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{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{PBB|geneid=30817}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
⚫
'''EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2''' also known as '''CD312''' ([[cluster of differentiation]] 312) and '''ADGRE2''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''EMR2'' [[gene]]. EMR2 is expressed by monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and all types of granulocytes.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Lin HH, Stacey M, Hamann J, Gordon S, McKnight AJ | title = Human EMR2, a novel EGF-TM7 molecule on chromosome 19p13.1, is closely related to CD97 | journal = Genomics | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 188-200 | date = Jul 2000 | pmid = 10903844 | doi = 10.1006/geno.2000.6238 }}</ref> This gene encodes a member of the [[adhesion-GPCRs|adhesion-GPCR]] receptor family expressed predominantly by cells of the immune system.<ref name="isbn1-4419-7912-3">{{cite book | author = Stacey M, Yona S | title = Adhesion-GPCRs: Structure to Function (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology) | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | year = 2011 | pages = | isbn = 1-4419-7912-3 }}</ref> Family members are characterized by an extended extracellular region with a variable number of [[N-terminal]] protein modules coupled to a [[G protein-coupled receptor|TM7]] region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing [[GAIN domain|(GAIN)]] domain.<ref name="pmid22333914">{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Araç D, Boucard AA, Bolliger MF, Nguyen J, Soltis SM, Südhof TC, Brunger AT | title = A novel evolutionarily conserved domain of cell-adhesion GPCRs mediates autoproteolysis | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1364–78 | date = Mar 2012 | pmid = 22333914 | pmc = 3321182 | doi = 10.1038/emboj.2012.26 }}</ref> In the case of EMR2 the N-terminal domains consist of alternatively spliced epidermal growth factor-like ([[EGF-like domain|EGF-like]]) domains. EMR2 is closely related to CD97 with 97% amino-acid identity in the EGF-like domains. The N-terminal fragment (NTF) of EMR2 presents 2-5 EGF-like domains in human.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Gordon S, Hamann J, Lin HH, Stacey M | title = F4/80 and the related adhesion-GPCRs | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 41 | issue = 9 | pages = 2472-6 | date = Sep 2011 | pmid = 21952799 | doi = 10.1002/eji.201141715 }}</ref> Mice lack the ''Emr2'' gene.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Kwakkenbos MJ, Matmati M, Madsen O, Pouwels W, Wang Y, Bontrop RE, Heidt PJ, Hoek RM, Hamann J | title = An unusual mode of concerted evolution of the EGF-TM7 receptor chimera EMR2 | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 14 | pages = 2582-4 | date = Dec 2006 | pmid = 17068111 | doi = 10.1096/fj.06-6500fje }}</ref> This gene is closely linked to the gene encoding egf-like molecule containing mucin-like hormone receptor 3 [[EMR3]] on chromosome 19.
'''EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2''' also known as '''CD312''' ([[cluster of differentiation]] 312) is a [[protein]] encoded by the ''ADGRE2'' [[gene]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamann J, Aust G, Araç D, Engel FB, Formstone C, Fredriksson R, Hall RA, Harty BL, Kirchhoff C, Knapp B, Krishnan A, Liebscher I, Lin HH, Martinelli DC, Monk KR, Peeters MC, Piao X, Prömel S, Schöneberg T, Schwartz TW, Singer K, Stacey M, Ushkaryov YA, Vallon M, Wolfrum U, Wright MW, Xu L, Langenhan T, Schiöth HB | display-authors = 6 | title = International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIV. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 338–67 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25713288 | doi = 10.1124/pr.114.009647 | pmc=4394687}}</ref> EMR2 is a member of the [[adhesion-GPCRs|adhesion GPCR]] family.<ref name="isbn1-4419-7912-3">{{cite book | author = Stacey M, Yona S | title = Adhesion-GPCRs: Structure to Function (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology) | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4419-7912-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Langenhan T, Aust G, Hamann J | title = Sticky signaling--adhesion class G protein-coupled receptors take the stage | journal = Science Signaling | volume = 6 | issue = 276 | pages = re3 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23695165 | doi = 10.1126/scisignal.2003825 | s2cid = 6958640 }}</ref>
Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing [[GAIN domain|(GAIN)]] domain.<ref name="pmid22333914">{{cite journal | vauthors = Araç D, Boucard AA, Bolliger MF, Nguyen J, Soltis SM, Südhof TC, Brunger AT | title = A novel evolutionarily conserved domain of cell-adhesion GPCRs mediates autoproteolysis | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1364–78 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22333914 | pmc = 3321182 | doi = 10.1038/emboj.2012.26 }}</ref>


