土

See also: 士, 圡, 𡈽, and ±

土 U+571F, 土 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-571F ← 圞 [U+571E] CJK Unified Ideographs 圠 → [U+5720]

⼟ U+2F1F, ⼟ KANGXI RADICAL EARTH ← ⼞ [U+2F1E] Kangxi Radicals ⼠ → [U+2F20]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

土 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 4010₀, composition ⿱十一)

1. Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.

Derived characters

• Appendix:Chinese radical/土
• 𫡢, 吐, 𡚳, 𢎳, 𢓂, 𪫞, 扗, 汢, 肚, 杜, 𣧅, 灶, 牡, 𤣰, 社, 𨑒, 𥃾, 𥝟, 𬡃, 𫊥, 䝅, 𧺔, 𮛄, 𨑡, 𪶇, 釷 (钍), 靯, 𩡶, 𩵚 (𬶂), 𪐢, 𡉗, 𨙭, 𤬪, 壻, 䲧, 䵺
• 凷, 𫧀, 𫲵, 尘, 圧, 庄, 𢨫, 芏, 𬻁, 至, 𣂓, 𭎊, 𦉷, 𥤧, 𭯼, 㽵, 茔, 里, 𥫦, 𮓛, 𦯀, 䦌 (𮤬), 𫕞, 𭎭, 𣵹, 𤥷, 𡴠, 𩫽, 烾, 𤍢, 𪔋, 墨, 皨, 䜃, 𰀔, 㦱, 𧗥, 㐋, 去, 𠮷, 𡕟, 寺, 𢖽, 𭟯, 𣏅, 灻, 𣏄, 赤, 走, 赱, 幸, 𥸮, 𫅢, 𮤇, 𪔄, 𪔌

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 223, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
• Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 415, character 1
• Unihan data for U+571F

Chinese

simp. and trad.		土
alternative forms		士 圡 𡈽

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 土
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
社	*ɦljaːʔ
肚	*ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ
土	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ
吐	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs
芏	*l̥ʰaːʔ
杜	*l'aːʔ
靯	*l'aːʔ
荰	*l'aːʔ

Pictogram (象形) : a lump of clay either on the ground or on a potter’s wheel. See the bottom part of the original version of 生 and 丰. Then, the lump of clay was stylized as a vertical stroke with a black dot in the middle perhaps to avoid confusion with other characters. Eventually, the black dot turned into a short horizontal stroke. Compare the top part of 土 with the ancient version of 十, which is a vertical stroke with a black dot in the middle.

Unrelated to the top component of 夌, 走, and 周; also unrelated to the central component of 金 and the overall character 圭.

Etymology 1

There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007).

Probably related to 社 (OC *ɦljaːʔ, “god of soil; altar to god of soil”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): tǔ (tu³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu³

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тў (tw, II)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hu²

• Gan (Wiktionary): tu³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): thú

  (Hailu, HRS): tu^ˊ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): tu³

• Jin (Wiktionary): tu²
• Northern Min (KCR): tǔ
• Eastern Min (BUC): tù
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tou³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): thó͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): tou² / dou⁶

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵thu
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): tou³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tǔ
    • Wade–Giles: tʻu³
    • Yale: tǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
    • Palladius: ту (tu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: tu³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тў (tw, II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: tou²
    • Yale: tóu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tou²
    • Guangdong Romanization: tou²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: tu³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú
    • Hakka Romanization System: tu^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tu³
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: tu³
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: tu^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu²⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: tu²
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰu⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǔ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: tù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: tou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔu⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: tou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔu³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘
    • Tâi-lô: thóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tor
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: tou² / dou⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóu / tŏu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou⁵²/, /tou³⁵/

