Hearing (law): Difference between revisions

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In law, a hearing is the formal examination of a case (civil or criminal) before a judge.^[1] It is a proceeding before a court or other decision-making body or officer, such as a government agency or a legislative committee.

Description

A hearing is generally distinguished from a trial in that it is usually shorter and often less formal.^[2]^[3]

During the course of litigation, oral arguments are presented in support of motions at hearings. The purpose of these arguments may be to resolve the case without further trial, such as through a motion to dismiss or for summary judgment, or to decide discrete issues of law, such as the admissibility of evidence, which will determine how the trial proceeds. Limited evidence and testimony may also be presented at hearings to supplement the legal arguments.^[2]

Types

Terminology varies from country to country, and there are different types of hearings under different legal systems.

A preliminary hearing (also known as evidentiary hearing, probable cause hearing, and other variant terms) is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial.

Australia

A hearing is a part of the court process in Australia. There are different types of hearing in a case. There may be several hearings, although not all may be scheduled. These include:^[4]

court mentions, where a case first is heard in court;^[5]^[6] and/or
directions hearing(s) (a brief hearing in front of a judge or commissioner);^[7] and
a contest mention, where disputed issues are resolved, this is the part of the hearing where evidence may be adduced (the process of putting forward or presenting evidence or arguments for consideration by the court^[8]); a "type of pre-trial hearing which aims to facilitate early guilty pleas and narrow the issues in dispute".^[9]

United Kingdom

A hearing is a part of the court process in England and Wales. The term "rolled-up hearing" is also used, referring to occasions when permission is considered for a procedural application on the basis that, if permission is granted, the substantive application will be heard immediately afterwards.^[10]

United States

There are several different types of hearings in the US legal system, each serving a unique purpose.

Preliminary hearings are used to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to require a trial. In a preliminary hearing, a judge listens to arguments and evidence from both sides before deciding whether the case should proceed to trial.
Motion hearings are held when a party asks the court to take a specific action in the case. For example, a party may request that certain evidence be excluded from trial or that a case be dismissed before trial. In a motion hearing, each side presents arguments and evidence to the judge, who then makes a decision based on the law and facts presented.
Evidentiary hearings are used to resolve disputes related to evidence in a case. During an evidentiary hearing, parties present arguments and evidence related to the admissibility of certain evidence or the validity of expert testimony. The judge then makes a ruling on whether the evidence in question can be presented at trial.
Depositions are another type of hearing commonly used in the US legal system. Depositions involve sworn testimony from a witness or party in a case, taken outside of court and recorded by a court reporter. Depositions are often used to gather information before trial or to impeach the credibility of a witness at trial.

In the mid-20th century, as a result of what has been called the "due process revolution," a series of Supreme Court decisions expanded the rights of individuals in legal proceedings and required more formal procedures and protections.

One key decision during this period was Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), which involved a challenge to the system for terminating welfare benefits in New York. The Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that individuals have the opportunity to be heard and present evidence before their benefits are terminated.

The decision in Goldberg helped to establish the principle that many administrative decisions require some form of hearing or other procedure to ensure that individuals are not deprived of their rights without due process of law. It also illustrated that what constitutes a hearing can depend on the context. In Goldberg, the goal of a speedy decision was held to "justify the limitation of the pre-termination hearing to minimum procedural safeguards", which included such basic matters as the right to appear and to cross-examine witnesses, but did not include "a complete record and a comprehensive opinion". This has had a significant impact on the US legal system, leading to an increase in the number of hearings and other procedures required in a wide range of legal contexts.

References

^ "Hearing | Legal Process, Evidence & Procedure | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b Lorch, Robert (1980). Democratic Process and Administrative Law. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1513-5.
^ "Sorry, we can't find that page". www.politics.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
^ "Family Division Hearing Types". Children's Court of Victoria. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "What is a Court Mention?". OpenLegal. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "Directions Hearings and Court Mentions". Meillon & Bright. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "Directions hearings". Courts Administration Authority of South Australia. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "Glossary". Legal Aid NSW. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "Contest Mention Information Guide". Magistrates Court of Tasmania. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Simmons v Castle & Ors [2012] EWCA Civ 1288, delivered 10 October 2012, accessed 24 February 2023

[1] "Hearing | Legal Process, Evidence & Procedure | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.

[Lorch000-2] Lorch, Robert (1980). Democratic Process and Administrative Law. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1513-5.

[3] "Sorry, we can't find that page". www.politics.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2016-06-05.

[vicfam-4] "Family Division Hearing Types". Children's Court of Victoria. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.

[5] "What is a Court Mention?". OpenLegal. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.

