Reverse dictionary: Difference between revisions
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:kcotser (restock) |
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:kcotsevil (livestock) |
:kcotsevil (livestock) |
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Another variant alphabetizes by suffix.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} |
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Before computers, reverse dictionaries were tedious to produce. The first computer-produced was Stahl and Scavnicky's ''A Reverse Dictionary of the Spanish Language'', in 1974.<ref name=stahl1974/> |
Before computers, reverse dictionaries were tedious to produce. The first computer-produced was Stahl and Scavnicky's ''A Reverse Dictionary of the Spanish Language'', in 1974.<ref name=stahl1974/> The first computer-produced reverse dictionary for a single text was [[Roy Wisbey|Wisbey, R.]], ''Vollständige Verskonkordanz zur Wiener Genesis. Mit einem rückläufigen Wörterbuch zum Formenbestand'', Berlin, E. Schmidt, 1967. |
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==Definition== |
==Definition== |
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==Construction== |
==Construction== |
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Reverse word dictionaries are straightforward to construct, by simply sorting based on reversed words. This was labor-intensive and tedious before computers, but is now straightforward. |
Reverse word dictionaries are straightforward to construct, by simply sorting based on reversed words. This was labor-intensive and tedious before computers, but is now straightforward. By the same token, reverse dictionaries have become less important since online word lists can be searched dynamically. |
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<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> |
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rev < dict | sort | rev |
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</syntaxhighlight> |
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By the same token, reverse dictionaries have become less important to the extent that online word lists can be searched dynamically. |
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==Examples== |
==Examples== |
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==== Physical ==== |
==== Physical ==== |
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* Normal and Reverse Word List. Compiled under the direction of A. F. Brown at the University of Pennsylvania, under a contract with the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF 49 [638]-1042) Department of Linguistics, Philadelphia, 1963. |
* Normal and Reverse Word List. Compiled under the direction of A. F. Brown at the University of Pennsylvania, under a contract with the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF 49 [638]-1042) Department of Linguistics, Philadelphia, 1963. |
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* Lehnert, Martin, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der englischen Gegenwartssprache'', VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig, 1971. |
* Lehnert, Martin, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der englischen Gegenwartssprache'', [[VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie]], Leipzig, 1971. |
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* McGovern, Una, ''Chambers back-words for crosswords: a reverse-sorted list'', Chambers, Edinburgh, 2002 |
* McGovern, Una, ''Chambers back-words for crosswords: a reverse-sorted list'', Chambers, Edinburgh, 2002 |
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* Muthmann, Gustav, ''Reverse English dictionary: based on phonological and morphological principles'', Mouton de Gruyter, New York, 1999. |
* Muthmann, Gustav, ''Reverse English dictionary: based on phonological and morphological principles'', Mouton de Gruyter, New York, 1999. |
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* Hecker, Karl, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Akkadischen'', Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1990. |
* Hecker, Karl, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Akkadischen'', Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1990. |
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====Albanian==== |
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* Snoj, Marko, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der albanischen Sprache'', Buske Verlag, Hamburg, 1994. |
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* [https://alankaa.com Alankaa] is an online dictionary that uses basic regular expression as way to represent a reverse dictionary. User can search for words ended by جع by simply typing [https://alankaa.com/dictionary/+%D8%AC%D8%B9 +جع] or [https://alankaa.com/dictionary/*%D8%AC%D8%B9 *جع]. |
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====Czech==== |
