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Social democracy indicators

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  • Income inequality
  • Job security (notice, fairness, redundancy)
  • Participation (codetermination, trade union density and strike freedom)
  • Health care outcomes (life expectancy, obesity)
  • Education (quality and number of years)
Country Ownership[1] Pensions[2] Market cap % GDP[3] Worker participation Job security Health Pop. (m) GDP ($bn) IHDI Education
  Germany 64.6 11.3 39.3 80.4 3,604 .856
  France 64.8 13.7 75.3 65.7 2,775 .812
  United Kingdom 23.6 6.2 126.7 63.7 2,429 .802
  Italy 59.6 15.4 15[4] 59.7 2,195 .776
  Spain 55.8 9.3 89.2 46.7 1,478 .796
  Netherlands 20 5.1 68.1[5] 16.8 836 .857
  Sweden 46.9 8.2 106.5 9.6 539 .859
  Belgium 51.5 10.0 55.2 11.2 514 .825
  Austria 52.8 13.5 14[6] 8.5 418 .837
  Denmark 37.5 6.1 60.2 5.6 332 .845
  Greece 75 13.0 17 10.8 299 .760
  Finland 48.8 9.9 38[7] 5.4 263 .839
  Portugal 60.3 12.3 42.1 10.6 237 .729
  Ireland 24.6 5.1 27.2[8] 4.6 221 .850
  Turkey * 58 6.8 36.7 75.6 774 .542
  Switzerland 48.1 6.3 210.2[9] 8.0 632 .849
  Norway 38.6 5.4 60 5.0 483 .894
  Israel 55 5.0 93.4[10] 8.0 240 .790[11]
  South Africa 52 248.2[12] 52.9 375 no data
  Australia 27.5 3.5 135.8[13] 23.1 1,541 .864
  New Zealand 27 4.7 56.6 4.3 161 no data
  Canada 27.5 4.5 125.7 35.1 1,736 .832
  United States 15 6.8 104.6 316.4 14,991 .821
  Brazil 63 72.1* 193.9 2,476 .531
  Mexico 66 1.7 38 117.4 1,155 .593
  Argentina 72.5 15.9[14] 40.1 448 .653
  Venezuela 49 2.7[15] 28.9 315 .549
  Chile 90 121.8 16.6 248 .664
  Malaysia 42.6 126.6[16] 28.3 240 no data
  Hong Kong 71.5 427.9 7.1 243 no data
  India 43 86.4[17] 1,232.7 1,897 .392
  Indonesia 67.3 33[18] 237 946 .514
  Japan 4.1 10.2 67.1[19] 126.6 5,150 no data
  Philippines 46.4 47.6[20] 98.2 284 .524
  Singapore 44.8 160.1[21] 5.3 270 no data
  South Korea 31.8 100.3 50.0 1,259 .758
  Taiwan 45.5 23.3 473 no data
  Thailand 51.9 52.4[22] 66.7 425 .543
  China 5 100.3[23] - -


  • Roe (2003) has 16 countries, 3 Commonwealth, Japan, US, Switzerland, Norway, and 9 other EU: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and US.
  • Gourevitch and Shinn have 39 countries:
    • 14 from the EU (Netherlands, UK, Ireland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Germany, France, Greece)
    • 4 more in Europe (Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Israel)
    • 10 in East Asia (Japan, China, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong)
    • 5 more in the Commonwealth (India, NZ, Australia, Canada, South Africa)
    • 5 more in Latin America (Venezuela, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile)
    • 1 more in the United States
  • Culpepper (2011) uses Germany, France, Netherlands, and Japan as core examples, and data from 20 countries otherwise: 12 in the EU (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Netherlands, Ireland, UK), 2 otherwise in Europe (Norway, Switzerland), 3 more in the Commonwealth (NZ, Australia, Canada) and then Japan and the US.
  • Bruner uses four countries, US, UK, Canada, and Australia, makes occasional further reference to Ireland and NZ, and then also includes discussion of China, Netherlands and Japan.