[mb-6] "Directions Hearings and Court Mentions". Meillon & Bright. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.

[7] "Directions hearings". Courts Administration Authority of South Australia. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2022.

[8] "Glossary". Legal Aid NSW. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2022.

[9] "Contest Mention Information Guide". Magistrates Court of Tasmania. Retrieved 23 March 2022.

[10] England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Simmons v Castle & Ors [2012] EWCA Civ 1288, delivered 10 October 2012, accessed 24 February 2023

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+{{Short description|Court proceeding}}
-In law, a '''hearing''' is a [[proceeding]] before a [[court]] or other decision-making body or officer.
+{{multiple issues|
+{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
+{{globalize|date=January 2019}}
+}}
+[[File:NTSB Board Meeting 4-25-2017 (33455235623).jpg|thumb|right|United States' [[National Transportation Safety Board]] hearing in 2017, covering the causes to a [[De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter#Accidents|deHavilland Otter]] crash in 2015.]]
+In law, a '''hearing''' is the formal examination of a case (civil or criminal) before a judge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hearing {{!}} Legal Process, Evidence & Procedure {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hearing-law |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=12 April 2024 |date=21 February 2024}}</ref> It is a [[Legal proceeding|proceeding]] before a court or other decision-making body or officer, such as a [[government agency]] or a legislative committee.
-A hearing is generally distinguished from a [[trial (law)|trial]] in that it is usually shorter and often less formal.  In the course of [[litigation]], hearings are conducted as [[oral argument]]s in support of [[motion (legal)|motion]]s, whether to resolve the case without further trial on a [[motion to dismiss]] or for [[summary judgment]], or to decide discrete issues of law, such as the admissibility of [[evidence (law)|evidence]], that will determine how the trial proceeds.  Limited evidence and [[testimony]] may also be presented in hearings to supplement the legal arguments.
+==Description==
-In the [[United States]], one aspect of the "[[Due Process Revolution]]" is that many [[administrative law|administrative]] decisions that were once made much less formally must now be preceded by a hearing. An important step in this development was the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decision in ''[[Goldberg v. Kelly]]'', 397 U.S. 254 (1970). There the Court held that an [[agency]] could not terminate a recipient's [[welfare (financial aid)|welfare]] benefits without a pre-termination hearing. The decision also illustrated that what constitutes a "hearing" can depend on the context. In ''Goldberg'', the goal of a speedy decision was held to "justify the limitation of the pre-termination hearing to minimum procedural safeguards," which included such basic matters as the right to [[appear]] and to [[cross-examination|cross-examine]] witnesses, but did not include "a complete [[record]] and a [[comprehensive opinion]]".
+A hearing is generally distinguished from a [[trial (law)|trial]] in that it is usually shorter and often less formal.<ref name="Lorch000">{{cite book| title      = Democratic Process and Administrative Law| first      = Robert
+| last      = Lorch| publisher      = Wayne State University Press| year      = 1980| isbn      = 0-8143-1513-5| url-access      = registration| url      = https://archive.org/details/democraticproces0000lorc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/evidence-to-public-hearings.html|title=Sorry, we can't find that page|website=www.politics.ox.ac.uk|access-date=2016-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711121544/http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/evidence-to-public-hearings.html|archive-date=2016-07-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+During the course of litigation, oral arguments are presented in support of [[Motion (legal)|motions]] at hearings. The purpose of these arguments may be to resolve the case without further trial, such as through a motion to dismiss or for [[summary judgment]], or to decide discrete issues of law, such as the [[Admissible evidence|admissibility of evidence]], which will determine how the trial proceeds. Limited evidence and testimony may also be presented at hearings to supplement the legal arguments.<ref name="Lorch000" />
-==See also==
+==Types==
+Terminology varies from country to country, and there are different types of hearings under different legal systems.
+A [[preliminary hearing]] (also known as evidentiary hearing, probable cause hearing, and other variant terms) is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial.
+===Australia===
+A hearing is a part of the court process in Australia. There are different types of hearing in a case. There may be several hearings, although not all may be scheduled. These include:<ref name=vicfam>{{cite web | title=Family Division Hearing Types | website=Children's Court of Victoria | url=https://www.childrenscourt.vic.gov.au/family-division/child-protection/family-division-hearing-types | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306224158/https://www.childrenscourt.vic.gov.au/family-division/child-protection/family-division-hearing-types | archive-date=6 March 2022 | url-status=usurped | access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