====Czech==== |
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* Mater, Erich, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache CD-ROM'', Straelener Ms.-Verlag, Straelen, 2001 {{ISBN|3-89107-047-0}} |
* Mater, Erich, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache CD-ROM'', Straelener Ms.-Verlag, Straelen, 2001 {{ISBN|3-89107-047-0}} |
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* Muthmann, Gustav, ''Rückläufiges deutsches Wörterbuch: Handbuch der Wortausgänge im Deutschen, mit Beachtung der Wort- und Lautstruktur'', Niemeyer, Tübingen, 2001. |
* Muthmann, Gustav, ''Rückläufiges deutsches Wörterbuch: Handbuch der Wortausgänge im Deutschen, mit Beachtung der Wort- und Lautstruktur'', Niemeyer, Tübingen, 2001. |
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====Cypriot-Greek==== |
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* Συμεωνίδης, Χ. Π., ''Αντίστροφο λεξικό της κυπριακής διαλέκτου. Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της κυπριακής διαλέκτου. Πρώτο μέρος. Τα δυσπρόσιτα της κυπριακής διαλέκτου'', 2017 |
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====Greek, modern==== |
====Greek, modern==== |
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* Αναστασιάδη-Συμεωνίδη, Α. ''Αντίστροφο Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής''. Θεσσαλονίκη: Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, 2002. |
* Αναστασιάδη-Συμεωνίδη, Α. ''Αντίστροφο Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής''. Θεσσαλονίκη: Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, 2002. |
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* Κουρμούλης Γ. ''Αντίστροφον λεξικόν της Νέας Ελληνικής''. Δεύτερη Έκδοση. Αθήνα: Παπαδήμας, 2002. |
* Κουρμούλης Γ. ''Αντίστροφον λεξικόν της Νέας Ελληνικής''. Δεύτερη Έκδοση. Αθήνα: Παπαδήμας, 2002. |
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* Τσιλογιάννης, Παύλος, ''Αντίστροφο λεξικό της νέας - αρχαίας Ελληνικής γλώσσας : με διάγραμμα ιστορίας της Ελληνικής γλώσσας και χρήσιμους πίνακες'', 2000 (modern and ancient Greek) |
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* Μπαλαφούτης, Ευάγγελος, ''Αντίστροφο λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής γλώσσας'', 1996 |
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* [[:wikt:el:Κατηγορία:Αντίστροφο λεξικό (νέα ελληνικά)|Reverse dictionary in modern Greek, Βικιλεξικό (Greek Wiktionary)]] |
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* P. Kretchmer, E. Locker. Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der griechischen Sprache. Göttingen, 1944. 2nd ed. 1963 |
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* C.D. Buck, W. Petersen. A Reverse Index of Greek Nouns and Adjectives. Chicago 1948 (?). Reprinted 1975 |
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* F. Dornseiff, B. Hansen. Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen / Reverse-Lexicon of Greek Proper-Names. Berlin, 1957; Chicago 1978 |
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* Τσιλογιάννης, Παύλος, ''Αντίστροφο λεξικό της νέας - αρχαίας Ελληνικής γλώσσας : με διάγραμμα ιστορίας της Ελληνικής γλώσσας και χρήσιμους πίνακες'', 2000 (ancient and modern Greek) |
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* [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ]: Dictionaries for ancient Greek and Latin, University of Chicago. (in every page / for every lemma, there is an index which can be either forward or reverse) |
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* [[:wikt:el:Κατηγορία:Αντίστροφο λεξικό (αρχαία ελληνικά)|Reverse dictionary in ancient Greek, Βικιλεξικό (Greek Wiktionary)]] |
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====Hebrew==== |
====Hebrew==== |
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* Papp, Ferenc, ''A magyar nyelv szóvégmutató szótára'' [Reverse-alphabetized dictionary of the Hungarian language]. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1969, 2nd ed.: 1994. {{ISBN|9630567326}} |
* Papp, Ferenc, ''A magyar nyelv szóvégmutató szótára'' [Reverse-alphabetized dictionary of the Hungarian language]. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1969, 2nd ed.: 1994. {{ISBN|9630567326}} |
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====Indian, old{{clarification needed|reason=Does this mean Sanskrit? Pali? Old Hindi?|date=July 2023}}==== |
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* Schwarz, Wolfgang, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Altindischen = Reverse index of old Indian'', Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, |
* Schwarz, Wolfgang, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Altindischen = Reverse index of old Indian'', Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1974–1978. |
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====Italian==== |
====Italian==== |
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====Latin==== |
====Latin==== |
