= 239636418
}}</ref>}}), the "hegemon-protector" sworn to protect the royal house of Zhou and uphold the authority of the [[Son of Heaven]] (the Zhou king). The first of [[Five Hegemons|five]] such hegemons,<ref>Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in {{harvnb|''Cambridge History of Ancient China''|1999|p=555}}.</ref> he earned a tribute from the other states, and had the honour of paying the royal court a larger tribute than anyone else. His calls to arms were as binding as the king's own. Using this authority, during the first eleven years of his hegemony, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected [[Yan (state)|Yan]] from encroaching [[Xirong (people)|Western Rong]] nomads; drove off [[Beidi|Northern Di]] nomads after their invasions of [[Wey (state)|Wey]] and [[Xing (state)|Xing]], providing the people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer [[Cai (state)|Cai]] and thereby block the northward expansion of [[Chu (state)|Chu]].<ref>Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in {{harvnb|''Cambridge History of Ancient China''|1999|pp=555–556}}.</ref>


In 632{{nbsp}}BC, Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the [[Battle of Chengpu]]. In 589{{nbsp}}BC, Qi was defeated by Jin. In 579{{nbsp}}BC, the four great powers of Qin (west), Jin (center), Chu (south) and Qi (east) met to declare a truce and limit their military strength. In 546{{nbsp}}BC, a similar four-power conference recognized several smaller states as satellites of Qi, Jin and Qin.
After Duke Huan's death, a [[War of Qi's succession|war of succession]] between rival claimants greatly weakened Qi and ending its reign of hegemony. In 632{{nbsp}}BCE, Qi helped [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] defeat Chu at the [[Battle of Chengpu]], only to be defeated by Jin itself at the [[Battle of An]] in 589. In 579, the four great powers of [[Qin (state)|Qin]], Jin, Chu, and Qi met to declare a truce and limit their military strength.


===Warring States period - Tian Qi===
===Warring States period – Tian Qi===
{{Further|Usurpation of Qi by Tian}}
Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532{{nbsp}}BC, the [[Tian (surname)|Tian]] clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485{{nbsp}}BC, the Tian killed the ducal heir and fought several rival clans. In 481{{nbsp}}BC, the Tian chief killed a puppet duke, most of the ruler's family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the Duke with only the capital of [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]] and the area around [[Mount Tai]]. In 386{{nbsp}}BC, the House of Tian fully replaced the House of Jiang as rulers of Qi. In 222{{nbsp}}BC, Qi was the last of the warring states to be conquered by [[Qin (state)|Qin]], thereby putting an end to the wars and uniting China under the [[Qin Dynasty]].
Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532{{nbsp}}BCE, the [[Tian (surname)|Tian]] clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485, the Tian clan killed the heir to the house of Jiang and fought several rival clans. Four years later, the Tian chief killed a puppet ruler, most of his family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the monarch with only the capital of [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]] and the area around [[Mount Tai]]. In 386, the house of Tian fully replaced the house of Jiang as rulers of Qi. The [[Warring States period]] ended with the [[Qin (state)|Qin]] conquest of Qi, which was the last to fall, in 222. So ended Qi, and the era of [[Imperial China]] began.


==Culture of Qi==
==Culture of Qi==
Before Qin unified China, each state had its own customs and culture. According to the ''[[Yu Gong]]'' or ''Tribute of Yu'', composed in the fourth or fifth century BC and included in the ''[[Book of Documents]]'', there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail in this book. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, [[Yu the Great]], throughout each of the regions. Other texts, predominantly military, also discussed these cultural variations.
Before Qin unified China, each state's customs, culture, dialects, and orthography had pronounced differences. According to the ''[[Yu Gong]]'' or ''Tribute of Yu'', composed in the fourth or fifth century BCE and included in the ''[[Book of Documents|Classic of Documents]]'', there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, [[Yu the Great]], throughout each of the regions.