Note: dou6 - “ground, dust”.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵thu
    • MiniDict: thu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²thu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: tou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰəu̯⁴¹/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 土
Mandarin	Beijing	/tʰu²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/tʰu²¹³/
	Tianjin	/tʰu¹³/
	Jinan	/tʰu⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/tʰu⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/tʰu⁵³/
	Xi'an	/tʰu⁵³/
	Xining	/tʰv̩⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/tʰu⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/tʰu⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/tʰu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/tʰəu⁴²/
	Chengdu	/tʰu⁵³/
	Guiyang	/tʰu⁴²/
	Kunming	/tʰu⁵³/
	Nanjing	/tʰu²¹²/
	Hefei	/tʰu²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tʰu⁵³/
	Pingyao	/tʰu⁵³/
	Hohhot	/tʰu⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/tʰu³⁵/
	Suzhou	/tʰəu⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/tʰu⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/tʰøy³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰu³⁵/
	Tunxi	/tʰəu³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tʰəu⁴¹/
	Xiangtan	/tʰəɯ⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰu²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰu³¹/
	Taoyuan	/tʰu³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tʰou³⁵/
	Nanning	/tʰu³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tʰou³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tʰɔ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/tʰu³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/tʰu²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/tʰou⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hɔu³¹/ 訓途 /hɔu²¹³/ ～產

---

• Middle Chinese: thuX

Rime
Character	土
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	他魯切
Baxter	thuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰoX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɔX/
Li Rong	/tʰoX/
Wang Li	/tʰuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	土
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ thuX ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁaʔ/
English	earth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	土
Reading #	1/2
No.	12499
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	土
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Definitions

土

1. earth; soil

   土堆  ―  tǔduī  ―  mound; hillock

   這兒的土夠肥的。 [MSC, trad.]
   这儿的土够肥的。 [MSC, simp.]

   Zhèr de tǔ gòu féi de. [Pinyin]

   The soil here is quite fertile.

2. (dialectal) dust
3. land

   國土／国土  ―  guótǔ  ―  territory

   寸土不讓／寸土不让  ―  cùntǔbùràng  ―  to not give up a single inch of one's territory

   • 溥天之下，莫非王土。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Pǔtiān zhī xià, mòfēi wángtǔ. [Pinyin]

     Under the wide heaven,
     All is the king's land.

4. crude opium

   煙土／烟土  ―  yāntǔ  ―  crude opium

5. hometown; native place

   故土  ―  gùtǔ  ―  native land; native place

6. local; native; indigenous

   土著／土着  ―  tǔzhù  ―  aboriginal

   土話／土话  ―  tǔhuà  ―  local dialect

7. rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured

   我覺得東北話實在太土了。 [MSC, trad.]
   我觉得东北话实在太土了。 [MSC, simp.]

   Wǒ juéde dōngběihuà shízài tài tǔ le. [Pinyin]

   I think that Northeastern Mandarin is too rustic.

8. indigenous; traditional and used by the common people

   土法  ―  tǔfǎ  ―  traditional method used by the common people; indigenous method

   土槍／土枪  ―  tǔ qiāng  ―  gun manufactured using indigenous methods

9. (～族) the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol
10. Short for 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”).

    俄土戰爭／俄土战争  ―  É Tǔ zhànzhēng  ―  Russo-Turkish War

11. a surname

Synonyms

• (earth):