⚫
EMR2 is expressed by monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and all types of granulocytes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin HH, Stacey M, Hamann J, Gordon S, McKnight AJ | title = Human EMR2, a novel EGF-TM7 molecule on chromosome 19p13.1, is closely related to CD97 | journal = Genomics | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 188–200 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10903844 | doi = 10.1006/geno.2000.6238 }}</ref> In the case of EMR2 the N-terminal domains consist of alternatively spliced epidermal growth factor-like ([[EGF-like domain|EGF-like]]) domains. EMR2 is closely related to CD97 with 97% amino-acid identity in the EGF-like domains. The N-terminal fragment (NTF) of EMR2 presents 2-5 EGF-like domains in human.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gordon S, Hamann J, Lin HH, Stacey M | title = F4/80 and the related adhesion-GPCRs | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 41 | issue = 9 | pages = 2472–6 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21952799 | doi = 10.1002/eji.201141715 | s2cid = 29257475 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Mice lack the ''Emr2'' gene.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwakkenbos MJ, Matmati M, Madsen O, Pouwels W, Wang Y, Bontrop RE, Heidt PJ, Hoek RM, Hamann J | title = An unusual mode of concerted evolution of the EGF-TM7 receptor chimera EMR2 | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 14 | pages = 2582–4 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17068111 | doi = 10.1096/fj.06-6500fje | s2cid = 16254868 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This gene is closely linked to the gene encoding EGF-like molecule containing mucin-like hormone receptor 3 [[EMR3]] on chromosome 19.
⚫
== Ligand ==

⚫
Like the related [[CD97]] antigen, the fourth EGF-like domain of EMR2 binds chondroitin sulfate B to mediate cell attachment.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Stacey M, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Kwakkenbos MJ, Sanderson RD, Hamann J, Gordon S, Lin HH | title = The epidermal growth factor-like domains of the human EMR2 receptor mediate cell attachment through chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans | journal = Blood | volume = 102 | issue = 8 | pages = 2916-24 | date = Oct 2003 | pmid = 12829604 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3540 }}</ref> However EMR2 does not interact with the complement regulatory protein, decay accelerating factor [[CD55]], unlike [[CD97]], and indicates that these very closely related proteins likely have nonredundant functions.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Kwakkenbos MJ, Chang GW, Lin HH, Pouwels W, de Jong EC, van Lier RA, Gordon S, Hamann J | title = The human EGF-TM7 family member EMR2 is a heterodimeric receptor expressed on myeloid cells | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 854-62 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11994511 }}</ref>
⚫
== Ligand ==
⚫
Like the related [[CD97]] protein, the fourth EGF-like domain of EMR2 binds chondroitin sulfate B to mediate cell attachment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stacey M, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Kwakkenbos MJ, Sanderson RD, Hamann J, Gordon S, Lin HH | title = The epidermal growth factor-like domains of the human EMR2 receptor mediate cell attachment through chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans | journal = Blood | volume = 102 | issue = 8 | pages = 2916–24 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 12829604 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3540 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, unlike [[CD97]] EMR2 does not interact with the complement regulatory protein, decay accelerating factor [[CD55]], and indicating that these very closely related proteins likely have nonredundant functions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwakkenbos MJ, Chang GW, Lin HH, Pouwels W, de Jong EC, van Lier RA, Gordon S, Hamann J | title = The human EGF-TM7 family member EMR2 is a heterodimeric receptor expressed on myeloid cells | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 854–62 | date = May 2002 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.71.5.854 | pmid = 11994511 | s2cid = 16582952 }}</ref>