Elections

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Europe

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Country Next election Polls Term Legis. vote (if different) Last election Fairness Pop. (m) GDP ($bn) IHDI In power now
  Germany September 2017 Polls 4 years[24] September 2013 80.4 3,604 .856 Christian Democrat
  France April 2017 Polls 5 years Same time April 2012 65.7 2,775 .812 Socialist
  United Kingdom May 2015 Polls 5 years[25] May 2010 63.7 2,429 .802 Conservative/LibDem
  Italy February 2018 Polls 5 years February 2013 59.7 2,195 .776 Democrat/NCD
  Spain December 2015 Polls 4 years[26] November 2011 46.7 1,478 .796 People's Party
  Netherlands March 2017 Polls 5 years September 2012 16.8 836 .857 VVD/Coalition
  Sweden September 2014 Polls 4 years September 2010 9.6 539 .859 Moderate Party/Coal.
  Poland October 2015 Polls 5 years 4 years October 2010 38.5 514 .740 Civic Platform
  Belgium May 2014 Polls 4 years June 2010 11.2 514 .825 Socialist/CDV
  Austria September 2018 Polls 5 years September 2013 8.5 418 .837 Social Democrat
  Denmark September 2015 Polls 4 years October 2010 5.6 332 .845 Social Democrat
  Greece June 2016 Polls 4 years June 2012 10.8 299 .760 New Democracy
  Finland April 2015 Polls 4 years April 2011 5.4 263 .839 National Coalition
  Portugal October 2015 Polls 4 years June 2011 10.6 237 .729 PSD/CDS–PP
  Ireland April 2016 Polls 5 years[27] February 2011 4.6 221 .850 Fine Gael
  Czech Republic October 2017 Polls 5 years October 2013 10.5 214 .826 Civic Democratic Party
  Romania December 2016 Polls 4 years December 2012 20.1 187 .687 Social Liberal Union
  Hungary April 2014 Polls 4 years April 2010 9.9 138 .769 Fidesz
  Slovakia March 2016 Polls 4 years March 2012 5.4 91 .788 Social Democrats
  Croatia February 2016 Polls 4 years December 2011 4.2 64 .683 Social Democrats
  Bulgaria May 2017 Polls 4 years May 2013 Protests 7.4 51 .704 Socialist/Coal.
  Luxembourg October 2017 Polls 4 years October 2013 .537 42 .813 CSV
  Slovenia December 2015 Polls 4 years December 2011 2.1 45 .840 PS/Social Dem.
  Lithuania October 2016 Polls 4 years October 2012 2.9 42 .727 Social Democrat
  Latvia April 2015 Polls 4 years September 2011 2.0 28 .726 Unity
  Cyprus February 2018 Polls 5 years Mid term February 2013 1.1 23 .751 Democratic Rally
  Estonia March 2015 Polls 4 years March 2011 1.3 21 .770 Estonian Reform Party
  Malta June 2018 Polls 5 years March 2013 .452 9 .778 Labour
  Moldova November 2014 Polls 4 years November 2010 3.6 7 .660 Liberal Democratic
  European Union May 2014 Polls 5 years June 2009 507.9 17,577 no data EPP
  Russia * March 2018 Polls 6 years 5 years March 2012 Disputed 143.4 1,858 .670[28] United Russia
  Turkey * June 2015 Polls 4 years June 2011 75.6 774 .542 AKP
  Switzerland October 2015 Polls 4 years October 2011 8.0 632 .849 People's Party
  Norway September 2017 Polls 4 years September 2013 5.0 483 .894 Conservative
  Ukraine * February 2015 Polls 5 years Mid-term February 2010 Disputed 44.8 180 .672 Party of Regions
  Serbia May 2017 Polls 5 years 4 years May 2012 7.1 53 .696 Progressive
  Bosnia and Herzegovina October 2014 Polls 4 years October 2010 3.8 17 .650 Multiple
  Iceland April 2017 Polls 4 years April 2013 0.3 13 .848 Progressive
  Armenia * February 2018 Polls 5 years May 2012 February 2013 Protests 3.3 10 .649 RPA
  • Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Belarus*, Azerbaijan*, Georgia*