Dialectal synonyms of 土 (“earth; soil (dry)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		土
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		土
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	土
	Harbin	土
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	土, 土拉
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	泥巴
	Wuhan	泥巴
	Guiyang	泥巴
	Guilin	土
	Liuzhou	泥, 泥巴
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	泥, 爛泥
	Hefei	土
Cantonese	Guangzhou	泥
	Hong Kong	泥
	Dongguan	泥
	Yangjiang	泥
	Beihai	泥
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	土
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	土
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	土, 泥
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	泥
	Móng Cái	土, 泥
Gan	Nanchang	泥巴, 土
Hakka	Meixian	泥
	Xingning	泥
	Huidong (Daling)	泥
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	泥
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	泥
	Changting	泥
	Wuping	泥
	Wuping (Pingyu)	泥
	Liancheng	泥
	Ruijin	泥, 那泥
	Shicheng	泥
	Shangyou (Shexi)	泥
Huizhou	Jixi	糊泥
Jin	Taiyuan	土
	Xinzhou	土
Northern Min	Jian'ou	泥
	Songxi	泥
	Zhenghe	泥
	Jianyang	泥
	Wuyishan	泥
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	塗
	Fuzhou (Changle)	塗
	Lianjiang	塗
	Fuqing	塗
	Pingtan	塗
	Yongtai	塗
	Minqing	塗
	Gutian	塗
	Pingnan	塗
	Luoyuan	塗
	Fu'an	塗
	Ningde	塗
	Xiapu	塗
	Zherong	塗
	Shouning	塗
	Zhouning	塗
	Fuding	塗
Southern Min	Xiamen	塗
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	塗
	Quanzhou	塗
	Jinjiang	塗
	Nan'an	塗
	Shishi	塗
	Hui'an	塗
	Anxi	塗
	Yongchun	塗
	Dehua	塗
	Zhangzhou	塗
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	塗
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	塗
	Hua'an	塗
	Nanjing	塗
	Pinghe	塗
	Zhangpu	塗
	Yunxiao	塗
	Zhao'an	塗
	Dongshan	塗
	Kinmen	塗
	Manila (Hokkien)	塗
	Longyan	塗
	Zhangping	塗
	Datian	塗
	Chaozhou	塗
	Shantou	塗
	Shantou (Chenghai)	塗
	Jieyang	塗
	Leizhou	塗
	Wenchang	塗
	Haikou	塗
Puxian Min	Putian	塗
	Xianyou	塗
Central Min	Yong'an	泥
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	泥
	Sanming (Shaxian)	泥
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	泥
Wu	Shanghai	爛泥, 爛糊泥
	Shanghai (Chongming)	爛泥
	Suzhou	爛泥, 硬爛泥
	Danyang	爛泥
	Hangzhou	爛污泥
	Ningbo	淖泥, 爛泥
	Wenzhou	爛污泥, 爛污泥兒, 爛泥, 泥
	Jinhua	糊泥, 泥
Xiang	Changsha	泥巴
	Xiangxiang	土
	Shuangfeng	土

• (dust):