One of these texts was ''The Book of Master Wu'', written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of [[Wei (state)|Wei]] on how to cope with the other states. [[Wu Qi]], the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said:
Other texts also discussed these cultural variations. One of these texts was ''The Book of Master Wu'', written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of [[Wei (state)|Wei]] on how to cope with the other states. [[Wu Qi]], the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said:


{{Blockquote|Although Qi's troops are numerous, their organization is unstable... The people of Qi are by nature unyielding and their country prosperous, but the ruler and officials are arrogant and care nothing for the people. The state's policies are not uniform and not strictly enforced. Salaries and wages are unfair and unevenly distributed, causing disharmony and disunity. Qi's army is arrayed with their heaviest hitters at the front while the rest follow behind, so that even when their forces appear mighty, they are in reality fragile. To defeat them, we should divide our army into three columns and have two attack the left and right flanks of Qi's army. Once their battle formations are thrown into disarray, the central column should be in position to attack and victory will follow.|[[Wuzi]], ''Master Wu''}}
{{Blockquote|Although Qi's troops are numerous, their organization is unstable... The people of Qi are by nature unyielding and their country prosperous, but the ruler and officials are arrogant and care nothing for the people. The state's policies are not uniform and not strictly enforced. Salaries and wages are unfair and unevenly distributed, causing disharmony and disunity. Qi's army is arrayed with their heaviest hitters at the front while the rest follow behind, so that even when their forces appear mighty, they are in reality fragile. To defeat them, we should divide our army into three columns and have two attack the left and right flanks of Qi's army. Once their battle formations are thrown into disarray, the central column should be in position to attack and victory will follow.|[[Wu Qi]], ''[[Wuzi]]''}}


While visiting Qi, [[Confucius]] was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of [[Shao music]] 韶 therein.<ref>Analects, 17 ("Shu er"):14.</ref>
While visiting Qi, [[Confucius]] was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of [[Shao music]] ({{lang|zh|韶}}) therein.<ref>{{ cite book | chapter=[[:zh:s:論語/述而第七|17 ("Shu er"):14]] | title= Analects | title-link= Analects | script-title=zh:論語 | author= [[Confucius]] (attributed) }}</ref>


During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for its capital's academy [[Jixia Academy|Jixia]], renowned scholars of the era from all over China visited the academy.
During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for Linzi's [[Jixia Academy]], where renowned scholars of the era from all over China would visit. Modern scholarship understands the Jixia Academy not to be a physical institution, but an informal collaboration of sponsored scholars engaged in intellectual work. One impressive surviving achievement of the Jixia school of thought is the ''[[Yanzi Chunqiu]]''.<ref>{{ cite journal
| title=Debates around Jixia: Argument and Intertextuality in Warring States Writings Associated with Qi
| first= Oliver | last= Weingarten
| journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume= 135 | number= 2 | date= 2015 | pages= 283–307 [283–285]
| doi= 10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283 | jstor= 10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283 }}</ref>


==Qi architecture==
==Qi architecture==
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The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the [[ancestral temple]], to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations.
The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the [[ancestral temple]], to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations.


Smaller cities known as ''chengyi'' (城邑) were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}
Smaller estates known as ''chengyi'' ({{lang|zh|城邑}}) <!-- um, "cheng" and "yi" were two different kinds of settlement in the early period. this needs more detail and chronological contextualisation --> were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The [[Great Wall of Qi]] ({{lang|zh|齊長城}}) is the oldest existing [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]] in [[China]].<ref name=fodor>{{cite book|title=Fodor's Exploring China|author=Christopher Knowles|publisher=[[Fodor's]], original from the [[University of Virginia]]|year=2001|isbn=0-676-90161-1|page=56}}{{pb}}{{cite book|title=Atlas of World Heritage: China|publisher=Long River Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59265-060-6|page=74}}</ref> Construction of the wall started in 441 BCE to defend against attacks from the states of [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]] and [[Yue (state)|Yue]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pines|first=Yuri|author-link=Yuri Pines|date=2018|title=The Earliest 'Great Wall'? Long Wall of Qi Revisited |url=http://yuri-pines-sinology.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Great-Wall-of-Qi-final.pdf |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=743–762 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.4.0743}}</ref> Construction ended during the [[Warring States period]], with the wall enhancing Qi's defense against enemies states like [[Ju (state)|Ju]], [[Lu (state)|Lu]], and [[Chu (state)|Chu]].<ref name=cultural-china>{{ cite web | url = http://news.cultural-china.com/20090202165049.html | date= 2 February 2009 | title= Ancient sites from Zhou Dynasty discovered in the Qi Great Wall in Shandong | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326114335/http://news.cultural-china.com/20090202165049.html?sky0TMVMukzATL9MjkzBTLpMtEw= |archive-date=26 March 2012 | work= Cultural China | url-status= dead }}</ref> The wall stretches from Guangli village of today's Changqing District, [[Jinan]], running across the mountain ridges of central Shandong Province to the Yellow Sea in the present-day city of [[Qingdao]].<ref name=cultural-china/> Its total length has been estimated at {{cvt|600|km|miles}}.<ref name=sdinfobase>{{Cite web |url=http://sd.infobase.gov.cn/sdgd/sd2/4.htm |title=List of heritage sites in Shandong|language=zh|access-date=2009-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031104623/http://sd.infobase.gov.cn/sdgd/sd2/4.htm |archive-date=2007-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most of the wall is still visible.