== Signaling ==
== Signaling ==
inositol phosphate (IP3) accumulation assays in overexpressing HEK293 cells have demonstrated coupling of EMR2 to Gα<sub>15</sub>.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Gupte J, Swaminath G, Danao J, Tian H, Li Y, Wu X | title = Signaling property study of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 586 | issue = 8 | pages = 1214-9 | date = Apr 2012 | pmid = 22575658 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.014 }}</ref> EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 (EMR2) is an adhesion GPCR that undergoes GPS autoproteolysis before being trafficked to the plasma membrane.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Lin HH, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Stacey M, Harris J, Gordon S | title = Autocatalytic cleavage of the EMR2 receptor occurs at a conserved G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site motif | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 30 | pages = 31823-32 | date = Jul 2004 | pmid = 15150276 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M402974200 }}</ref> Further, distribution, translocation, co-localization of the N-terminal fragment (NTF) and N-terminal fragment (CTF) of EMR2 within lipid rafts may affect cell signaling.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Huang YS, Chiang NY, Hu CH, Hsiao CC, Cheng KF, Tsai WP, Yona S, Stacey M, Gordon S, Chang GW, Lin HH | title = Activation of myeloid cell-specific adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor EMR2 via ligation-induced translocation and interaction of receptor subunits in lipid raft microdomains | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 32 | issue = 8 | pages = 1408-20 | date = Apr 2012 | pmid = 22310662 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.06557-11 }}</ref> Mutations in the GPS have shown that EMR2 does not need to undergo autoproteolysis to be trafficked, but loses function. EMR2 has been shown to be necessary for ''in vitro'' cell migration. Upon cleavage the N-terminus has been shown to associate with the 7TM, but to also dissociate, giving two possible functions. When the N-terminus dissociates it can be found in lipid rafts. Additionally, the cleaved EMR2 protein 7TM has been found to associate with EMR4 N-terminus.
Inositol phosphate (IP3) accumulation assays in overexpressing HEK293 cells have demonstrated coupling of EMR2 to Gα<sub>15</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupte J, Swaminath G, Danao J, Tian H, Li Y, Wu X | title = Signaling property study of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 586 | issue = 8 | pages = 1214–9 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22575658 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.014 | s2cid = 3020230 | doi-access = free }}</ref> EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 (EMR2) is an adhesion GPCR that undergoes GPS autoproteolysis before being trafficked to the plasma membrane.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin HH, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Stacey M, Harris J, Gordon S | title = Autocatalytic cleavage of the EMR2 receptor occurs at a conserved G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site motif | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 30 | pages = 31823–32 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15150276 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M402974200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Further, distribution, translocation, co-localization of the N-terminal fragment (NTF) and N-terminal fragment (CTF) of EMR2 within lipid rafts may affect cell signaling.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang YS, Chiang NY, Hu CH, Hsiao CC, Cheng KF, Tsai WP, Yona S, Stacey M, Gordon S, Chang GW, Lin HH | title = Activation of myeloid cell-specific adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor EMR2 via ligation-induced translocation and interaction of receptor subunits in lipid raft microdomains | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 32 | issue = 8 | pages = 1408–20 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22310662 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.06557-11 | pmc=3318590}}</ref> Mutations in the GPS have shown that EMR2 does not need to undergo autoproteolysis to be trafficked, but loses function. EMR2 has been shown to be necessary for ''in vitro'' cell migration. Upon cleavage the [[N-terminus]] has been shown to associate with the 7TM, but to also dissociate, giving two possible functions. When the N-terminus dissociates it can be found in lipid rafts. Additionally, the cleaved EMR2 protein 7TM has been found to associate with EMR4 N-terminus.