Dialectal synonyms of 灰塵 (“dust”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		塵, 埃, 塵埃, 坌, 塕, 坱
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		灰塵, 灰土, 塵土, 塵埃
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	塵土, 土, 灰
	Taiwan	灰塵, 塵埃, 塵土
	Chengde	𡋯土
	Chifeng	灰, 土
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	灰土, 灰, 塵土
	Heihe	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Qiqihar	灰塵, 灰土
	Harbin	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Jiamusi	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Baicheng	灰塵, 灰, 灰土, 塵搭灰
	Changchun	灰塵, 灰, 塵土
	Tonghua	灰, 土
	Shenyang	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Jinzhou	灰塵, 塵土, 𡋯土
	Singapore	灰塵, 塵土
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	塵土
	Tangshan	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 塵
	Cangzhou	灰, 塵土, 土
	Baoding	堂土
	Shijiazhuang	塵土
	Lijin	灰, 𡋯土
	Jinan	𡋯土, 土, 灰
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	灰, 塵
	Dandong	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Yantai	灰, 𡋯土
	Yantai (Muping)	灰
	Qingdao	灰, 𡋯土, 土
	Zhucheng	灰
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	灰塵, 塵土
	Lingbao	灰
	Jining	𡋯土
	Wanrong	土
	Linfen	塵土
	Shangqiu	灰塵, 灰, 塵土
	Yuanyang	灰塵, 灰, 塵土
	Zhengzhou	灰塵, 灰
	Xinyang	灰
	Baihe	灰, 塵土
	Xi'an	塵土, 土, 灰, 灰塵, 灰纖
	Baoji	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Tianshui	灰, 𡋯土
	Xining	塵土, 灰塵
	Xuzhou	灰, 𡋯土, 土
	Fuyang	灰塵, 灰
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	灰塵, 塵灰, 灰
	Lanzhou	灰, 灰土, 塵土, 土
	Dunhuang	灰塵, 塵土
	Hami	灰塵
	Ürümqi	灰, 灰灰
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	灰塵, 灰, 灰灰
	Nanchong	灰塵, 灰, 灰灰
	Dazhou	灰塵
	Hanyuan	灰塵, 灰
	Xichang	灰塵, 灰, 灰灰
	Zigong	灰, 揚塵
	Chongqing	灰
	Wuhan	灰, 灰塵
	Yichang	灰塵, 灰
	Xiangyang	灰
	Tianmen	灰塵, 灰, 土
	Guiyang	灰灰, 灰, 灰塵
	Zunyi	灰
	Bijie	灰塵, 灰灰
	Liping	灰
	Zhaotong	塵灰
	Dali	灰
	Kunming	塵灰, 灰, 土, 灰灰
	Mengzi	灰
	Guilin	灰塵
	Guilin (Lingui)	灰塵
	Liuzhou	灰塵, 灰, 塳塵
	Liuzhou (Luorong)	灰塵
	Nanning (Wuming)	灰塵, 煙塵
	Jishou	灰塵
	Changde	灰塵
	Hanzhong	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Dagudi (Maliba)	灰
	Reshuitang (Longling)	灰
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	灰
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	灰
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	灰塵, 灰, 堂灰
	Yangzhou	灰塵, 灰
	Lianyungang	堂灰, 灰
	Lianshui	堂灰, 灰
	Nantong	沙灰
	Anqing	堂灰, 屯灰, 灰
	Wuhu	灰
	Hefei	灰
	Hong'an	灰塵, 灰
Cantonese	Guangzhou	塵, 灰塵, 煙塵, 泥塵, 沙塵, 塳塵
	Hong Kong	塵, 灰塵, 灰, 塵埃, 沙塵
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	灰塵, 泥塵
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	灰塵, 煙塵
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	泥塵
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	泥塵
	Macau	灰塵
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	煙塵
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	灰塵
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	塵
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	灰塵
	Foshan	灰塵
	Foshan (Shunde)	灰塵
	Foshan (Sanshui)	灰塵
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	灰塵
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	灰塵
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	灰塵
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	灰塵
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	灰塵
