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A people's history, or history from below,^[1] is a type of historical narrative which attempts to account for historical events from the perspective of common people rather than leaders. There is an emphasis on disenfranchised, the oppressed, the poor, the nonconformists, and otherwise marginal groups. The authors typically have a Marxist model in mind, as in the approach of the History Workshop movement in Britain in the 1960s.^[2]

"History from below" and "people's history"

Georges Lefebvre first used the phrase "histoire vue d'en bas et non d'en haut" (history seen from below and not from above) in 1932 when praising Albert Mathiez for seeking to tell the "histoire des masses et non de vedettes" (history of the masses and not of starlets).^[3] It was also used in the title of A. L. Morton's 1938 book, A People's History of England.^[4] Yet it was E. P. Thompson's essay History from Below in The Times Literary Supplement (1966) which brought the phrase to the forefront of historiography from the 1970s.^[5]^: 113^[6]^[7] Thompson did not use the phrase in his TLS piece. History From Below appeared as the title of the Thompson article, put there by an anonymous editor.^[8] It was popularized among non-historians by Howard Zinn's 1980 book, A People's History of the United States.^[9]

Description

A people's history is the history as the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. Individuals not included in the past in other type of writing about history are part of history-from-below theory's primary focus, which includes the disenfranchised, the oppressed, the poor, the nonconformists, the subaltern and the otherwise forgotten people. This theory also usually focuses on events occurring in the fullness of time, or when an overwhelming wave of smaller events cause certain developments to occur. This approach to writing history is in direct opposition to methods which tend to emphasize single great figures in history, referred to as the Great Man theory; it argues that the driving factor of history is the daily life of ordinary people, their social status and profession. These are the factors that "push and pull" on opinions and allow for trends to develop, as opposed to great people introducing ideas or initiating events.

In his book A People's History of the United States, Howard Zinn wrote: "The history of any country, presented as the history of a family, conceals fierce conflicts of interest (sometimes exploding, most often repressed) between conquerors and conquered, masters and slaves, capitalists and workers, dominators and dominated in race and sex. And in such a world of conflict, a world of victims and executioners, it is the job of thinking people, as Albert Camus suggested, not to be on the side of the executioners."^[10]

Criticism

Historian Guy Beiner wrote that "the Neo-Marxist flag-bearers of history from below have at times resorted to idealized and insufficiently sophisticated notions of 'the people', unduly ascribing to them innate progressive values. In practice, democratic history is by no means egalitarian".^[11]

References

^ E. P. Thompson, "History from Below", Times Literary Supplement, 7 April 1966, pp. 279–80.
^ Wade Matthews (2013). The New Left, National Identity, and the Break-up of Britain. BRILL. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9789004253070.
^ When the State Trembled 1442660228 Reinhold Kramer, Tom Mitchell - 2010 "It was Lucien Febvre who first used the phrase 'history from below' when in 1932 he observed that Albert Mathiez, a founding member of the Annales tradition, had sought 'histoire des masses et non de vedettes; histoire vue d'en bas en non ..."
^ AL Morton Compendium of Communist Biographies, Graham Stevenson, Accessed Feb 2014
^ Black, Jeremy; MacRaild, Donald M. (1 January 2016) [2007]. Studying History. Macmillan Education UK. ISBN 978-1-137-47860-3.
^ Thompson, Edward P. (1966), "History from Below'", The Times Literary Supplement
^ Black and MacRaild wrote that Thompson's 1966 essay, 'History from below', in the Times Literary Supplement "was the real starting point, not only of the term, but of attempts to define it, to intellectualise about it, and to give it a coherent agenda...."
^ Tom Mitchell, "History From Below," Times Literary Supplement, November 24, 2006, 15
^ Howard Zinn (1980). A People's History of the United States. London and New York: Longman.
^ chapter: Columbus, The Indians, and Human Progress
^ Guy Beiner, Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster (Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 9.

External links

libcom.org/history (formerly peopleshistory.co.uk) – a people's history website

[1] E. P. Thompson, "History from Below", Times Literary Supplement, 7 April 1966, pp. 279–80.

