Thrush (bird): Difference between revisions

Thrushes
	Groundscraper thrush (Turdus litsitsirupa)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Suborder:	Passeri
Family:	Turdidae; Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamilies
	Myadestinae; Turdinae;

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The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World flycatchers. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.

Characteristics

Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds that inhabit wooded areas and often feed on the ground. The smallest thrush may be the shortwings, which have ambiguous alliances with both thrushes and Old World flycatchers. The lesser shortwing averages 12 cm (4+1⁄2 in). The largest thrush is the great thrush at 128 to 175 g (4+1⁄2 to 6+1⁄8 oz) and 28 to 33 cm (11 to 13 in); the larger, commonly recognized blue whistling thrush is an Old world flycatcher.^[1] The Amami thrush might, however, grow larger than the great thrush. Most species are grey or brown in colour, often with speckled underparts.

They are insectivorous, but most species also eat worms, land snails, and fruit (usually berries). Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during the summer, often over considerable distances.^[2]

Thrushes build cup-shaped nests, sometimes lining them with mud. They lay two to five speckled eggs, sometimes laying two or more clutches per year. Both parents help raise the young.^[2] In almost all cases, the nest is placed on a branch; the only exceptions are the three species of bluebird, which nest in holes.

Ecology

Turdidae species spread the seeds of plants, contributing to the dispersal of many species and the recovery of ecosystems.

Plants have limited seed dispersal mobility away from the parent plant and consequently rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their propagules, including both abiotic and biotic vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant individually or collectively, as well as dispersed in both space and time.

Many bats and birds rely heavily on fruits for their diet, including birds in the families Cotingidae, Columbidae, Trogonidae, Turdidae, and Ramphastidae. While eating fruit, these animals swallow seeds and then later regurgitate them or pass them in their faeces. Such ornithochory has been a major mechanism of seed dispersal across ocean barriers.

Other seeds may stick to the feet or feathers of birds and, in this way may travel long distances. Seeds of grasses, spores of algae, and the eggs of molluscs and other invertebrates commonly establish in remote areas after long journeys of this sort. The Turdidae have a great ecological importance because some populations migrate long distances and disperse the seeds of endangered plant species at new sites, helping to eliminate inbreeding and increasing the genetic diversity of local flora.

A Dusky thrush in Tokyo.

Taxonomy

The family Turdidae was introduced (as Turdinia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.^[3]^[4] The taxonomic treatment of this large family has varied significantly in recent years. Traditionally, the Turdidae included the small Old World species, like the nightingale and European robin in the subfamily Saxicolinae, but most authorities now place this group in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown that the family Turdidae is a member of the superfamily Muscicapoidea and is sister to the family Muscicapidae. The two families diverged in the Miocene around 17 million years ago.^[5]

The family formerly included more species. At the time of the publication of the third edition of Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World in 2003, the genera Myophonus, Alethe, Brachypteryx and Heinrichia were included in Turdidae.^[6] Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the species in these four genera are more closely related to species in the family Muscicapidae.^[7]^[8] As a consequence, these four genera are now placed in Muscicapidae.^[9]^[10] In contrast, the genus Cochoa which had previously been placed in Muscicapidae, was shown to belong in Turdidae.^[7]^[8]

Genera

The family contains 175 species, which are divided into 17 genera:^[9]

Grandala – grandala
Sialia – bluebirds (3 species)
Stizorhina – rufous thrushes (2 species)
Neocossyphus – ant thrushes (2 species)
Pinarornis – boulder chat
Myadestes – solitaires (12 species, including one recently extinct)
Chlamydochaera – fruithunter
Cochoa – cochoas (4 species)
Ixoreus – varied thrush
Ridgwayia – Aztec thrush
Cichlopsis – rufous-brown solitaire
Entomodestes – solitaires (2 species)
Hylocichla – wood thrush
Catharus – typical American thrushes and nightingale-thrushes (13 species)
Zoothera – Asian thrushes (21 species, including one recently extinct)
Geokichla – (21 species)
Turdus – true thrushes (88 species, including one recently extinct)

See list of thrush species for more detail.