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	灰塵
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	灰塵
	Taishan	灰塵, 沙塵
	Kaiping (Chikan)	灰塵
	Enping (Niujiang)	灰塵
	Heshan (Yayao)	灰塵
	Dongguan	灰塵
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	灰塵
	Qingyuan	灰塵
	Fogang	灰塵
	Yingde (Hanguang)	灰塵
	Yangshan	灰塵
	Lianshan (Butian)	灰塵
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	灰塵
	Shaoguan	灰塵
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	塵灰, 灰塵
	Renhua	塵灰
	Lechang	塵灰
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	灰塵
	Sihui	灰塵
	Guangning	灰塵
	Deqing	灰塵
	Huaiji	灰塵
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	泥塵
	Yunfu	塳塵
	Xinxing	灰塵, 塵埃
	Luoding	灰塵
	Yunan (Pingtai)	灰塵
	Yangjiang	煙塵
	Xinyi	灰塵
	Lianjiang	灰塵, 煙塵
	Nanning	灰塵, 煙塵
	Wuzhou	灰塵, 煙塵
	Yulin	煙塵
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	灰塵, 煙塵
	Hepu (Shatian)	煙塵, 塵土, 灰塵
	Guiping	灰塵, 蚊塵
	Guiping (Mule)	蚊塵
	Pingnan	蚊塵
	Mengshan (Xihe)	塳塵
	Guigang (Gangcheng)	灰塵
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	灰塵
	Guigang (Pingdong)	灰塵
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	灰塵
	Baise	灰塵
Bobai	灰塵
Lingshan	灰塵
Pubei	煙塵
Qinzhou	灰塵
Beihai	灰塵
Beihai (Nankang)	泥塵
Beihai (Yingpan)	煙塵
Ningming	灰塵
Hengzhou	蚊塵
Danzhou	煙塵
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	塵灰, 灰塵
Bangkok (Guangfu)	灰塵
Gan	Nanchang	灰
	Lichuan	灰
	Pingxiang	灰, 灰塵
Hakka	Meixian	塵灰, 泥塵
	Xingning	塵灰
	Dabu (Xihe)	灰塵
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	塵灰, 煙塵, 泥塵, 沙塵
	Huidong (Daling)	塵灰
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	泥塵
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	灰塵
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	灰塵, 泥塵
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	灰塵
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	灰塵
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	塵, 塵灰, 灰塵
	Wuhua (Changbu)	泥塵
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	塵灰
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	塵灰
	Wengyuan	塵灰
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	塵灰
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	塳
	Liannan	塵灰
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	塵灰
	Jiexi	塵灰
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	揚塵
	Changting	塵灰, 灰塵
	Longyan (Yongding)	塵灰
	Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding)	塵灰
	Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding)	灰塵
	Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding)	灰塵
	Wuping	塵灰
	Wuping (Yanqian)	塵灰
	Wuping (Pingyu)	塵灰
	Liancheng	塵灰
	Liancheng (Peitian)	塵灰
	Liancheng (Juxi)	塵灰
	Liancheng (Zhongbao)	塵灰
	Liancheng (Laiyuan)	灰塵
	Ninghua	塵灰, 灰塵
	Qingliu	塵灰
	Yudu	灰
	Ningdu	塵灰
	Ruijin	塵灰
	Shicheng	塵灰
	Shangyou (Shexi)	塵灰
	Tonggu (Sandu)	塵灰
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	灰塵
	Dayu	灰塵
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	塵灰
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	塵灰
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	塵灰
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	塵灰, 塕塵
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	塵灰
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	泥粉
	Hong Kong	泥塵
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	煙塵