[2] Wade Matthews (2013). The New Left, National Identity, and the Break-up of Britain. BRILL. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9789004253070.

[3] When the State Trembled 1442660228 Reinhold Kramer, Tom Mitchell - 2010 "It was Lucien Febvre who first used the phrase 'history from below' when in 1932 he observed that Albert Mathiez, a founding member of the Annales tradition, had sought 'histoire des masses et non de vedettes; histoire vue d'en bas en non ..."

[4] AL Morton Compendium of Communist Biographies, Graham Stevenson, Accessed Feb 2014

[Black_MacRaild_2016-5] Black, Jeremy; MacRaild, Donald M. (1 January 2016) [2007]. Studying History. Macmillan Education UK. ISBN 978-1-137-47860-3.

[Thompson_HistoryFromBelow_1966-6] Thompson, Edward P. (1966), "History from Below'", The Times Literary Supplement

[7] Black and MacRaild wrote that Thompson's 1966 essay, 'History from below', in the Times Literary Supplement "was the real starting point, not only of the term, but of attempts to define it, to intellectualise about it, and to give it a coherent agenda...."

[8] Tom Mitchell, "History From Below," Times Literary Supplement, November 24, 2006, 15

[9] Howard Zinn (1980). A People's History of the United States. London and New York: Longman.

[10] ter: Columbus, The Indians, and Human Progress

[11] Guy Beiner, Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster (Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 9.