Cooking

The thrush is one of the many kinds of small bird that have in the past been trapped and eaten in much of Europe; the practice is now rare.^[11] Among traditional ways of cooking thrush were with polenta or grilled on a skewer, in Italy; with juniper berries in Belgium; and made into a pâté or terrine.^[11] The French cook and cookery writer Marie-Antoine Carême recommended cooking thrushes in crépinettes and serving with sauce Périgueux.^[12]

References

^ Escobar Riomalo, Maria Paula; Gongora, Esteban; Arsitizabal Leost, Sophie (2020-03-04). Schulenberg, Thomas S (ed.). "Great Thrush (Turdus fuscater)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.grethr1.01. S2CID 216306066.
^ ^a ^b Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.
^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 151, 252. hdl:2246/830.
^ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
^ Dickinson, E.C., ed. (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (3rd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6536-9.
^ ^a ^b Voelker, G.; Spellman, G.M. (February 2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (2): 386–394. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X. PMID 14715230.
^ ^a ^b Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (October 2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Thrushes". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, U.K.: Aves Press. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
^ ^a ^b Davidson, Alan (1999). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 793. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
^ Carême, Marie-Antoine (1847). L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siêcle. Paris: Comptoir des Imprimeurs-Unis. pp. 277–278. OCLC 969509254.

External links

Thrush videos on the Internet Bird Collection
High-resolution photo gallery of around 100 species.

[1] Escobar Riomalo, Maria Paula; Gongora, Esteban; Arsitizabal Leost, Sophie (2020-03-04). Schulenberg, Thomas S (ed.). "Great Thrush (Turdus fuscater)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.grethr1.01. S2CID 216306066.

[EoB-2] Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.

[3] Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.

[4] Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 151, 252. hdl:2246/830.

[5] Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.

[h&m3-6] Dickinson, E.C., ed. (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (3rd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6536-9.

[voelker2004-7] Voelker, G.; Spellman, G.M. (February 2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (2): 386–394. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X. PMID 14715230.

[sangster2010-8] Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (October 2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044.

[ioc-9] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Thrushes". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 April 2023.

[h&m4-10] Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, U.K.: Aves Press. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.

[ad-11] Davidson, Alan (1999). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 793. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.