==Qi in astronomy==
==Qi in astronomy==
{{Main|Chinese constellations}}
{{Main|Chinese constellations}}
Qi is represented by the star '''[[Chi Capricorni]]''' in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "[[Girl (Chinese constellation)|Girl]]" [[Twenty-Eight Mansions|lunar mansion]] in the "[[Black Tortoise|Black Turtle]]" [[Four Symbols|symbol]]. Qi is also represented by the star '''[[112 Herculis]]''' in the "Left Wall" asterism in the [[Heavenly Market enclosure|"Heavenly Market" enclosure]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
Qi is represented by the star '''[[Chi Capricorni]]''' in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "[[Girl (Chinese constellation)|Girl]]" [[Twenty-Eight Mansions|lunar mansion]] in the "[[Black Tortoise|Black Turtle]]" [[Four Symbols|symbol]]. Qi is also represented by the star '''[[112 Herculis]]''' in the "Left Wall" asterism in the [[Heavenly Market enclosure|"Heavenly Market" enclosure]].<ref>{{ cite web | work = Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy | url= http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060624.html | script-work=zh:天文教育資訊網 | date= 24 Jun 2006 | language= zh | editor= Chen Huihua (陳輝樺) | script-title= zh:中國古代的星象系統 (54)： 天市左垣、市樓 }}</ref>


==Rulers==
==Rulers==


===House of Jiang===
===House of Jiang===
{{See also|Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors#House of Jiang|label 1=House of Jiang family tree}}
{{See also|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)#House of Jiang|label 1=House of Jiang family tree}}
{| class="wikitable" <!--border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"-->
{| class="wikitable" <!--border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"-->
|-
|-
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===House of Tian===
===House of Tian===
{{See also|Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors#House of Tian|label 1=House of Tian family tree}}
{{See also|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)#House of Tian|label 1=House of Tian family tree}}
{| class="wikitable" <!--border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"-->
{| class="wikitable" <!--border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"-->
|-
|-
Line 205: Line 225:
| [[King Xiang of Qi|King Xiang]]<br />齊襄王 || Tian Fazhang<br />田法章 || 283–265 || Son of King Min ||
| [[King Xiang of Qi|King Xiang]]<br />齊襄王 || Tian Fazhang<br />田法章 || 283–265 || Son of King Min ||
|-
|-
| ''none'' || [[Jian of Qi|Tian Jian]]<br />田建 || 264–221 || Son of King Xiang || Qi conquered by Qin
| ''none, known as Houzhu of Qi'' || [[Jian of Qi|Tian Jian]]<br />田建 || 264–221 || Son of King Xiang || Qi conquered by Qin
|}
|}