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	灰塵
	Xinyi (Sihe)	塳塵
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	塳塵
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	煙塵
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	泥塵, 灰塵
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	煙塵
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	灰塵
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	塵煙
	Mengshan (Xihe)	塳塵
	Luchuan	泥煙
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	塵煙
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	灰塵
Mashan (Pianlian)	灰塵
Sabah (Longchuan)	塵灰, 泥塵
Kuala Lumpur (Dabu)	灰塵
Senai (Huiyang)	灰塵
Singkawang	塵灰
Bangkok (Meixian)	塵灰
Bangkok (Fengshun)	塵灰
Bangkok (Jiexi)	塵灰, 泥粉
Huizhou	Jixi	灰
	Shexian	灰塵, 灰
Jin	Taiyuan	塵土, 土
	Yangyuan	灰, 塵土
	Datong	灰塵, 塵土
	Xinzhou	塵土, 灰塵
	Lüliang (Lishi)	灰塵, 塵土
	Changzhi	塵灰, 灰
	Linhe	灰塵, 灰, 土
	Jining	灰塵
	Hohhot	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Erenhot	灰塵
	Pingshan	塵土, 土
	Zhangjiakou	灰土, 灰
	Handan	灰塵
	Linzhou	灰塵, 灰
	Suide	灰塵, 灰, 土
Northern Min	Jian'ou	灰塵, 塵灰
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	塵
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	塵, 煙腸苦
	Pucheng (Shibei)	灰塵
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	塕塵, 塗粉
	Fuzhou (Changle)	塕塵
	Fuqing	塕塵
	Yongtai	塗粉
	Gutian	塕塵
	Fu'an	煙霧
	Ningde	塕塵
	Shouning	塗粉
	Zhouning	塕塵
	Fuding	塕埃
	Matsu	塕塵
Southern Min	Xiamen	塗粉, 塕埃, 風飛沙
	Quanzhou	塗粉
	Jinjiang	塗粉
	Yongchun	塗粉
	Zhangzhou	塗粉
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	塗粉
	Pinghe	塗粉
	Zhangpu	塗粉
	Zhao'an	塗粉
	Taipei (Wanhua)	塗沙粉
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	塗沙粉仔
	Kaohsiung	塗沙粉
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	塗沙粉仔
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	塗粉仔
	Yilan	風飛沙
	Yilan (Toucheng)	塗粉
	Changhua (Lukang)	沙粉
	Taichung	塗沙
	Taichung (Wuqi)	風飛沙
	Tainan	塗粉, 塗沙粉, 塕埃, 風飛沙
	Tainan (Anping)	塗粉
	Taitung	風飛沙
	Hsinchu	風飛沙
	Penghu (Magong)	塗沙粉
	Penghu (Xiyu)	塗沙粉
	Penang (Hokkien)	塗粉
	Singapore (Hokkien)	塗粉
	Zhangping	塕埃
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	灰, 塗粉, 塕埃
	Datian	塗粉, 塕塵
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	灰
	Chaozhou	塗粉, 塕塵
	Shantou	塵, 塕塵, 灰塵
	Jieyang	塗粉, 塕塵
	Bangkok (Teochew)	塕塵
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	塕塵
	Leizhou	塕塵, 塗沙粉
	Wenchang	塗灰
	Haikou	塗灰
Puxian Min	Putian	塗粉, 塕塵
	Xianyou	煙塵
Central Min	Yong'an	塕塵
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	塕塵
	Sanming (Shaxian)	塕塵
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	煙塵
	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	塕塵, 煙塵, 灰塵
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	坌塵, 煙塵, 灰塵
	Binyang (Xinqiao)	蚊塵
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	灰塵
	Guilin (Chaoyang)	灰塵
	Guilin (Zhuyuan)	灰塵
	Lingchuan (Tanxia)	灰塵
Shehua	Fu'an	煙霧
	Fuding	泥粉
	Luoyuan	煙塵
	Sanming	擸𢶍
	Shunchang	擸𢶍粉
	Guixi (Zhangping)	灰塵
	Cangnan	泥粉
	Jingning (Hexi)	火煤塵
	Lishui	火灰粉
	Longyou	灰粉
	Chaozhou	煙塵
	Fengshun	塕塵
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	灰
Wu	Shanghai	灰塵, 塳塵
	Shanghai (Chongming)	灰塵, 塳塵
	Suzhou	灰塵, 塳塵
	Danyang	灰塵, 灰
	Hangzhou	灰塵, 塳塵
	Ningbo	塳塵, 塳灰, 灰塵
	Wenzhou	坌塵, 坌塕, 塳塵
	Jinhua	塕, 塳塵
Xiang	Changsha	灰
	Loudi	灰, 灰塵
	Shuangfeng	灰
	Hengyang	灰
	Quanzhou	灰塵