[12] Carême, Marie-Antoine (1847). L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siêcle. Paris: Comptoir des Imprimeurs-Unis. pp. 277–278. OCLC 969509254.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | name = Thrushes
 | image = Psophocichla litsitsirupa (Etosha).jpg
-| image_caption = [[Groundscraper thrush]] ''(Psophocichla litsitsirupa)''
+| image_caption = [[Groundscraper thrush]] ''(Turdus litsitsirupa)''
 | image_alt = Medium sized songbird stands upright with greyish upperbody, blackened wings, white underparts streaked with black, a white face with a prominent black crescent behind the eye and black line running from the eye down, and grey bill with yellow below
 | taxon = Turdidae
 | authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
-| subdivision_ranks = Genera
+| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
-| subdivision = Some 20, see [[#Genera|text]]
+| subdivision =
+*[[Myadestinae]]
+*[[Turdinae]]
 }}
-The '''thrushes''' are a [[passerine]] [[bird]] [[family (biology)|family]], '''Turdidae''', with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists determined the subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, were [[Old World flycatcher]]s. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.
+The '''thrushes''' are a [[passerine]] [[bird]] [[family (biology)|family]], '''Turdidae''', with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as [[Old World flycatcher]]s. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.
 ==Characteristics==
-Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds, inhabiting wooded areas, and often feeding on the ground. The smallest thrush may be the [[forest rock thrush]], at {{convert|21|g|oz|abbr=on}} and {{convert|14.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. However, the [[Shortwing (bird)|shortwing]]s, which have ambiguous alliances with both thrushes and [[Old World flycatcher]]s, can be even smaller. The [[lesser shortwing]] averages {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The largest thrush is the [[blue whistling thrush]], at {{convert|178|g|oz|abbr=on}} and {{convert|33|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The [[great thrush]] is similar in length, but less heavily built.<ref>''Thrushes'' by Peter Clement. Princeton University Press (2001), {{ISBN|978-0-691-08852-5}}.</ref> Most species are grey or brown in colour, often with speckled underparts.
+Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds that inhabit wooded areas and often feed on the ground. The smallest thrush may be the [[Shortwing (bird)|shortwing]]s, which have ambiguous alliances with both thrushes and [[Old World flycatcher]]s. The [[lesser shortwing]] averages {{convert|12|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}. The largest thrush is the [[great thrush]] at {{convert|128|to|175|g|oz|frac=8|abbr=on}} and {{convert|28|to|33|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}; the larger, commonly recognized [[blue whistling thrush]] is an [[Old World flycatcher|Old world flycatcher]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Escobar Riomalo|first1=Maria Paula|last2=Gongora|first2=Esteban|last3=Arsitizabal Leost|first3=Sophie|editor1-first=Thomas S|editor1-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Great Thrush (''Turdus fuscater'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grethr1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.grethr1.01|s2cid=216306066|language=en}}</ref> The [[Amami thrush]] might, however, grow larger than the [[great thrush]]. Most species are grey or brown in colour, often with speckled underparts.
-They are [[insectivore|insectivorous]], but most species also eat worms, [[land snail]]s, and fruit. Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during summer, often over considerable distances.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Perrins, C.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 186–187|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref>
+They are [[insectivore|insectivorous]], but most species also eat worms, [[land snail]]s, and fruit (usually [[Berry|berries]]). Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during the summer, often over considerable distances.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Perrins, C.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 186–187|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref>
-Thrushes build cup-shaped [[bird nest|nests]], sometimes lining them with mud. They lay two to five speckled eggs, sometimes laying two or more [[clutch (eggs)|clutch]]es per year. Both parents help in raising the young.<ref name=EoB/>  In almost all cases, the nest is placed on a branch; the only exceptions are the three species of [[bluebird]], which nest in holes.
+Thrushes build cup-shaped [[bird nest|nests]], sometimes lining them with mud. They lay two to five speckled eggs, sometimes laying two or more [[clutch (eggs)|clutch]]es per year. Both parents help raise the young.<ref name=EoB/>  In almost all cases, the nest is placed on a branch; the only exceptions are the three species of [[bluebird]], which nest in holes.
 ==Ecology==
@@ Line 28: / Line 30: @@
 Many bats and birds rely heavily on fruits for their diet, including birds in the families [[Cotingidae]], [[Columbidae]], [[Trogonidae]], Turdidae, and [[Ramphastidae]]. While eating fruit, these animals swallow seeds and then later regurgitate them or pass them in their faeces. Such [[Seed dispersal|ornithochory]] has been a major mechanism of seed dispersal across ocean barriers.