==Famous people==
==Famous people==
All dates are BCE
* [[Guan Zhong]] (720–645{{nbsp}}BC), prime minister to [[Duke Huan of Qi]] and known for making the state of Qi one of the most power Hegemons at the time.
* [[Yan Ying]] (578–500{{nbsp}}BC), [[chancellor (China)|prime minister]] to [[Duke Jing of Qi|Duke Jing]], known for ''[[Yanzi Chunqiu]]''.
*[[Guan Zhong]] (720–645), prime minister to [[Duke Huan of Qi]] and known for making the state of Qi one of the most power Hegemons at the time.
*[[Yan Ying]] (578–500), [[chancellor (China)|prime minister]] to [[Duke Jing of Qi|Duke Jing]], known from ''[[Yanzi Chunqiu]]'', to which he is sometimes attributed authorship.
* [[Sun Bin]] (?–316{{nbsp}}BC), military strategist known for ''[[Sun Bin's Art of War]]''.
*[[Sun Tzu]] (544–496) Chinese steategist and writer, famously attributed authorship of ''[[The Art of War]]''. May not have existed.<ref>{{ cite journal| title=What's in a Name? On the Sources concerning Sun Wu
⚫
* [[Chunyu Kun]] (386–310{{nbsp}}BC), official and master scholar at the [[Jixia Academy]].
| author=Jens Østergård Petersen
⚫
* [[Mencius]] (372–289{{nbsp}}BC), official and one of the most renowned [[Confucian]] philosophers.
| journal= Asia Major | series = Third Series | volume= 5 | number=1 | date=1992 | pages= 1–31 | jstor = 41645475 | publisher= Academica Sinica }}</ref>
⚫
* [[Xun Kuang]] (313–238{{nbsp}}BC), philosopher who joined the Jixia Academy when he was 50 years old, known for the ''[[Xunzi (book)|Xunzi]]''.
* [[Sun Tzu]] (544–496{{nbsp}}BC) Chinese writer, famous for writing [[The Art Of War]].
*[[Sun Bin]] (?–316), military strategist known for ''[[Sun Bin's Art of War]]''.
⚫
*[[Chunyu Kun]] (386–310), official and master scholar at the [[Jixia Academy]].
⚫
*[[Mencius]] (372–289), official and one of the most renowned [[Confucian]] philosophers.
⚫
*[[Xun Kuang]] (313–238), philosopher who joined the Jixia Academy when he was 50 years old, known for the ''[[Xunzi (book)|Xunzi]]''.


==References==
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
===Sources===
* {{cite book|title=The Cambridge history of ancient China: from the origins of civilization to 221 BC|editor=Michael Loewe| location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|year= 2006|isbn=978-0-521-47030-8}}
*{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC |editor1=Michael Loewe | editor1-link = Michael Loewe | editor2=Edward L. Shaughnessy| editor2-link= Edward Shaughnessy |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 | orig-date= 1999 |isbn=978-0-521-47030-8 | ref = {{sfnref|''Cambridge History of Ancient China''|1999}} }}

⚫
*{{cite book|title=The birth of China: a study of the formative period of Chinese civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/birthofchinastu00cree|url-access=registration|first=Herrlee |last=Glessner Creel|location= New York|publisher=Ungar Publ.|year=1979|isbn=0-8044-6093-0}}
===Further reading===
⚫
*[https://www.academia.edu/39237261/SAMPLE_The_Thread_of_Dao_Unraveling_Early_Daoist_Oral_Traditions_in_Guan_Zis_Purifying_the_Heart-Mind_Bai_Xin_Art_of_the_Heart-Mind_Xin_Shu_and_Internal_Cultivation_Nei_Ye_ Unraveling Early Daoist Oral Traditions in Guan Zi's "Purifying the Heart-Mind (Bai Xin)," "Art of the Heart-Mind (Xin Shu)," and "Internal Cultivation (Nei Ye)]", Dan G. Reid
{{Wiktionary|Qi|Ch'i|Chi}}

⚫
*{{cite book |title=The birth of China: a study of the formative period of Chinese civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/birthofchinastu00cree |url-access=registration |first=Herrlee |last=Glessner Creel |location=New York |publisher=Ungar Publ. |year=1979 |isbn=0-8044-6093-0}}
⚫
*[https://www.academia.edu/39237261/SAMPLE_The_Thread_of_Dao_Unraveling_Early_Daoist_Oral_Traditions_in_Guan_Zis_Purifying_the_Heart-Mind_Bai_Xin_Art_of_the_Heart-Mind_Xin_Shu_and_Internal_Cultivation_Nei_Ye_ Unraveling Early Daoist Oral Traditions in Guan Zi's "Purifying the Heart-Mind (Bai Xin)," "Art of the Heart-Mind (Xin Shu)," and "Internal Cultivation (Nei Ye)]", Dan G. Reid