Americas

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Country Next election Polls Term Legis. vote (if different) Last election Fairness Pop. (m) GDP ($bn) IHDI In power now
  United States November 2016 Polls 4 years[29] Midterm, 2014 November 2012 316.4 14,991 .821 Democratic
  Brazil October 2014 Polls 4 years[30] Same time October 2010 193.9 2,476 .531 Workers' Party
  Canada October 2015 Polls 4 years[31] May 2011 35.1 1,736 .832 Conservative
  Mexico July 2018 Polls 6 years 3 yr, July 2015 July 2012 117.4 1,155 .593 PRI
  Argentina October 2015 Polls 4 years Same time October 2011 40.1 448 .653 Front for Victory
  Colombia May 2014 Polls 4 years Same time May 2010 47.2 333 .519 Social Party
  Venezuela December 2018 Polls 6 years Mid-term April 2013 28.9 315 .549 United Socialist
  Chile November 2013 Polls 4 years Same time December 2009 16.6 248 .664 Coalition for Change
  Peru April 2016 Polls 5 years Same time April 2011 30.4 180 .561 Gana Perú
  Dominican Republic May 2016 Polls 4 years Same time (1st since 1994) May 2012 9.4 98.7 .510 Dominican Liberation Party
  Ecuador February 2017 Polls 4 years Same time February 2013 15.5 66 .537 PAIS Alliance
  Guatemala September 2015 Polls 4 years Same time September 2011 15.4 46 .389 Patriotic
  Uruguay October 2014 Polls 5 years Same time October 2009 3.3 46 .662 Broad Front
  Panama May 2014 Polls 5 years Same time May 2009 3.4 30 .588 Democ. Change/Coal.
  El Salvador March 2014 Polls 5 years 3 years March 2009 6.1 23 .499 National Liberation
  Honduras November 2013 Polls 4 years Same time November 2009 8.3 17 .458 National
  Nicaragua November 2016 Polls 5 years Same time November 2011 6.0 7 .434 Sandinista
  Costa Rica February 2014 Polls 4 years Same time February 2010 4.6 41 .606 National Liberation
  Belize March 2016 Polls 4 years Same time March 2012 .312 1 no data United Democrat
  • Bolivia, Paraguay, Suriname, Guyana, Puerto Rico, Cuba*, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti*, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago

Commonwealth

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Country Next election Polls Term Legis. vote (if different) Last election Fairness Pop. (m) GDP ($bn) IHDI In power now
  United Kingdom May 2015 Polls 5 years[32] May 2010 63.7 2,429 .802 Conservative/LibDem
  India * May 2014 Polls 5 years[33] May 2009 1,232.7 1,897 .392 Congress
  Canada October 2015 Polls 4 years[34] May 2011 33.4 1,844 .832 Conservative
  Australia January 2017 Polls 3 years[35] September 2013 23.1 1,541 .864 Liberal/National
  South Africa April 2014 Polls 5 years[36] April 2009 52.9 375 no data ANC
  Malaysia May 2017 Polls 4 years May 2013 Alleged fraud 28.3 240 no data National
  Pakistan * May 2018 Polls 5 years May 2013 Violence 182.5 230 .356 Muslim League
  New Zealand January 2015 Polls 3 years November 2011 4.3 161 no data National
  Bangladesh January 2014 Polls 4 years December 2008 150.1 122 .374 Awami League
  Sri Lanka * November 2016[37][38] Polls 6 years[39][40] April 2016[41][42] January 2010 Violence 20.2 65 .607 UPFA
  Nigeria * April 2015 Polls 4 years Same time April 2011 Violence 170.1 268 .276 People's Democrats
  Kenya * March 2017 Polls 4 years Same time March 2013 Violence, ICC crime 44.3 41 .344 National (Kikuyu)
  Ghana December 2016 Polls 4 years December 2012 24.2 42 .379 New Democrat
  Tanzania October 2015 Polls 5 years October 2010 44.9 29 .346 Party of Revol.
  Cameroon * May 2014 Polls 7 years Movable May 2009 Fraud 20.5 25 .330 People's Movement
  Uganda February 2016 Polls 5 years February 2011 35.8 21 .304 National Resist.
  Nepal * November 2013 Polls 5 years April 2008 26.5 20 .304 Communist/Coal.
  Zambia September 2016 Polls 4 years September 2011 14.3 20 .283 Patriotic
  Botswana October 2014 Polls 5 years October 2009 2.0 18 no data
  Mozambique * October 2014 Polls 5 years October 2009 23.9 15 .220
  Papua New Guinea * July 2016 Polls 4 years July 2012 7.1 13 no data PNCP
  Namibia November 2014 Polls 4 years November 2009 2.1 12 .344
  Zimbabwe * July 2018 Polls 4 years July 2013 Fraud, voter suppression 12.6 11 .284 Zanu-PF
  Rwanda * August 2017 Polls 5 years Mid term, September 2013 August 2010 Violence, fraud 12.0 8 .287 Patriotic Front
  Malawi May 2014 Polls 5 years May 2009 16.4 4 .287
  Sierra Leone * November 2017 Polls 5 years November 2012 6.1 4 .210 All People's Congress
  Lesotho May 2016 Polls 4 years May 2012 2.0 3 .296 Democratic Congress
  • Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brunei, Cyprus, Dominica, Fiji (suspended), The Gambia, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Nauru, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Vanuatu

