Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective. This suffix was possibly innovated after Anatolian and Tocharian split off.

Suffix

*-(é)-yōs

1. Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".

Declension

Athematic, acrostatic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-(é)-yōs	*-(é)-yesih₂
genitive	*-(é)-isos	*-(é)-isyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(é)-yōs	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yoses
vocative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yoses
accusative	*-(é)-yosm̥	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yosm̥s
genitive	*-(é)-isos	*?	*-(é)-isoHom
ablative	*-(é)-isos	*?	*-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
dative	*-(é)-isey	*?	*-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
locative	*-(é)-yes, *-(é)-yesi	*?	*-(é)-isu
instrumental	*-(é)-ish₁	*?	*-(é)-ismis, *-(é)-isbʰis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(é)-yesih₂	*-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e)	*-(é)-yesih₂es
vocative	*-(é)-yesih₂	*-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e)	*-(é)-yesih₂es
accusative	*-(é)-yesih₂m̥	*-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e)	*-(é)-yesih₂m̥s
genitive	*-(é)-isyeh₂s	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂oHom
ablative	*-(é)-isyeh₂s	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂mos, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰos
dative	*-(é)-isyeh₂ey	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂mos, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰos
locative	*-(é)-isyeh₂, *-(é)-isyeh₂i	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂su
instrumental	*-(é)-isyeh₂h₁	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂mis, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
vocative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
accusative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
genitive	*-(é)-isos	*?	*-(é)-isoHom
ablative	*-(é)-isos	*?	*-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
dative	*-(é)-isey	*?	*-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
locative	*-(é)-yes, *-(é)-yesi	*?	*-(é)-isu
instrumental	*-(é)-ish₁	*?	*-(é)-ismis, *-(é)-isbʰis

Usage notes

Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-yōs

• *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es
  • Proto-Germanic: *-izô, also *-ōzô
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-ihō
    • Ancient Greek: -ίων (-íōn)
• *-is-tos
  • Proto-Germanic: *-istaz, also *-ōstaz
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-istos
    • Ancient Greek: -ιστος (-istos)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ištʰas (see there for further descendants)
• *-is-(t)m̥mos
  • Proto-Albanian: *-sama, *-isama
    • Albanian:

      Gheg: -çëm, -çme

      Tosk: -shëm, -shme

  • Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos
    • Proto-Brythonic: *-haβ̃ (see there for further descendants)
    • Old Irish: -em
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ištamas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iṣṭamas
      • Sanskrit: -इष्टम (-iṣṭama)
  • Proto-Italic: *-isemos
    • Latin: -issimus

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-jьjь (accusative *-jьšь)
• Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam
  • Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Irish: -iu
• Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
  • Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yas
    • Sanskrit: -यस् (-yas), -ईयस् (-īyas) (< *-Hyas)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-yah
    • Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (-iiah)
• Proto-Italic: *-jōs
  • Latin: -ior

See also

• *-(t)ero-