== Function ==
The expression of EMR2 and CD97 on activated lymphocytes and myeloid cells promotes binding with their ligand chondroitin sulfate B on peripheral B cells, indicating a role in leukocyte interaction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwakkenbos MJ, Pouwels W, Matmati M, Stacey M, Lin HH, Gordon S, van Lier RA, Hamann J | title = Expression of the largest CD97 and EMR2 isoforms on leukocytes facilitates a specific interaction with chondroitin sulfate on B cells | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 77 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–9 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15498814 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.0704402 | s2cid = 15589445 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The interaction between EMR2 and chondroitin sulfate B in inflamed rheumatoid synovial tissue suggests a role of the receptors in the recruitment and retention of leukocytes in synovium of arthritis patients.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kop EN, Kwakkenbos MJ, Teske GJ, Kraan MC, Smeets TJ, Stacey M, Lin HH, Tak PP, Hamann J | title = Identification of the epidermal growth factor-TM7 receptor EMR2 and its ligand dermatan sulfate in rheumatoid synovial tissue | journal = Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 442–50 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15693006 | doi = 10.1002/art.20788 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Upon neutrophil activation, EMR2 rapidly moves to membrane ruffles and the leading edge of the cell. Additionally, ligation of EMR2 by antibody promotes neutrophil and macrophage effector functions suggesting a role in potentiating inflammatory responses.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yona S, Lin HH, Dri P, Davies JQ, Hayhoe RP, Lewis SM, Heinsbroek SE, Brown KA, Perretti M, Hamann J, Treacher DF, Gordon S, Stacey M | title = Ligation of the adhesion-GPCR EMR2 regulates human neutrophil function | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 741–51 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 17928360 | doi = 10.1096/fj.07-9435com | doi-access = free | s2cid = 16235723 | url = http://www.fasebj.org/content/22/3/741.long }}</ref>