{{Zhou Dynasty topics}}
{{Zhou Dynasty topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Coord|36.8167|N|118.3000|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{Coord|36.865|N|118.340|E|display=title}}


[[Category:Qi (state)| ]]
[[Category:Qi (state)| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Chinese states]]
[[Category:Ancient Chinese states]]
[[Category:States of the Spring and Autumn period]]
[[Category:States of the Warring States period]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 11th century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 11th century BC]]
[[Category:11th-century BC establishments in China]]
[[Category:11th-century BC establishments in China]]

Latest revision as of 13:33, 8 August 2024

This article is about the major state of Qí (齊). For the minor state of Qǐ (杞), see Qi (Henan). For other uses, see Qi (disambiguation).
"Qi Kingdom" redirects here. For the Han dynasty kingdom, see Qi Kingdom (Han dynasty).
Qi
齊
*Dzəj
1046 BCE–221 BCE
Qi in 260 BCE
Qi in 260 BCE
Status
  • Regional State (1046–323 BCE )
  • Kingdom (323–221 BCE )
CapitalYingqiu (11 c.–866 BCE )
Bogu (866–859 BCE )
Linzi (859–221 BCE )
Religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Lord of Qi 
• 685–643 BCE
Duke Huan of Qi
• 547–490 BCE
Duke Jing of Qi
Chancellor 
• 685–645 BCE
Guan Zhong
• 556–500 BCE
Yan Ying
History 
• Enfeoffment of Duke Tai
1046 BCE
• Conquered by Qin
221 BCE
CurrencyKnife money
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Pugu
Qin dynasty
Qi
"Qi" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese齊
Simplified Chinese齐
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinQí
Gwoyeu RomatzyhChyi
Wade–GilesCh'i2
IPA[tɕʰǐ]
Wu
SuzhouneseZí
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationChàih
JyutpingCai4
IPA[tsʰɐj˩]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJChê
Tâi-lôTsê
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUCCà̤
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)*[dz]ˤəj
The Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain

Qi, or Ch'i[1] in Wade–Giles romanization, was a regional state of the Zhou dynasty in ancient China, whose rulers held titles of Hou (侯), then Gong, before declaring themselves independent Kings. Its capital was Linzi, located in present-day Shandong. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou conquest of Shang, c. 1046 BCE. Its first monarch was Jiang Ziya (Lord Tai; r. 1046–1015 BCE ), minister of King Wen and a legendary figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386 BCE.[2] Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by Qin during its unification of China.

History

[edit]
Bronze knife-shaped coins of State of Qi, collected in Shandong Museum

Foundation

[edit]
Main article: Western Zhou

During the Zhou conquest of Shang, Jiang Ziya, a native of Ju County served as the chief minister to King Wu, the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father. Following the Zhou victory, the lands comprising much of the Shandong peninsula and some nearby surrounds were established as the state of Qi, with Jiang charged with ruling and defending them. After King Wu's death, Ziya remained loyal to the Duke of Zhou's regency during the Three Guards' failed rebellion. The Shang prince Wu Geng had joined the revolt along with the Dongyi polities of Yan, Xu, and Pugu, located within the boundaries of Qi. These were suppressed by 1039 BCE, but the Bamboo Annals suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time c. 1026.

Transmitted documents from the Western Zhou period are scant, but it is known that King Yi of Zhou (r. 865–858 BCE) attacked Qi and boiled Duke Ai to death. During the time of King Xuan of Zhou (r.  827–782), there was a local succession struggle. Throughout this period, many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Zhou cultural sphere.