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+{{Short description|Type of historical narrative}}
-{{redirect|History from below|the Delta Spirit album|History from Below (album)}}
-{{redirect|Folk history|the subtype of folklore|Folklore#Folk history}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
 A '''people's history''', or '''history from below''',<ref>E. P. Thompson, "History from Below", ''Times Literary Supplement'', 7 April 1966, pp. 279–80.</ref> is a type of [[historical narrative]] which attempts to account for historical events from the perspective of [[Commoner|common people]] rather than leaders. There is an emphasis on [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchised]], the [[oppression|oppressed]], the poor, the nonconformists, and otherwise marginal groups. The authors typically have a [[Marxism|Marxist]] model in mind, as in the approach of the [[History Workshop Journal|History Workshop]] movement in Britain in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wade Matthews|title=The New Left, National Identity, and the Break-up of Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfmZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|pages=20–21|isbn=9789004253070}}</ref>
 == "History from below" and "people's history" ==
-[[Lucien Febvre]] first used the phrase "histoire vue d'en bas et non d'en haut" (history seen from below and not from above) in 1932 when praising [[Albert Mathiez]] for seeking to tell the "histoire des masses et non de vedettes" (history of the masses and not of starlets).<ref>When the State Trembled 1442660228 Reinhold Kramer, Tom Mitchell - 2010 "It was Lucien Febvre who first used the phrase 'history from below' when in 1932 he observed that Albert Mathiez, a founding member of the Annales tradition, had sought 'histoire des masses et non de vedettes; histoire vue d'en bas en non ..."</ref> It was also used in the title of [[A. L. Morton]]'s 1938 book, ''A People's History of England''.<ref>[http://www.grahamstevenson.me.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=418:a-l-morton&catid=13:m&Itemid=114 AL Morton] Compendium of Communist Biographies, Graham Stevenson, Accessed Feb 2014</ref> Yet it was [[E. P. Thompson]]'s essay ''History from Below'' in ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' (1966) which brought the phrase to the forefront of historiography from the 1970s.<ref name="Black_MacRaild_2016">{{Cite book| publisher = Macmillan Education UK| isbn = 978-1-137-47860-3| last1 = Black| first1 = Jeremy| last2 = MacRaild| first2 = Donald M.| title = Studying History|orig-year=2007| date = 1 January 2016}}</ref>{{rp|113}}<ref name="Thompson_HistoryFromBelow_1966">{{citation |first=Edward P. |last=Thompson |title=History from Below' |work=[[The Times Literary Supplement]] |date=1966}}</ref><ref>Black and MacRaild wrote that Thompson's 1966 essay, 'History from below', in the ''Times Literary Supplement''  "was the real starting point, not only of the term, but of attempts to define it, to intellectualise about it, and to give it a coherent agenda...."</ref> It was popularized among non-historians by [[Howard Zinn|Howard Zinn's]] 1980 book, ''[[A People's History of the United States]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |author=[[Howard Zinn]] |location=London and New York |publisher=Longman |date=1980}}</ref>
+[[Georges Lefebvre]] first used the phrase {{lang|fr|"histoire vue d'en bas et non d'en haut"}} (history seen from below and not from above) in 1932 when praising [[Albert Mathiez]] for seeking to tell the {{lang|fr|"histoire des masses et non de vedettes"}} (history of the masses and not of starlets).<ref>When the State Trembled 1442660228 Reinhold Kramer, Tom Mitchell - 2010 "It was Lucien Febvre who first used the phrase 'history from below' when in 1932 he observed that Albert Mathiez, a founding member of the Annales tradition, had sought 'histoire des masses et non de vedettes; histoire vue d'en bas en non ..."</ref> It was also used in the title of [[A. L. Morton]]'s 1938 book, ''A People's History of England''.<ref>[http://www.grahamstevenson.me.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=418:a-l-morton&catid=13:m&Itemid=114 AL Morton] Compendium of Communist Biographies, Graham Stevenson, Accessed Feb 2014</ref> Yet it was [[E. P. Thompson]]'s essay ''History from Below'' in ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' (1966) which brought the phrase to the forefront of historiography from the 1970s.<ref name="Black_MacRaild_2016">{{Cite book |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |isbn=978-1-137-47860-3 |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |last2=MacRaild |first2=Donald M. |title=Studying History |orig-year=2007 |date=1 January 2016}}</ref>{{rp|113}}<ref name="Thompson_HistoryFromBelow_1966">{{citation |first=Edward P. |last=Thompson |title=History from Below' |work=[[The Times Literary Supplement]] |date=1966}}</ref><ref>Black and MacRaild wrote that Thompson's 1966 essay, 'History from below', in the ''Times Literary Supplement''  "was the real starting point, not only of the term, but of attempts to define it, to intellectualise about it, and to give it a coherent agenda...."</ref> Thompson did not use the phrase in his TLS piece. History From Below appeared as the title of the Thompson article, put there by an anonymous editor.<ref> Tom Mitchell, "History From Below,"  Times Literary Supplement, November 24, 2006, 15 </ref> It was popularized among non-historians by [[Howard Zinn|Howard Zinn's]] 1980 book, ''[[A People's History of the United States]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |author=[[Howard Zinn]] |location=London and New York |publisher=Longman |date=1980}}</ref>
 ==Description==