== Function ==
== Clinical significance ==
The expression of EMR2 and CD97 on activated lymphocytes and myeloid cells promotes binding with their ligand chondroitin sulfate B on peripheral B cells, indicating a role in leukocyte interaction.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Kwakkenbos MJ, Pouwels W, Matmati M, Stacey M, Lin HH, Gordon S, van Lier RA, Hamann J | title = Expression of the largest CD97 and EMR2 isoforms on leukocytes facilitates a specific interaction with chondroitin sulfate on B cells | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 77 | issue = 1 | pages = 112-9 | date = Jan 2005 | pmid = 15498814 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.0704402 }}</ref> The interaction between EMR2 and chondroitin sulfate B in inflamed rheumatoid synovial tissue suggests a role of the receptors in the recruitment and retention of leukocytes in synovium of arthritis patients.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Kop EN, Kwakkenbos MJ, Teske GJ, Kraan MC, Smeets TJ, Stacey M, Lin HH, Tak PP, Hamann J | title = Identification of the epidermal growth factor-TM7 receptor EMR2 and its ligand dermatan sulfate in rheumatoid synovial tissue | journal = Arthritis and Rheumatism | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 442-50 | date = Feb 2005 | pmid = 15693006 | doi = 10.1002/art.20788 }}</ref> Upon neutrophil activation, EMR2 rapidly moves to membrane ruffles and the leading edge of the cell. Additionally, ligation of EMR2 by antibody promotes neutrophil and macrophage effector functions suggesting a role in potentiating inflammatory responses.<ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Yona S, Lin HH, Dri P, Davies JQ, Hayhoe RP, Lewis SM, Heinsbroek SE, Brown KA, Perretti M, Hamann J, Treacher DF, Gordon S, Stacey M | title = Ligation of the adhesion-GPCR EMR2 regulates human neutrophil function | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 741-51 | date = Mar 2008 | pmid = 17928360 | doi = 10.1096/fj.07-9435com }}</ref><ref>{{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Huang YS, Chiang NY, Hu CH, Hsiao CC, Cheng KF, Tsai WP, Yona S, Stacey M, Gordon S, Chang GW, Lin HH | title = Activation of myeloid cell-specific adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor EMR2 via ligation-induced translocation and interaction of receptor subunits in lipid raft microdomains | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 32 | issue = 8 | pages = 1408-20 | date = Apr 2012 | pmid = 22310662 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.06557-11 }}</ref>
EMR2 is rarely expressed by tumor cell lines and tumors, but has been found on breast and colorectal adenocarcinoma.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aust G, Hamann J, Schilling N, Wobus M | title = Detection of alternatively spliced EMR2 mRNAs in colorectal tumor cell lines but rare expression of the molecule in colorectal adenocarcinomas | journal = Virchows Archiv | volume = 443 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–7 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12761622 | doi = 10.1007/s00428-003-0812-4 | s2cid = 31812716 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aust G, Steinert M, Schütz A, Boltze C, Wahlbuhl M, Hamann J, Wobus M | title = CD97, but not its closely related EGF-TM7 family member EMR2, is expressed on gastric, pancreatic, and esophageal carcinomas | journal = American Journal of Clinical Pathology | volume = 118 | issue = 5 | pages = 699–707 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12428789 | doi = 10.1309/A6AB-VF3F-7M88-C0EJ | doi-access = free }}</ref> In breast cancer, robust expression and different distribution of EMR2 is inversely correlated with survival.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davies JQ, Lin HH, Stacey M, Yona S, Chang GW, Gordon S, Hamann J, Campo L, Han C, Chan P, Fox SB | title = Leukocyte adhesion-GPCR EMR2 is aberrantly expressed in human breast carcinomas and is associated with patient survival | journal = Oncology Reports | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 619–27 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21174063 | doi = 10.3892/or.2010.1117 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Gain of function mutations within the GAIN domain of EMR2 of certain patient cohorts were shown to result in excessive degranulation by mast cells resulting in vibratory [[urticaria]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyden SE, Desai A, Cruse G, Young ML, Bolan HC, Scott LM, Eisch AR, Long RD, Lee CC, Satorius CL, Pakstis AJ, Olivera A, Mullikin JC, Chouery E, Mégarbané A, Medlej-Hashim M, Kidd KK, Kastner DL, Metcalfe DD, Komarow HD | title = Vibratory Urticaria Associated with a Missense Variant in ADGRE2 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 374 | issue = 7 | pages = 656–63 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26841242 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1500611 | pmc=4782791}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 17: Line 25:
{{reflist|33em}}
{{reflist|33em}}