Spring and Autumn period

[edit]
Main article: Spring and Autumn period
Sacrificial horses discovered in the tomb of Duke Jing of Qi

The succession crisis following the violent death of King You of Zhou led to a dramatic and unrecoverable loss of political and military authority in the Zhou royal court. Under this new geopolitical situation, Qi rose to prominence under Duke Huan of Qi (r.  685–643 BCE ). He and his minister Guan Zhong strengthened the state by consolidating power in the hands of the central government at the expense of the landed aristocracy, establishing a system of counties (縣; xiàn) ruled directly by ministers of the state court.[3] Qi annexed 35 neighboring polities – including Tan – and brought others into submission. Guan Zhong's administrative reforms also included state monopolies on salt and iron, and in general were characteristic of the later political philosophy of Legalism.[4]: 526 

In 667 BCE, the lords of Qi, Lu, Song, Chen, and Zheng assembled in one of the first great interstate conferences, and Duke Huan was elected as their leader. Subsequently, King Hui of Zhou pronounced him Bà (霸; 'big brother[5]'), the "hegemon-protector" sworn to protect the royal house of Zhou and uphold the authority of the Son of Heaven (the Zhou king). The first of five such hegemons,[6] he earned a tribute from the other states, and had the honour of paying the royal court a larger tribute than anyone else. His calls to arms were as binding as the king's own. Using this authority, during the first eleven years of his hegemony, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected Yan from encroaching Western Rong nomads; drove off Northern Di nomads after their invasions of Wey and Xing, providing the people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer Cai and thereby block the northward expansion of Chu.[7]

After Duke Huan's death, a war of succession between rival claimants greatly weakened Qi and ending its reign of hegemony. In 632 BCE, Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu, only to be defeated by Jin itself at the Battle of An in 589. In 579, the four great powers of Qin, Jin, Chu, and Qi met to declare a truce and limit their military strength.

Warring States period – Tian Qi

[edit]
Further information: Usurpation of Qi by Tian

Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532 BCE, the Tian clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485, the Tian clan killed the heir to the house of Jiang and fought several rival clans. Four years later, the Tian chief killed a puppet ruler, most of his family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the monarch with only the capital of Linzi and the area around Mount Tai. In 386, the house of Tian fully replaced the house of Jiang as rulers of Qi. The Warring States period ended with the Qin conquest of Qi, which was the last to fall, in 222. So ended Qi, and the era of Imperial China began.

Culture of Qi

[edit]

Before Qin unified China, each state's customs, culture, dialects, and orthography had pronounced differences. According to the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu, composed in the fourth or fifth century BCE and included in the Classic of Documents, there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, Yu the Great, throughout each of the regions.

Other texts also discussed these cultural variations. One of these texts was The Book of Master Wu, written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the other states. Wu Qi, the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said:

Although Qi's troops are numerous, their organization is unstable... The people of Qi are by nature unyielding and their country prosperous, but the ruler and officials are arrogant and care nothing for the people. The state's policies are not uniform and not strictly enforced. Salaries and wages are unfair and unevenly distributed, causing disharmony and disunity. Qi's army is arrayed with their heaviest hitters at the front while the rest follow behind, so that even when their forces appear mighty, they are in reality fragile. To defeat them, we should divide our army into three columns and have two attack the left and right flanks of Qi's army. Once their battle formations are thrown into disarray, the central column should be in position to attack and victory will follow.

— Wu Qi, Wuzi

While visiting Qi, Confucius was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of Shao music (韶) therein.[8]

During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for Linzi's Jixia Academy, where renowned scholars of the era from all over China would visit. Modern scholarship understands the Jixia Academy not to be a physical institution, but an informal collaboration of sponsored scholars engaged in intellectual work. One impressive surviving achievement of the Jixia school of thought is the Yanzi Chunqiu.[9]

Qi architecture

[edit]
Remains of Ancient Linzi city sewer passing underneath the former city wall of the Qi kingdom.

The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the ancestral temple, to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations.

Smaller estates known as chengyi (城邑) were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.[citation needed]

The Great Wall of Qi (齊長城) is the oldest existing Great Wall in China.[10] Construction of the wall started in 441 BCE to defend against attacks from the states of Jin and Yue.[11] Construction ended during the Warring States period, with the wall enhancing Qi's defense against enemies states like Ju, Lu, and Chu.[12] The wall stretches from Guangli village of today's Changqing District, Jinan, running across the mountain ridges of central Shandong Province to the Yellow Sea in the present-day city of Qingdao.[12] Its total length has been estimated at 600 km (370 miles).[13] Most of the wall is still visible.