-Other seeds may stick to the feet or feathers of birds, and in this way may travel long distances. Seeds of grasses, spores of algae, and the eggs of molluscs and other invertebrates commonly establish in remote areas after long journeys of this sort. The Turdidae  have a great ecological importance because some populations migrate long distances and disperse the seeds of endangered plant species at new sites, helping to eliminate inbreeding and increasing the genetic diversity of local flora.
+Other seeds may stick to the feet or feathers of birds and, in this way may travel long distances. Seeds of grasses, spores of algae, and the eggs of molluscs and other invertebrates commonly establish in remote areas after long journeys of this sort. The Turdidae  have a great ecological importance because some populations migrate long distances and disperse the seeds of endangered plant species at new sites, helping to eliminate inbreeding and increasing the genetic diversity of local flora.
+[[File:Tsugumi - chiba area - 2016 2 21.webm|thumb|300px|A [[Dusky thrush]] in [[Tokyo]].]]
 ==Taxonomy==
-The family Turdidae was introduced (as Turdinia) by the French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=67 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310145 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=151, 252 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref>
+The family Turdidae was introduced (as Turdinia) by the French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | volume=1815 | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=67 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310145 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=151, 252 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref>
-The taxonomic treatment of this large family has varied significantly in recent years. Traditionally, the Turdidae included the small Old World species, like the [[nightingale]] and [[European robin]] in the subfamily Saxicolinae, but most authorities now place this group in the [[Old World flycatcher]] family [[Muscicapidae]].
+The taxonomic treatment of this large family has varied significantly in recent years. Traditionally, the Turdidae included the small Old World species, like the [[nightingale]] and [[European robin]] in the subfamily Saxicolinae, but most authorities now place this group in the [[Old World flycatcher]] family [[Muscicapidae]]. [[Molecular phylogenetic]] analysis has shown that the family Turdidae is a member of the [[superfamily (taxonomy)|superfamily]] [[Muscicapoidea]] and is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the family [[Muscicapidae]]. The two families diverged in the [[Miocene]] around 17 million years ago.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C.H. | display-authors=etal | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–7925 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | pmid=30936315 | pmc=6475423 | bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O | doi-access=free }}</ref>
-The family formerly included more species. At the time of the publication of the third edition of [[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]] in 2003, the genera ''[[Myophonus]]'', ''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'', ''[[Brachypteryx]]'' and ''[[Monticola]]'' were included in Turdidae.<ref name=h&m3>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | year=2003 | title=The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | edition=3rd | place=London | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=978-0-7136-6536-9 }}</ref> Subsequent [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that the species in these four genera are more closely related to species in the family [[Muscicapidae]].<ref name=voelker2004>{{ cite journal | last1=Voelker | first1=G. | last2=Spellman | first2=G.M. | date=February 2004 | title=Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=30 | issue= 2| pages=386–394 | doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X | pmid=14715230 }}</ref><ref name=sangster2010>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | date=October 2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044}}</ref> As a consequence, these four genera are now placed in Muscicapidae.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2016 | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 6.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date=20 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name=h&m4>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | editor2-last=Christidis | editor2-first=L. | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, Passerines | edition=4th | publisher=Aves Press | place=Eastbourne, U.K. | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 }}</ref> In contrast, the genus ''Cochoa'' which had previously been placed in Muscicapidae was shown to belong in Turdidae.<ref name=voelker2004/><ref name=sangster2010/>