== Further reading ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.adhesiongpcr.org/Adhesion GPCR consortium]
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Lin HH, Stacey M, Hamann J, Gordon S, McKnight AJ | title = Human EMR2, a novel EGF-TM7 molecule on chromosome 19p13.1, is closely related to CD97 | journal = Genomics | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 188–200 | date = Jul 2000 | pmid = 10903844 | doi = 10.1006/geno.2000.6238 }}
* {{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Lin HH, Stacey M, Saxby C, Knott V, Chaudhry Y, Evans D, Gordon S, McKnight AJ, Handford P, Lea S | title = Molecular analysis of the epidermal growth factor-like short consensus repeat domain-mediated protein-protein interactions: dissection of the CD97-CD55 complex | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 26 | pages = 24160–9 | date = Jun 2001 | pmid = 11297558 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M101770200 }}
* {{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Kwakkenbos MJ, Chang GW, Lin HH, Pouwels W, de Jong EC, van Lier RA, Gordon S, Hamann J | title = The human EGF-TM7 family member EMR2 is a heterodimeric receptor expressed on myeloid cells | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 854–62 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11994511 | doi = }}
* {{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Stacey M, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Kwakkenbos MJ, Sanderson RD, Hamann J, Gordon S, Lin HH | title = The epidermal growth factor-like domains of the human EMR2 receptor mediate cell attachment through chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans | journal = Blood | volume = 102 | issue = 8 | pages = 2916–24 | date = Oct 2003 | pmid = 12829604 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3540 }}
* {{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Chang GW, Stacey M, Kwakkenbos MJ, Hamann J, Gordon S, Lin HH | title = Proteolytic cleavage of the EMR2 receptor requires both the extracellular stalk and the GPS motif | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 547 | issue = 1-3 | pages = 145–50 | date = Jul 2003 | pmid = 12860403 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00695-1 }}
* {{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Lin HH, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Stacey M, Harris J, Gordon S | title = Autocatalytic cleavage of the EMR2 receptor occurs at a conserved G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site motif | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 30 | pages = 31823–32 | date = Jul 2004 | pmid = 15150276 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M402974200 }}
* {{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Bjarnadóttir TK, Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB | title = The human and mouse repertoire of the adhesion family of G-protein-coupled receptors | journal = Genomics | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–33 | date = Jul 2004 | pmid = 15203201 | doi = 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.12.004 }}
* {{vcite2 journal | vauthors = Chang GW, Davies JQ, Stacey M, Yona S, Bowdish DM, Hamann J, Chen TC, Lin CY, Gordon S, Lin HH | title = CD312, the human adhesion-GPCR EMR2, is differentially expressed during differentiation, maturation, and activation of myeloid cells | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 353 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–8 | date = Feb 2007 | pmid = 17174274 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.148 }}
{{refend}}


{{NLM content}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=30817}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=30817}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
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[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]
[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
[[Category:G protein-coupled receptors]]
[[Category:Adhesion-GPCRs]]
[[Category:Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors]]

Latest revision as of 19:11, 27 March 2024

ADGRE2
Available structures
PDBHuman UniProt search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesADGRE2, CD312, VBU, EMR2, adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E2, CD97
External IDsOMIM: 606100; HomoloGene: 113735; GeneCards: ADGRE2; OMA:ADGRE2 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

30817

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000127507

n/a

UniProt

Q9UHX3

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001257981
NP_038475

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 14.73 – 14.78 Mbn/a
PubMed search[2]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 also known as CD312 (cluster of differentiation 312) is a protein encoded by the ADGRE2 gene.[3] EMR2 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family.[4][5] Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain.[6]

EMR2 is expressed by monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and all types of granulocytes.[7] In the case of EMR2 the N-terminal domains consist of alternatively spliced epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) domains. EMR2 is closely related to CD97 with 97% amino-acid identity in the EGF-like domains. The N-terminal fragment (NTF) of EMR2 presents 2-5 EGF-like domains in human.[8] Mice lack the Emr2 gene.[9] This gene is closely linked to the gene encoding EGF-like molecule containing mucin-like hormone receptor 3 EMR3 on chromosome 19.

Ligand

[edit]

Like the related CD97 protein, the fourth EGF-like domain of EMR2 binds chondroitin sulfate B to mediate cell attachment.[10] However, unlike CD97 EMR2 does not interact with the complement regulatory protein, decay accelerating factor CD55, and indicating that these very closely related proteins likely have nonredundant functions.[11]

Signaling

[edit]

Inositol phosphate (IP3) accumulation assays in overexpressing HEK293 cells have demonstrated coupling of EMR2 to Gα15.[12] EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 (EMR2) is an adhesion GPCR that undergoes GPS autoproteolysis before being trafficked to the plasma membrane.[13] Further, distribution, translocation, co-localization of the N-terminal fragment (NTF) and N-terminal fragment (CTF) of EMR2 within lipid rafts may affect cell signaling.[14] Mutations in the GPS have shown that EMR2 does not need to undergo autoproteolysis to be trafficked, but loses function. EMR2 has been shown to be necessary for in vitro cell migration. Upon cleavage the N-terminus has been shown to associate with the 7TM, but to also dissociate, giving two possible functions. When the N-terminus dissociates it can be found in lipid rafts. Additionally, the cleaved EMR2 protein 7TM has been found to associate with EMR4 N-terminus.