Qi in astronomy

[edit]
Main article: Chinese constellations

Qi is represented by the star Chi Capricorni in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "Girl" lunar mansion in the "Black Turtle" symbol. Qi is also represented by the star 112 Herculis in the "Left Wall" asterism in the "Heavenly Market" enclosure.[14]

Rulers

[edit]

House of Jiang

[edit]
See also: House of Jiang family tree
Title Name Reign (BC) Relationship Notes
Duke Tai
齊太公		 Shang
尚		 11th century Enfeoffed by King Wu of Zhou, with capital at Yingqiu
Duke Ding
齊丁公		 Ji
伋		 10th century 5th-generation descendant of Duke Tai Traditionally believed to be son of Duke Tai
Duke Yǐ
齊乙公		 De
得		 10th century Son of Duke Ding
Duke Gui
齊癸公		 Cimu
慈母		 c. 10th century Son of Duke Yǐ
Duke Ai
齊哀公		 Buchen
不辰		 9th century Son of Duke Gui Boiled to death by King Yi of Zhou
Duke Hu
齊胡公		 Jing
靜		 9th century Son of Duke Gui Moved capital to Bogu, killed by Duke Xian
Duke Xian
齊獻公		 Shan
山		 859?–851 Son of Duke Gui Moved capital back to Linzi
Duke Wu
齊武公		 Shou
壽		 850–825 Son of Duke Xian
Duke Li
齊厲公		 Wuji
無忌		 824–816 Son of Duke Wu Killed by supporters of Duke Hu's son.
Duke Wen
齊文公		 Chi
赤		 815–804 Son of Duke Li
Duke Cheng
齊成公		 Yue
說		 803–795 Son of Duke Wen
Duke Zhuang I
齊前莊公		 Gou
購		 794–731 Son of Duke Cheng Reigned for 64 years
Duke Xi
齊僖公		 Lufu
祿甫		 730–698 Son of Duke Zhuang I
Duke Xiang
齊襄公		 Zhu'er
諸兒		 697–686 Son of Duke Xi Committed incest with sister Wen Jiang, murdered her husband Duke Huan of Lu, conquered the state of Ji, murdered by cousin Wuzhi
none Wuzhi
無知		 686 Cousin of Duke Xiang, grandson of Duke Zhuang I Killed by Yong Lin.
Duke Huan
齊桓公		 Xiaobai
小白		 685–643 Younger brother of Duke Xiang First of the Five Hegemons, when Qi reached zenith of its power. Starved to death by ministers
none Wukui or Wugui
無虧 or 無詭		 643 Son of Duke Huan Killed by supporters of Duke Xiao
Duke Xiao
齊孝公		 Zhao
昭		 642–633 Son of Duke Huan Crown prince of Qi
Duke Zhao
齊昭公		 Pan
潘		 632–613 Son of Duke Huan His supporters murdered the son of Duke Xiao
none She
舍		 613 Son of Duke Zhao Murdered by uncle Shangren
Duke Yì
齊懿公		 Shangren
商人		 612–609 Uncle of She, son of Duke Huan Killed by two ministers
Duke Hui
齊惠公		 Yuan
元		 608–599 Son of Duke Huan Defeated Long Di invaders
Duke Qing
齊頃公		 Wuye
無野		 598–582 Son of Duke Hui Defeated by Jin at the Battle of An
Duke Ling
齊靈公		 Huan
環		 581–554 Son of Duke Qing Annexed the State of Lai; defeated by Jin at the Battle of Pingyin, capital Linzi burned
Duke Zhuang II
齊後莊公		 Guang
光		 553–548 Son of Duke Ling Ascended throne by killing Prince Ya with the help of Cui Zhu; committed adultery with Cui's wife, killed by Cui
Duke Jing
齊景公		 Chujiu
杵臼		 547–490 Half brother of Duke Zhuang II Killed Cui Zhu. Had famous statesman Yan Ying as prime minister
An Ruzi
安孺子		 Tu
荼		 489 Youngest son of Duke Jing Deposed by Tian Qi and killed by Duke Dao. Also called Yan Ruzi
Duke Dao
齊悼公		 Yangsheng
陽生		 488–485 Son of Duke Jing Killed by a minister, possibly Tian Heng
Duke Jian
齊簡公		 Ren
壬		 484–481 Son of Duke Dao Killed by Tian Heng
Duke Ping
齊平公		 Ao
驁		 480–456 Brother of Duke Jian
Duke Xuan
齊宣公		 Ji
積		 455–405 Son of Duke Ping
Duke Kang
齊康公		 Dai
貸		 404–386 Son of Duke Xuan Deposed by Duke Tai of Tian Qi, died in 379