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* Gradenwitz, Otto, ''[ |
* Gradenwitz, Otto, ''[https://archive.org/details/laterculivocuml00gradgoog Laterculi vocum latinarum]'', Leipzig : S. Hirzel, 1904. |
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* [https://logeion.uchicago.edu/ ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ]: Dictionaries for ancient Greek and Latin, University of Chicago. (in every page / for every lemma, there is an index which can be either forward or reverse) |
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====Macedonian==== |
====Macedonian==== |
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* Mitrevski, George, ''Macedonian Reverse Dictionary = Македонски обратен речник''. |
* Mitrevski, George, ''Macedonian Reverse Dictionary = Македонски обратен речник''. https://www.pelister.org/linguistics/revdict/index.html |
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====Manchu==== |
====Manchu==== |
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====Mongolian==== |
====Mongolian==== |
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* Krueger, John Richard, ''Mongolian epigraphical dictionary in reverse listing'', Indiana University, Bloomington, 1967. |
* Krueger, John Richard, ''Mongolian epigraphical dictionary in reverse listing'', Indiana University, Bloomington, 1967. |
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* Vietze, Hans Peter, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der mongolischen Sprache'', Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig, 1976. |
* Vietze, Hans Peter, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der mongolischen Sprache'', [[Verlag Enzyklopädie]], Leipzig, 1976. |
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====Russian==== |
====Russian==== |
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* [[:ru:wikt:Приложение:Обратный словарь русского языка-1|Reverse Russian Wiktionary]] |
* [[:ru:wikt:Приложение:Обратный словарь русского языка-1|Reverse Russian Wiktionary]] |
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* Bielfeldt, H.H., ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der Russischen Sprache der Gegenwart'', Akademie |
* Bielfeldt, H.H., ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der Russischen Sprache der Gegenwart'', Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1958. |
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====Serbo-Croatian==== |
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* Matešić, Josip, ''Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Serbokroatischen'', Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1965–1967. |
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====Slovak==== |
====Slovak==== |
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* Garabík, Radovan et al., ''Retrográdny slovník súčasnej slovenčiny – slovné tvary na báze Slovenského národného korpusu'' |
* Garabík, Radovan et al., ''Retrográdny slovník súčasnej slovenčiny – slovné tvary na báze Slovenského národného korpusu'', VEDA, vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 2018. {{ISBN|978-80-224-1699-3}}. |
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* Mistrík, Jozef, ''Retrográdny slovník slovenčiny'', Univerzita Komenského, Bratislava, 1976. 735 pp. |
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====Slovene==== |
====Slovene==== |
Latest revision as of 07:36, 15 May 2024
A reverse dictionary is a dictionary alphabetized by the reversal of each entry:
- kcots (stock)
- kcotseid (diestock)
- kcotser (restock)
- kcotsevil (livestock)
Before computers, reverse dictionaries were tedious to produce. The first computer-produced was Stahl and Scavnicky's A Reverse Dictionary of the Spanish Language, in 1974.[1] The first computer-produced reverse dictionary for a single text was Wisbey, R., Vollständige Verskonkordanz zur Wiener Genesis. Mit einem rückläufigen Wörterbuch zum Formenbestand, Berlin, E. Schmidt, 1967.
Definition
[edit]In a reverse word dictionary, the entries are alphabetized by the last letter first, then next to last, and so on.[1][2] In them, words with the same suffix appear together. This can be useful for linguists and poets looking for words ending with a particular suffix, or by an epigrapher or forensics specialist examining a damaged text (e.g. a stone inscription, or a burned document) that had only the final portion of a word. Reverse dictionaries of this type have been published for most major alphabetical languages.
Applications
[edit]Applications of reverse word dictionaries include:
- Simple rhyming dictionaries, to the extent that spelling predicts pronunciation.
- Finding words with a given suffix (i.e., meaningful ending), like -ment.
- Finding words with the same ending as a given word, even if the sequence is not meaningful.
- Setting or solving word puzzles, such as -gry or the earlier -dous puzzle (find words ending in some way), or crossword puzzles.