Function

[edit]

The expression of EMR2 and CD97 on activated lymphocytes and myeloid cells promotes binding with their ligand chondroitin sulfate B on peripheral B cells, indicating a role in leukocyte interaction.[15] The interaction between EMR2 and chondroitin sulfate B in inflamed rheumatoid synovial tissue suggests a role of the receptors in the recruitment and retention of leukocytes in synovium of arthritis patients.[16] Upon neutrophil activation, EMR2 rapidly moves to membrane ruffles and the leading edge of the cell. Additionally, ligation of EMR2 by antibody promotes neutrophil and macrophage effector functions suggesting a role in potentiating inflammatory responses.[14][17]

Clinical significance

[edit]

EMR2 is rarely expressed by tumor cell lines and tumors, but has been found on breast and colorectal adenocarcinoma.[18][19] In breast cancer, robust expression and different distribution of EMR2 is inversely correlated with survival.[20] Gain of function mutations within the GAIN domain of EMR2 of certain patient cohorts were shown to result in excessive degranulation by mast cells resulting in vibratory urticaria[21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000127507 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ^ Hamann J, Aust G, Araç D, Engel FB, Formstone C, Fredriksson R, et al. (April 2015). "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIV. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors". Pharmacological Reviews. 67 (2): 338–67. doi:10.1124/pr.114.009647. PMC 4394687. PMID 25713288.
  4. ^ Stacey M, Yona S (2011). Adhesion-GPCRs: Structure to Function (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-7912-4.
  5. ^ Langenhan T, Aust G, Hamann J (May 2013). "Sticky signaling--adhesion class G protein-coupled receptors take the stage". Science Signaling. 6 (276): re3. doi:10.1126/scisignal.2003825. PMID 23695165. S2CID 6958640.
  6. ^ Araç D, Boucard AA, Bolliger MF, Nguyen J, Soltis SM, Südhof TC, Brunger AT (March 2012). "A novel evolutionarily conserved domain of cell-adhesion GPCRs mediates autoproteolysis". The EMBO Journal. 31 (6): 1364–78. doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.26. PMC 3321182. PMID 22333914.
  7. ^ Lin HH, Stacey M, Hamann J, Gordon S, McKnight AJ (July 2000). "Human EMR2, a novel EGF-TM7 molecule on chromosome 19p13.1, is closely related to CD97". Genomics. 67 (2): 188–200. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6238. PMID 10903844.
  8. ^ Gordon S, Hamann J, Lin HH, Stacey M (September 2011). "F4/80 and the related adhesion-GPCRs". European Journal of Immunology. 41 (9): 2472–6. doi:10.1002/eji.201141715. PMID 21952799. S2CID 29257475.
  9. ^ Kwakkenbos MJ, Matmati M, Madsen O, Pouwels W, Wang Y, Bontrop RE, Heidt PJ, Hoek RM, Hamann J (December 2006). "An unusual mode of concerted evolution of the EGF-TM7 receptor chimera EMR2". FASEB Journal. 20 (14): 2582–4. doi:10.1096/fj.06-6500fje. PMID 17068111. S2CID 16254868.
  10. ^ Stacey M, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Kwakkenbos MJ, Sanderson RD, Hamann J, Gordon S, Lin HH (October 2003). "The epidermal growth factor-like domains of the human EMR2 receptor mediate cell attachment through chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans". Blood. 102 (8): 2916–24. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-11-3540. PMID 12829604.
  11. ^ Kwakkenbos MJ, Chang GW, Lin HH, Pouwels W, de Jong EC, van Lier RA, Gordon S, Hamann J (May 2002). "The human EGF-TM7 family member EMR2 is a heterodimeric receptor expressed on myeloid cells". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 71 (5): 854–62. doi:10.1189/jlb.71.5.854. PMID 11994511. S2CID 16582952.