+The family formerly included more species. At the time of the publication of the third edition of [[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]] in 2003, the genera ''[[Myophonus]]'', ''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'', ''[[Brachypteryx]]'' and ''[[Heinrichia]]'' were included in Turdidae.<ref name=h&m3>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | year=2003 | title=The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | edition=3rd | place=London | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=978-0-7136-6536-9 }}</ref> Subsequent [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that the species in these four genera are more closely related to species in the family [[Muscicapidae]].<ref name=voelker2004>{{ cite journal | last1=Voelker | first1=G. | last2=Spellman | first2=G.M. | date=February 2004 | title=Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=30 | issue= 2| pages=386–394 | doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X | pmid=14715230 }}</ref><ref name=sangster2010>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | date=October 2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044}}</ref> As a consequence, these four genera are now placed in Muscicapidae.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=h&m4>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | editor2-last=Christidis | editor2-first=L. | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, Passerines | edition=4th | publisher=Aves Press | place=Eastbourne, U.K. | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 }}</ref> In contrast, the genus ''[[Cochoa]]'' which had previously been placed in Muscicapidae, was shown to belong in Turdidae.<ref name=voelker2004/><ref name=sangster2010/>
 [[File:Vogels door Jan van Oort (02).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Redwing]], [[Fieldfare]], [[Ring ouzel]]]]
 ==Genera==
+The family contains 175 species, which are divided into 17 genera:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Thrushes | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/thrushes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=6 April 2023 }}</ref>
-'''FAMILY: TURDIDAE'''
+* ''[[Grandala]]'' – grandala
-* Genus ''[[Neocossyphus]]'': ant thrushes (2 species)
-* Genus ''[[Stizorhina]]'': rufous thrushes (2 species)
+* ''[[Sialia]]'' – bluebirds (3 species)
-* Genus ''[[Geokichla]]'': (21 species)
+* ''[[Stizorhina]]'' – rufous thrushes (2 species)
-* Genus ''[[Zoothera]]'': Asian thrushes (some 15 species, one recently extinct)
+* ''[[Neocossyphus]]'' – ant thrushes (2 species)
+* ''[[Pinarornis]]'' – boulder chat
-* Genus ''[[Varied thrush|Ixoreus]]'': varied thrush – related to other New World genera
+* ''[[Myadestes]]'' – solitaires (12 species, including one recently extinct)
-* Genus ''[[Aztec thrush|Ridgwayia]]'': Aztec thrush – related to ''[[Hylocichla]]''
-* Genus ''[[Cataponera]]'': Sulawesi thrush
+* ''[[Chlamydochaera]]'' – fruithunter
+* ''[[Cochoa]]'' – cochoas (4 species)
-<!-- ** [[Sulawesi thrush]], ''Cataponera turdoides'' -->
+* ''[[Varied thrush|Ixoreus]]'' – varied thrush
-* Genus ''[[Grandala]]'': grandala
+* ''[[Aztec thrush|Ridgwayia]]'' – Aztec thrush
-* Genus ''[[Sialia]]'': bluebirds (three species)
+* ''[[Cichlopsis]]'' – rufous-brown solitaire
-* Genus ''[[Myadestes]]'': solitaires (10–11 living species, two or three recently extinct, includes formerly recognized genus ''Phaeornis'')
+* ''[[Entomodestes]]'' – solitaires (2 species)
-* Genus ''[[Cichlopsis]]'': rufous-brown solitaire – related to ''[[Catharus]]''
-* Genus ''[[Catharus]]'': typical American thrushes and nightingale-thrushes (12 species)
+* ''[[Wood thrush|Hylocichla]]'' – wood thrush
+* ''[[Catharus]]'' – typical American thrushes and nightingale-thrushes (13 species)
+* ''[[Zoothera]]'' – Asian thrushes (21 species, including one recently extinct)
-* Genus ''[[Wood thrush|Hylocichla]]'': wood thrush
-* Genus ''[[Entomodestes]]'': solitaires (2 species) – related to ''Catharus''
+* ''[[Geokichla]]'' – (21 species)
-* Genus ''[[Turdus]]'': true thrushes (some 84 species, one recently extinct)
+* ''[[True thrush|Turdus]]'' – true thrushes (88 species, including one recently extinct)
-* Genus ''[[Cochoa]]'': cochoas (four species)
-* Genus ''[[Chlamydochaera]]'': fruithunter
-* Genus ''[[Psophocichla]]'': groundscraper thrush
-<!-- ** [[Groundscraper thrush]], ''Psophocichla litsipsirupa'' -->
-<!--* Genus ''[[Geomalia]]'': Geomalia = Zoothera -->
-The following genera have now been placed within [[Turdus]]:
-* Genus ''[[Platycichla]]'': (two species) – part of a South American group within ''[[Turdus]]''
-* Genus ''[[Nesocichla]]'': Tristan thrush or starchy – part of a South American group within ''Turdus''
-<!-- ** [[Tristan thrush]], ''Nesocichla eremita'' -->
-* Genus ''[[Cichlherminia]]'': forest thrush – genus paraphyletic with ''Turdus''
-<!-- ** [[Forest Thrush]], ''Cichlherminia lherminieri'' -->
-Now usually considered a distinct family distantly related to ''[[Picathartes]]'':
+See [[list of thrush species]] for more detail.
-* Genus ''[[rock-jumper|Chaetops]]'': rock-jumpers (two species)
+==Cooking==
-See [[list of thrush species]] for more detail. For other species previously in the Turdidae, see [[Muscicapidae]] and [[chat (bird)|chat]]s.
+The thrush is one of the many kinds of small bird that have in the past been trapped and eaten in much of Europe; the practice is now rare.<ref name=ad/> Among traditional ways of cooking thrush were with [[polenta]] or grilled on a skewer, in Italy; with [[juniper]] berries in Belgium; and made into a [[pâté]] or [[terrine (food)|terrine]].<ref name=ad>{{cite book | first=Alan|last= Davidson | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=1999 | isbn=0-19-211579-0 | url-access=registration | page=793| url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0 }}</ref> The French cook and cookery writer [[Marie-Antoine Carême]] recommended cooking thrushes in [[crépinette]]s and serving with [[sauce Périgueux]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Carême | first = Marie-Antoine | title = L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siêcle | date = 1847 | location = Paris | publisher = Comptoir des Imprimeurs-Unis | url = https://archive.org/details/b21526047_0004/page/n427/mode/2up| oclc = 969509254|pages= 277–278}}</ref>
 ==References==