Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haldaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) Other theories connect the word to Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise”), *kel- (“to drive”).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. Suffix needs explanation.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑl.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*haldaną

1. to hold, to keep

Inflection

Conjugation of *haldaną (strong class 7c)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*haldō	*haldaų	—	*haldai	?
2nd singular	*haldizi	*haldaiz	*hald	*haldazai	*haldaizau
3rd singular	*haldidi	*haldai	*haldadau	*haldadai	*haldaidau
1st dual	*haldōz	*haldaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*haldadiz	*haldaidiz	*haldadiz	—	—
1st plural	*haldamaz	*haldaim	—	*haldandai	*haldaindau
2nd plural	*haldid	*haldaid	*haldid	*haldandai	*haldaindau
3rd plural	*haldandi	*haldain	*haldandau	*haldandai	*haldaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hehald	*hehaldį̄
2nd singular	*hehalst	*hehaldīz
3rd singular	*hehald	*hehaldī
1st dual	*hehaldū	*hehaldīw
2nd dual	*hehaldudiz	*hehaldīdiz
1st plural	*hehaldum	*hehaldīm
2nd plural	*hehaldud	*hehaldīd
3rd plural	*hehaldun	*hehaldīn
	present	past
participles	*haldandz	*haldanaz

Derived terms

• *bihaldaną
• *haldiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *haldan
  • Old English: healdan, haldan — Anglian
    • Middle English: holden, halden, halde, halt
      • English: hold
      • Geordie English: ha'd
      • Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had
      • Yola: houle
  • Old Frisian: halda
    • Saterland Frisian: hoolde
    • West Frisian: hâlde
  • Old Saxon: haldan
    • Middle Low German: halden, hōlden
      • Low German: hallen (Paderbornisch); holen, holden, hollen, hooln
      • Plautdietsch: hoolen
  • Old Dutch: haldan
    • Middle Dutch: houden, halden, holden
      • Dutch: houden, (informal) houwen, houen
        • Afrikaans: hou
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
        • Negerhollands: hou, how
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: how, ow
        • → Antillean Creole: béc aou (Martinique)
      • Limburgish: haaje
  • Old High German: haltan
    • Middle High German: halten
      • Bavarian: hoiten
      • Cimbrian: haltan, haltn (Luserna)
      • German: halten
      • Luxembourgish: halen
      • Yiddish: האַלטן (haltn)
• Old Norse: halda
  • Icelandic: halda
  • Faroese: halda
  • Norn: halda
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: halda
  • Old Swedish: halda, holda, halla
    • Swedish: hålla, hall (dialectal)
  • Danish: holde
    • Norwegian Bokmål: holde
  • Old Gutnish: halda
    • Gutnish: halde, alde, hald', halda
• Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (haldan)
• → Proto-Finnic: *haldit'ak (see there for further descendants)