  12. ^ Gupte J, Swaminath G, Danao J, Tian H, Li Y, Wu X (April 2012). "Signaling property study of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors". FEBS Letters. 586 (8): 1214–9. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.014. PMID 22575658. S2CID 3020230.
  13. ^ Lin HH, Chang GW, Davies JQ, Stacey M, Harris J, Gordon S (July 2004). "Autocatalytic cleavage of the EMR2 receptor occurs at a conserved G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site motif". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (30): 31823–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.M402974200. PMID 15150276.
  14. ^ a b Huang YS, Chiang NY, Hu CH, Hsiao CC, Cheng KF, Tsai WP, Yona S, Stacey M, Gordon S, Chang GW, Lin HH (April 2012). "Activation of myeloid cell-specific adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor EMR2 via ligation-induced translocation and interaction of receptor subunits in lipid raft microdomains". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (8): 1408–20. doi:10.1128/MCB.06557-11. PMC 3318590. PMID 22310662.
  15. ^ Kwakkenbos MJ, Pouwels W, Matmati M, Stacey M, Lin HH, Gordon S, van Lier RA, Hamann J (January 2005). "Expression of the largest CD97 and EMR2 isoforms on leukocytes facilitates a specific interaction with chondroitin sulfate on B cells". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 77 (1): 112–9. doi:10.1189/jlb.0704402. PMID 15498814. S2CID 15589445.
  16. ^ Kop EN, Kwakkenbos MJ, Teske GJ, Kraan MC, Smeets TJ, Stacey M, Lin HH, Tak PP, Hamann J (February 2005). "Identification of the epidermal growth factor-TM7 receptor EMR2 and its ligand dermatan sulfate in rheumatoid synovial tissue". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 52 (2): 442–50. doi:10.1002/art.20788. PMID 15693006.
  17. ^ Yona S, Lin HH, Dri P, Davies JQ, Hayhoe RP, Lewis SM, Heinsbroek SE, Brown KA, Perretti M, Hamann J, Treacher DF, Gordon S, Stacey M (March 2008). "Ligation of the adhesion-GPCR EMR2 regulates human neutrophil function". FASEB Journal. 22 (3): 741–51. doi:10.1096/fj.07-9435com. PMID 17928360. S2CID 16235723.
  18. ^ Aust G, Hamann J, Schilling N, Wobus M (July 2003). "Detection of alternatively spliced EMR2 mRNAs in colorectal tumor cell lines but rare expression of the molecule in colorectal adenocarcinomas". Virchows Archiv. 443 (1): 32–7. doi:10.1007/s00428-003-0812-4. PMID 12761622. S2CID 31812716.
  19. ^ Aust G, Steinert M, Schütz A, Boltze C, Wahlbuhl M, Hamann J, Wobus M (November 2002). "CD97, but not its closely related EGF-TM7 family member EMR2, is expressed on gastric, pancreatic, and esophageal carcinomas". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 118 (5): 699–707. doi:10.1309/A6AB-VF3F-7M88-C0EJ. PMID 12428789.
  20. ^ Davies JQ, Lin HH, Stacey M, Yona S, Chang GW, Gordon S, Hamann J, Campo L, Han C, Chan P, Fox SB (March 2011). "Leukocyte adhesion-GPCR EMR2 is aberrantly expressed in human breast carcinomas and is associated with patient survival". Oncology Reports. 25 (3): 619–27. doi:10.3892/or.2010.1117. PMID 21174063.
  21. ^ Boyden SE, Desai A, Cruse G, Young ML, Bolan HC, Scott LM, Eisch AR, Long RD, Lee CC, Satorius CL, Pakstis AJ, Olivera A, Mullikin JC, Chouery E, Mégarbané A, Medlej-Hashim M, Kidd KK, Kastner DL, Metcalfe DD, Komarow HD (February 2016). "Vibratory Urticaria Associated with a Missense Variant in ADGRE2". The New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (7): 656–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1500611. PMC 4782791. PMID 26841242.
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