+*court mentions, where a case first is heard in court;<ref>{{cite web | title=What is a Court Mention? | website=OpenLegal | date=15 July 2021 | url=https://openlegal.com.au/what-is-a-court-mention/ | access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=mb>{{cite web | title=Directions Hearings and Court Mentions | website=Meillon & Bright | date=24 May 2021 | url=https://meillonandbright.com.au/blog/directions-and-mentions/ | access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> and/or
+*directions hearing(s) (a brief hearing in front of a judge or commissioner);<ref>{{cite web | title=Directions hearings | website=Courts Administration Authority of South Australia | date=21 October 2021 | url=https://www.courts.sa.gov.au/going-to-court/representing-yourself/directions-hearings/ | access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> and
+*a contest mention, where disputed issues are resolved, this is the part of the hearing where evidence may be [[adduction (law)|adduced]] (the process of putting forward or presenting evidence or arguments for consideration by the court<ref>{{cite web | title=Glossary | website=Legal Aid NSW | date=9 February 2017 | url=https://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/publications/factsheets-and-resources/subpoena-survival-guide/glossary | access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>); a "type of pre-trial hearing which aims to facilitate early guilty pleas and narrow the issues in dispute".<ref>{{cite web | title=Contest Mention Information Guide| website=Magistrates Court of Tasmania | url=https://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/going_to_court/contest-mention | access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
+===United Kingdom===
+A hearing is a part of the court process in [[England and Wales]]. The term "rolled-up hearing" is also used, referring to occasions when permission is considered for a procedural application on the basis that, if permission is granted, the substantive application will be heard immediately afterwards.<ref>England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division), [https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2012/1288.html Simmons v Castle & Ors] [2012] EWCA Civ 1288, delivered 10 October 2012, accessed 24 February 2023</ref>
+===United States===
+[[File:Berry confirmation hearing.jpg|thumb|upright=.80|Picture from the [[John Berry (administrator)|Berry]] confirmation hearing by the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]] in the [[Dirksen Senate Office Building]], Rm. 342.]]
 *[[Congressional hearing]]
+*[[Unofficial hearing]]
+There are several different types of hearings in the US legal system, each serving a unique purpose.
+* [[Preliminary hearing]]s are used to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to require a trial. In a preliminary hearing, a judge listens to arguments and evidence from both sides before deciding whether the case should proceed to trial.
+* Motion hearings are held when a party asks the court to take a specific action in the case. For example, a party may request that certain evidence be excluded from trial or that a case be dismissed before trial. In a motion hearing, each side presents arguments and evidence to the judge, who then makes a decision based on the law and facts presented.
+* [[Evidentiary hearing]]s are used to resolve disputes related to evidence in a case. During an evidentiary hearing, parties present arguments and evidence related to the [[Admissible evidence|admissibility]] of certain evidence or the validity of [[Expert witness|expert testimony]]. The judge then makes a ruling on whether the evidence in question can be presented at trial.
+* [[Deposition (law)|Depositions]] are another type of hearing commonly used in the US legal system. Depositions involve [[sworn testimony]] from a witness or party in a case, taken outside of court and recorded by a [[court reporter]]. Depositions are often used to gather information before trial or to impeach the credibility of a witness at trial.
+In the mid-20th century, as a result of what has been called the "[[Warren Court|due process revolution]]," a series of Supreme Court decisions expanded the rights of individuals in legal proceedings and required more formal procedures and protections.
+One key decision during this period was ''[[Goldberg v. Kelly]]'' (1970), which involved a challenge to the system for terminating welfare benefits in New York. The Court held that the [[Due Process Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] requires that individuals have the opportunity to be heard and present evidence before their benefits are terminated.
+The decision in ''Goldberg'' helped to establish the principle that many [[Administrative law|administrative decisions]] require some form of hearing or other procedure to ensure that individuals are not deprived of their rights without due process of law. It also illustrated that what constitutes a hearing can depend on the context. In ''Goldberg'', the goal of a speedy decision was held to "justify the limitation of the pre-termination hearing to minimum [[procedural law|procedural]] safeguards", which included such basic matters as the right to appear and to [[cross-examination|cross-examine]] witnesses, but did not include "a complete [[document|record]] and a comprehensive opinion". This has had a significant impact on the US legal system, leading to an increase in the number of hearings and other procedures required in a wide range of legal contexts.
+==See also==
+*[[Continuance]]
 *[[Due process]]
 *[[Jury trial]]
 *[[Lawsuit]] (another type of legal proceeding)
-*[[Preliminary hearing]]
+*[[Natural justice]]
+*[[Right to a fair trial]]
+*[[Rule of law]]
 *[[Trial by ordeal]]
-*[[Unofficial hearing]]
-{{law-stub}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Criminal law]]
-[[Category:Legal terms]]
+[[Category:Legal procedure]]
-[[es:Audiencia]]
+[[Category:Legal action]]

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