Construction
[edit]Reverse word dictionaries are straightforward to construct, by simply sorting based on reversed words. This was labor-intensive and tedious before computers, but is now straightforward. By the same token, reverse dictionaries have become less important since online word lists can be searched dynamically.
Examples
[edit]English
[edit]Online
[edit]Physical
[edit]- Normal and Reverse Word List. Compiled under the direction of A. F. Brown at the University of Pennsylvania, under a contract with the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AF 49 [638]-1042) Department of Linguistics, Philadelphia, 1963.
- Lehnert, Martin, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der englischen Gegenwartssprache, VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig, 1971.
- McGovern, Una, Chambers back-words for crosswords: a reverse-sorted list, Chambers, Edinburgh, 2002
- Muthmann, Gustav, Reverse English dictionary: based on phonological and morphological principles, Mouton de Gruyter, New York, 1999.
- Walker, John, The rhyming dictionary of the English language: in which the whole language is arranged according to its terminations, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1983.
Other Languages
[edit]Akkadian
[edit]- Hecker, Karl, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Akkadischen, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1990.
Albanian
[edit]- Snoj, Marko, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der albanischen Sprache, Buske Verlag, Hamburg, 1994.
Czech
[edit]- Těšitelová, Marie; Petr, Jan; Králík, Jan. Retrográdní slovník současné češtiny, Praha, Academia, 1986.
Dutch
[edit]- Nieuwborg, E.R., Retrograde woordenboek van de Nederlandse taal, Kluwer Technische Boeken, Deventer, 1978.
Estonian
[edit]- Hinderling, Robert, Rückläufiges estnisches Wörterbuch = Eesti keele pöördsõnaraamat (Sõnalõpuline leksikon) = Reverse dictionary of the Estonian language, Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 1979.
Finnish
[edit]- Tuomi, Tuomo (ed.), Suomen kielen käänteissanakirja – Reverse Dictionary of Modern Standard Finnish, Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, 1980. ISBN 951-717-002-5.
French
[edit]- Juilland, A., Dictionnaire inverse de la langue française, Mouton, The Hague, 1965.
German
[edit]- Bruckner, T., Rückläufige Wortliste zum heutigen Deutsch, Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim, 1986.
- Mater, Erich, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache CD-ROM, Straelener Ms.-Verlag, Straelen, 2001 ISBN 3-89107-047-0
- Muthmann, Gustav, Rückläufiges deutsches Wörterbuch: Handbuch der Wortausgänge im Deutschen, mit Beachtung der Wort- und Lautstruktur, Niemeyer, Tübingen, 2001.
Cypriot-Greek
[edit]- Συμεωνίδης, Χ. Π., Αντίστροφο λεξικό της κυπριακής διαλέκτου. Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της κυπριακής διαλέκτου. Πρώτο μέρος. Τα δυσπρόσιτα της κυπριακής διαλέκτου, 2017
Greek, modern
[edit]- Αναστασιάδη-Συμεωνίδη, Α. Αντίστροφο Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής. Θεσσαλονίκη: Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, 2002.
- Κουρμούλης Γ. Αντίστροφον λεξικόν της Νέας Ελληνικής. Δεύτερη Έκδοση. Αθήνα: Παπαδήμας, 2002.