House of Tian

[edit]
See also: House of Tian family tree
Title Name Reign (BC) Relationship Notes
Duke Tai
齊太公		 Tian He
田和		 404–384 Son of Tian Bai Officially recognized as Qi ruler in 386 BC
none Tian Yan
田剡		 383–375 Son of Duke Tai Killed by Duke Huan.
Duke Huan
齊桓公		 Tian Wu
田午		 374–357 Brother of Tian Yan
King Wei
齊威王		 Tian Yinqi
田因齊		 356–320 Son of Duke Huan Most powerful Qi ruler of the Warring States.
King Xuan
齊宣王		 Tian Bijiang
田辟彊		 319–300 Son of King Wei
King Min
齊愍王		 Tian Di
田地		 300–283 Son of King Xuan Temporarily declared himself "Emperor of the East".
King Xiang
齊襄王		 Tian Fazhang
田法章		 283–265 Son of King Min
none, known as Houzhu of Qi Tian Jian
田建		 264–221 Son of King Xiang Qi conquered by Qin

Famous people

[edit]

All dates are BCE

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Qi – ancient state, China [771–221 BCE]". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
  2. ^ Xunzi (2003) [c. 230s BCE]. Burton Watson (ed.). Xunzi: Basic Writings. Columbia University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780231521314.
  3. ^ Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in Cambridge History of Ancient China 1999, pp. 553–554.
  4. ^ Kiser, Edgar; Cai, Young (2003). "War and bureaucratization in Qin China: Exploring an anomalous case". American Sociological Review. 68 (4): 511–39. doi:10.2307/1519737. JSTOR 1519737.
  5. ^ Goldin, Paul R. (2021). "Etymological Notes on Early Chinese Aristocratic Titles". T'oung Pao. 107 (3–4). Leiden: Brill: 475–480. doi:10.1163/15685322-10703005. S2CID 239636418.
  6. ^ Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in Cambridge History of Ancient China 1999, p. 555.
  7. ^ Cho-Yun Hsu, "The Springs and Autumns Period", in Cambridge History of Ancient China 1999, pp. 555–556.
  8. ^ Confucius (attributed). "17 ("Shu er"):14". Analects 論語.
  9. ^ Weingarten, Oliver (2015). "Debates around Jixia: Argument and Intertextuality in Warring States Writings Associated with Qi". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 135 (2): 283–307 [283–285]. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.2.283.
  10. ^ Christopher Knowles (2001). Fodor's Exploring China. Fodor's, original from the University of Virginia. p. 56. ISBN 0-676-90161-1.
    Atlas of World Heritage: China. Long River Press. 2008. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-59265-060-6.
  11. ^ Pines, Yuri (2018). "The Earliest 'Great Wall'? Long Wall of Qi Revisited" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. 138 (4): 743–762. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.4.0743.
  12. ^ a b "Ancient sites from Zhou Dynasty discovered in the Qi Great Wall in Shandong". Cultural China. 2 February 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012.
  13. ^ "List of heritage sites in Shandong" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  14. ^ Chen Huihua (陳輝樺), ed. (24 Jun 2006). 中國古代的星象系統 (54)： 天市左垣、市樓. Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy 天文教育資訊網 (in Chinese).
  15. ^ Jens Østergård Petersen (1992). "What's in a Name? On the Sources concerning Sun Wu". Asia Major. Third Series. 5 (1). Academica Sinica: 1–31. JSTOR 41645475.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Look up Qi, Ch'i, or Chi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

36°51′54″N 118°20′24″E / 36.865°N 118.340°E / 36.865; 118.340

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