-A people's history is the history as the story of mass movements and of the outsiders.  Individuals not included in the past in other type of writing about history are part of history-from-below theory's primary focus, which includes the [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchised]], the [[oppression|oppressed]], the [[poverty|poor]], the nonconformists, the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] and the otherwise forgotten people. This theory also usually focuses on events occurring in the French Revolution, or when an overwhelming wave of smaller events cause certain developments to occur. This approach to writing history is in direct opposition to methods which tend to emphasize single great figures in history, referred to as the [[Great Man theory]]; it argues that the driving factor of history is the daily life of ordinary people, their [[social status]] and [[profession]]. These are the factors that "push and pull" on opinions and allow for trends to develop, as opposed to great people introducing ideas or initiating events.
+A people's history is the history as the story of mass movements and of the outsiders.  Individuals not included in the past in other type of writing about history are part of history-from-below theory's primary focus, which includes the [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchised]], the [[oppression|oppressed]], the [[poverty|poor]], the nonconformists, the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] and the otherwise forgotten people. This theory also usually focuses on events occurring in the fullness of time, or when an overwhelming wave of smaller events cause certain developments to occur. This approach to writing history is in direct opposition to methods which tend to emphasize single great figures in history, referred to as the [[Great Man theory]]; it argues that the driving factor of history is the daily life of ordinary people, their [[social status]] and [[profession]]. These are the factors that "push and pull" on opinions and allow for trends to develop, as opposed to great people introducing ideas or initiating events.
-In his book ''[[A People's History of the United States]]'', [[Howard Zinn]] wrote: "The history of any country, presented as the history of a family, conceals fierce conflicts of interest (sometimes exploding, most often repressed) between conquerors and conquered, masters and slaves, capitalists and workers, dominators and dominated in race and walks, and sex. And in such a world of conflict, a world of victims and executioners, it is the job of thinking people, as Albert Camus suggested, not to be on the side of the executioners."<ref>[http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinncol1.html chapter: Columbus, The Indians, and Human Progress]</ref>
+In his book ''[[A People's History of the United States]]'', [[Howard Zinn]] wrote: "The history of any country, presented as the history of a family, conceals fierce conflicts of interest (sometimes exploding, most often repressed) between conquerors and conquered, masters and slaves, capitalists and workers, dominators and dominated in race and sex. And in such a world of conflict, a world of victims and executioners, it is the job of thinking people, as [[Albert Camus]] suggested, not to be on the side of the executioners."<ref>[http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinncol1.html chapter: Columbus, The Indians, and Human Progress]</ref>
 ==Criticism==
@@ Line 18: / Line 17: @@
 *[[Social history]]
 *''[[Canada: A People's History]]'' (television documentary series)
+*[[The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome]]
+*[[Montaillou (book)]]
 *[[George Rudé]]
 *[[Chris Harman]]
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 *''A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and "Low Mechaniks"'' by [[Clifford D. Conner]] (New York: Nation, 2005)
 *''A People's History of the Civil War: Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom'' by [[David Williams (historian)|David Williams]] (New York: New Press, 2005)
-* ''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891-1924'' by [[Orlando Figes]] (Penguin Books, 1998)
+* ''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924'' by [[Orlando Figes]] (Penguin Books, 1998)
 * ''A People's History of the Mexican Revolution'' by [[Adolfo Gilly]] (New York, NY: New Press, 2005)
 * ''A People's History of the French Revolution'' by [[Eric Hazan]] (Verso, 2014)
@@ Line 58: / Line 59: @@
 * ''Hearts and Minds: A People's History of Counterinsurgency'' by [[Hannah Gurman]] (New Press, 2013)
 * ''A People's History of the U.S. Military'' by [[Michael A. Bellesiles]] (New Press, 2013)
-* ''A People’s History of Poverty in America'' by [[Stephen Pimpare]] (New York: New Press ; London : Turnaround, 2008)
+* ''A People's History of Poverty in America'' by [[Stephen Pimpare]] (New York: New Press ; London : Turnaround, 2008)
 * ''A People's History of Environmentalism in the United States'' by [[Chad Montrie]] (Bloomsbury Academic, 2011)
 * ''For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America'' by [[John Curl]] (PM Press, 2012)
 * ''Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice'' by [[Jessica Gordon Nembhard]] (Penn State university press, 2014)
-* ''A People’s History of Sports in the United States'' by [[Dave Zirin]] (New York; London: New Press, c2008)
+* ''A People's History of Sports in the United States'' by [[Dave Zirin]] (New York; London: New Press, c. 2008)
-* ''A People’s Art History of the United States'' by [[Nicolas Lampert]] (New press, 2010)
+* ''A People's Art History of the United States'' by [[Nicolas Lampert]] (New press, 2010)
 * ''Downwind: A People's History of the Nuclear West'' by [[Sarah Alisabeth Fox]] (Bison Books, 2014)
 * ''A People's History of London'' by [[Lindsey German & John rees]] (Verso, 2012)
@@ Line 69: / Line 70: @@
 * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Renegade-History-United-States/dp/141657106X A Renegade History of the United States]'' by [[Thaddeus Russell]] (New York: Free Press, 2010)
 * ''[[A People's History of Scotland]]'' by [[Chris Bambery]] (Verso, 2014)
+* ''[[Montaillou (book)|Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French village: 1294–1324]]'' by [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]] (Penguin Books Ltd, 2013)
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 75: / Line 77: @@
 * {{URL|http://libcom.org/history}} (formerly peopleshistory.co.uk) – a people's history website
+{{Historiography}}
 {{Annales School}}