• (land): 土地 (tǔdì)
• (hometown):

edit

• 家鄉 / 家乡 (jiāxiāng)
• 故國 / 故国 (gùguó) (literary)
• 故園 / 故园 (gùyuán) (literary)
• 故土 (gùtǔ)
• 故鄉 / 故乡 (gùxiāng)
• 故里 (gùlǐ)
• 老家 (lǎojiā)
• 老屋 (Hakka)
• 鄉下 / 乡下
• 鄉土 / 乡土 (xiāngtǔ)
• 鄉梓 / 乡梓 (xiāngzǐ) (literary)
• 鄉關 / 乡关 (xiāngguān) (literary)
• 鄉黨 / 乡党 (xiāngdǎng) (Classical)

 

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “indigenous”): 洋 (yáng)

Compounds

• 三合土 (sānhétǔ)
• 三和土
• 五峰土家族自治縣 / 五峰土家族自治县 (Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn)
• 冥土
• 北美土撥鼠 / 北美土拨鼠 (Běiměi tǔbōshǔ)
• 后土 (hòutǔ)
• 土人 (tǔrén)
• 土俗
• 土偶 (tǔ'ǒu)
• 土包子 (tǔbāozi)
• 土匪 (tǔfěi)
• 土名
• 土嗨 (tǔhāi)
• 土器 (tǔqì)
• 土國 / 土国
• 土地
• 土地廟 / 土地庙 (tǔdìmiào)
• 土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
• 土坎 (tǔkǎn)
• 土坎兒 / 土坎儿
• 土坯 (tǔpī)
• 土坡
• 土坡兒 / 土坡儿
• 土城 (tǔchéng)
• 土城垸 (Tǔchéngyuàn)
• 土埂 (tǔgěng)
• 土塊 / 土块
• 土壘 / 土垒
• 土壤 (tǔrǎng)
• 土壩 / 土坝
• 土家族 (Tǔjiāzú)
• 土專家 / 土专家 (tǔzhuānjiā)
• 土屄 (tǔbī)
• 土崗 / 土岗 (tǔgǎng)
• 土崩瓦解 (tǔbēngwǎjiě)
• 土巴佬
• 土布 (tǔbù)
• 土庫曼 / 土库曼 (Tǔkùmàn)
• 土庫曼斯坦 / 土库曼斯坦 (Tǔkùmànsītǎn)
• 土建
• 土得掉渣
• 土性
• 土房 (tǔfáng)
• 土撥鼠 / 土拨鼠 (tǔbōshǔ)
• 土撥鼠日 / 土拨鼠日 (Tǔbōshǔ Rì)
• 土改 (tǔgǎi)
• 土政策
• 土方 (tǔfāng)
• 土方兒 / 土方儿
• 土族 (Tǔzú)
• 土星 (Tǔxīng)
• 土木 (tǔmù)
• 土木之變 / 土木之变
• 土木堡
• 土木工程 (tǔmù gōngchéng)
• 土木形骸
• 土模
• 土氣 / 土气 (tǔqì)
• 土法 (tǔfǎ)
• 土洋結合 / 土洋结合
• 土溫 / 土温 (tǔwēn)
• 土澳 (Tǔ'ào)
• 土炮 (tǔpào)
• 土牆 / 土墙 (tǔqiáng)
• 土牛木馬 / 土牛木马
• 土牢
• 土物 (tǔwù)
• 土特產 / 土特产 (tǔtèchǎn)
• 土生土長 / 土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
• 土產 / 土产 (tǔchǎn)
• 土疙瘩
• 土皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)
• 土石方
• 土笛
• 土糞 / 土粪
• 土紙 / 土纸
• 土老帽
• 土老帽兒 / 土老帽儿
• 土老財 / 土老财
• 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)
• 土耳其人 (Tǔ'ěrqírén)
• 土耳其文 (tǔ'ěrqíwén)
• 土耳其語 / 土耳其语 (tǔ'ěrqíyǔ)
• 土肥 (tǔféi)
• 土腥氣 / 土腥气 (tǔxīngqì)
• 土色
• 土著 / 土着
• 土葬 (tǔzàng)
• 土裡土氣 / 土里土气 (tǔlitǔqì)
• 土話 / 土话 (tǔhuà)
• 土語 / 土语 (tǔyǔ)
• 土豆 (tǔdòu)
• 土豆兒 / 土豆儿 (tǔdòur)
• 土豆泥 (tǔdòuní)
• 土豪 (tǔháo)
• 土財主 / 土财主
• 土貨 / 土货 (tǔhuò)
• 土質 / 土质 (tǔzhì)
• 土造 (tǔzào)
• 土道
• 土門 / 土门
• 土關埡 / 土关垭 (Tǔguānyà)
• 土階茅茨 / 土阶茅茨
• 土雞 / 土鸡 (tǔjī)
• 土雞國 / 土鸡国
• 土雞蛋 / 土鸡蛋
• 土霸王
• 土音 (tǔyīn)
• 土頭土腦 / 土头土脑 (tǔtóutǔnǎo)
• 土鱉 / 土鳖 (tǔbiē)
• 土黃 / 土黄 (tǔhuáng)
• 塵土 / 尘土 (chéntǔ)
• 塵歸塵，土歸土 / 尘归尘，土归土 (chénguīchén, tǔguītǔ)
• 恩施土家族苗族自治州 (Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)
• 挖土機 / 挖土机 (wātǔjī)
• 掘土機 / 掘土机 (juétǔjī)
• 推土機 / 推土机 (tuītǔjī)
• 故土 (gùtǔ)
• 故土難離 / 故土难离 (gùtǔnánlí)
• 日土 (Rìtǔ)
• 有土栽培
• 本土 (běntǔ)
• 樂土 / 乐土 (lètǔ)
• 水土 (shuǐtǔ)
• 水土不伏
• 水土不服 (shuǐtǔbùfú)
• 水土保持 (shuǐtǔ bǎochí)
• 水土流失 (shuǐtǔ liúshī)
• 沃土 (wòtǔ)
• 泥土 (nítǔ)
• 混凝土
• 淨土 / 净土 (jìngtǔ)
• 無土栽培 / 无土栽培
• 紅土 / 红土 (hóngtǔ)
• 老土 (lǎotǔ)
• 脾土 (pî-thó͘) (Min Nan)
• 赤土 (Chìtǔ)
• 鏟土機 / 铲土机 (chǎntǔjī)
• 陶土 (táotǔ)
• 黃土崗 / 黄土岗 (Huángtǔgǎng)
• 黏土 (niántǔ)

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dù (du⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dù
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dù
    • Wade–Giles: tu⁴
    • Yale: dù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
    • Palladius: ду (du)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: duX

Rime
Character	土
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒古切
Baxter	duX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duoX/
Pan Wuyun	/duoX/
Shao Rongfen	/doX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔX/
Li Rong	/doX/
Wang Li	/duX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dou6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	土
Reading #	2/2
No.	12503
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	杜
Old Chinese	/*l'aːʔ/

Definitions

土

1. ^† Alternative form of 杜 (dù, “root”)

   • 迨天之未陰雨、徹彼桑土、綢繆牖戶。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     迨天之未阴雨、彻彼桑土、绸缪牖户。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Dài tiān zhī wèi yīnyǔ, chè bǐ sāngdù, chóumóu yǒuhù. [Pinyin]

     Before the sky was dark with rain,
     I gathered the roots of the mulberry tree,
     And bound round and round my window and door.