- Τσιλογιάννης, Παύλος, Αντίστροφο λεξικό της νέας - αρχαίας Ελληνικής γλώσσας : με διάγραμμα ιστορίας της Ελληνικής γλώσσας και χρήσιμους πίνακες, 2000 (modern and ancient Greek)
- Μπαλαφούτης, Ευάγγελος, Αντίστροφο λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής γλώσσας, 1996
- Reverse dictionary in modern Greek, Βικιλεξικό (Greek Wiktionary)
Greek, ancient
[edit]- P. Kretchmer, E. Locker. Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der griechischen Sprache. Göttingen, 1944. 2nd ed. 1963
- C.D. Buck, W. Petersen. A Reverse Index of Greek Nouns and Adjectives. Chicago 1948 (?). Reprinted 1975
- F. Dornseiff, B. Hansen. Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen / Reverse-Lexicon of Greek Proper-Names. Berlin, 1957; Chicago 1978
- Τσιλογιάννης, Παύλος, Αντίστροφο λεξικό της νέας - αρχαίας Ελληνικής γλώσσας : με διάγραμμα ιστορίας της Ελληνικής γλώσσας και χρήσιμους πίνακες, 2000 (ancient and modern Greek)
- ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ: Dictionaries for ancient Greek and Latin, University of Chicago. (in every page / for every lemma, there is an index which can be either forward or reverse)
- Reverse dictionary in ancient Greek, Βικιλεξικό (Greek Wiktionary)
Hebrew
[edit]- Kuhn, Karl Georg, Rückläufiges hebräisches Wörterbuch, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1958
Hebrew and Aramaic
[edit]- Sander, Ruth and Kerstin Mayerhofer, Retrograde Hebrew and Aramaic dictionary, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 2010. ISBN 978-3-525-55007-6
Hungarian
[edit]- Papp, Ferenc, A magyar nyelv szóvégmutató szótára [Reverse-alphabetized dictionary of the Hungarian language]. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1969, 2nd ed.: 1994. ISBN 9630567326
Indian, old[clarification needed]
[edit]- Schwarz, Wolfgang, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Altindischen = Reverse index of old Indian, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1974–1978.
Italian
[edit]- Alinei, M.L., Dizionario inverso italiano, con indici e liste di frequenza delle terminazioni, Mouton & Co., The Hague 1965.
Latin
[edit]- Gradenwitz, Otto, Laterculi vocum latinarum, Leipzig : S. Hirzel, 1904.
- ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ: Dictionaries for ancient Greek and Latin, University of Chicago. (in every page / for every lemma, there is an index which can be either forward or reverse)
Macedonian
[edit]- Mitrevski, George, Macedonian Reverse Dictionary = Македонски обратен речник. https://www.pelister.org/linguistics/revdict/index.html
Manchu
[edit]- Rozycki, William, A reverse index of Manchu, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1981.
Mongolian
[edit]- Krueger, John Richard, Mongolian epigraphical dictionary in reverse listing, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1967.
- Vietze, Hans Peter, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der mongolischen Sprache, Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig, 1976.
Russian
[edit]- Reverse Russian Wiktionary
- Bielfeldt, H.H., Rückläufiges Wörterbuch der Russischen Sprache der Gegenwart, Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1958.
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]- Matešić, Josip, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Serbokroatischen, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1965–1967.
Slovak
[edit]- Garabík, Radovan et al., Retrográdny slovník súčasnej slovenčiny – slovné tvary na báze Slovenského národného korpusu, VEDA, vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 2018. ISBN 978-80-224-1699-3.
- Mistrík, Jozef, Retrográdny slovník slovenčiny, Univerzita Komenského, Bratislava, 1976. 735 pp.
Slovene
[edit]- Hajnšek-Holz, Milena and Primož Jakopin, Odzadnji slovar slovenskega jezika po Slovarju slovenskega knjižnega jezika, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, 1996.
Spanish
[edit]- Bosque, I., Pérez, M., Diccionario inverso de la lengua española, Gredos, Madrid, 1987.
- Stahl, Fred A., Scavnicky, Gary E. A., A Reverse Dictionary of the Spanish Language, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, 1974.
Turkish
[edit]- Kubiyak, Yel, Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Türkischen, Landeck, Frankfurt, 2004.
Welsh
[edit]- Zimmer, Stefan, A reverse dictionary of modern Welsh = Geiriadur gwrthdroadol Cymraeg diweddar, Buske, Hamburg, 1987.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Stahl, Fred A., Scavnicky, Gary E. A., A Reverse Dictionary of the Spanish Language, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL,1974.
- ^ Walker, John, The rhyming dictionary of the English language: in which the whole language is arranged according to its terminations ..., Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983.