2. ^† An ancient river

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): chǎ (cha³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄔㄚˇ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: chǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄔㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: chǎ
    • Wade–Giles: chʻa³
    • Yale: chǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chaa
    • Palladius: ча (ča)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰä²¹⁴/

Definitions

土

1. ^† Only used in 土苴 (chǎzhǎ).

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tú (tu²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tú
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tú
    • Wade–Giles: tʻu²
    • Yale: tú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
    • Palladius: ту (tu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³⁵/

Definitions

土

1. Only used in 土門／土门 (Túmén).

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of 土 – see 士 (“unmarried male; bachelor; man; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 士).

References

• “土”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00740
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00831-001
• “Entry #192”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

Kanji

土

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: つ (tsu)
• Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
• Kan’yō-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
• Kun: つち (tsuchi, 土, Jōyō)
• Nanori: ひじ (hiji)

Compounds

Compounds

• 土(ど)柱(ちゅう) (dochū)
• 土曜日(どようび) (doyōbi)
• 苦土(くど) (kudo)
• 土地(とち) (tochi)
• 陶(とう)土(ど) (tōdo)
• 土産(みやげ) (miyage)
• 土竜(もぐら) (mogura)
• 国土(こくど) (kokudo)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
土
つち Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
地

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) つち [tsùchíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨ̥t͡ɕi]

Noun

土(つち) • (tsuchi) 

1. earth, soil, mud
2. the ground

Derived terms

• 土(つち)狼(おおかみ) (tsuchiōkami)
• 土豚(つちぶた) (tsuchibuta)
• 真(ま)土(つち) (matsuchi)

Idioms

• 土(つち)を踏(ふ)む (tsuchi o fumu, “tread on the ground → enter a foreign country”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
土
と Grade: 1
kan'on

Short form of the ateji spelling 土耳古(トルコ) (Toruko).

Proper noun

土(と) • (To) 

1. Short for トルコ (Toruko): Turkey

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
土
ど Grade: 1
kan'yōon

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 土 (MC duX).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ど [dóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [do̞]

Noun

土(ど) • (do) 

1. earth, soil
2. land, ground, territory
3. earth (one of the five elements)
4. Short for 土曜日 (doyōbi): Saturday

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 土 (MC thuX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	통〯 (Yale: thwǒ)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3]	ᄒᆞᆰ (Yale: hòlk)	토〮 (Yale: thwó)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [tʰo̞]
• Phonetic hangul: [토]

Hanja

Wikisource

土 (eumhun 흙 토 (heuk to))

1. hanja form^? of 토 (“earth; soil”) [affix]
2. hanja form^? of 토 (“Short for 토요일(土曜日) (toyoil, “Saturday”).”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 국토 (國土, gukto, “national territory”)
• 본토 (本土, bonto)
• 영토 (領土, yeongto, “territory”)
• 척토 (瘠土, cheokto, “barren soil”)
• 토기 (土器, togi, “earthenware”)
• 토대 (土臺, todae)
• 토성 (土星, Toseong, “Saturn”)
• 토양 (土壤, toyang)
• 토요일 (土曜日, Toyoil)
• 토종 (土種, tojong, “native species”)
• 토지 (土地, toji)
• 풍토 (風土, pungto)
• 향토 (鄕土, hyangto, “local; rural”)
• 황토 (黃土, hwangto)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

Han character

土: Hán Việt readings: thổ (他(tha)魯(lỗ)切(thiết))
土: Nôm readings: thổ, độ, thuở

1. chữ Hán form of thổ (“earth; soil; land”).

Compounds

• 動土 (động thổ)
• 土匪 (thổ phỉ)
• 土地 (thổ địa)
• 土壤 (thổ nhưỡng)
• 土星 (thổ tinh)
• 土民 (thổ dân)
• 土神 (thổ thần)
• 土耳其 (Thổ Nhĩ Kì)
• 土語 (thổ ngữ)
• 遁土 (độn thổ)