Notes

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  1. ^ Percentage of public companies with over 20% blockholders, in P Gourevitch and J Shinn, Political Power and Corporate Control (2005) 18, using data from Claessens (1998); Barca and Becht (2001); Faccio and Lang (2002); LLSV (1999); Lefort and Walker (1999); Lin (2006)
  2. ^ Public expenditure on old-age and survivors' benefits as a % of GDP in 2009. OECD, Pensions at a Glance 2013: OECD and G20 Indicators (2013) 171, from the OECD, Social Expenditures Database.
  3. ^ At the World Bank, for 2009.
  4. ^ 23% in 2012
  5. ^ 84.5% in 2012
  6. ^ 26.9% in 2012
  7. ^ 64.1% in 2012
  8. ^ 51.7% in 2012
  9. ^ 171% in 2012
  10. ^ 56.1% in 2011
  11. ^ This does not include the Occupied Palestinian Territory, where people under Israeli authority have no vote.
  12. ^ 159.3% in 2012
  13. ^ 83.9% in 2012
  14. ^ 7.2% in 2012
  15. ^ 6.6% in 2012
  16. ^ 156.2% in 2012
  17. ^ 68.6% in 2012
  18. ^ 45.2% in 2012
  19. ^ 61.8% in 2012
  20. ^ 105.6% in 2012
  21. ^ 150.8% in 2012
  22. ^ 104.7% in 2012
  23. ^ 44.9% in 2012
  24. ^ Grundgesetz art 39, between 46 and 48 months after the last election
  25. ^ Parliament Act 1911 and Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011. A government could collapse at an earlier date, triggering an election.
  26. ^ Spanish Constitution of 1978 art 68
  27. ^ Electoral (Amendment) Act 1927 s 7
  28. ^ Data from the 2011 Report. It was missing from the UN's 2013 Report.
  29. ^ US Constitution
  30. ^ Brazilian Constitution
  31. ^ Canada Elections Act 2000
  32. ^ Parliament Act 1911 and Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011. A government could collapse at an earlier date, triggering an election.
  33. ^ Constitution of India art 83
  34. ^ Canada Elections Act 2000
  35. ^ Australian Constitution
  36. ^ South African Constitution
  37. ^ "Amendments passed in Sri Lanka S". The Hindu. 8 September 2010.
  38. ^ Shihar Aneez; Ranga Sirilal (21 November 2013). "UPDATE 3-Sri Lanka targets banks in tax-raising budget". Reuters.
  39. ^ Haviland, Charles (19 November 2010). "Sri Lanka's President Rajapaksa sworn in for new term". BBC News.
  40. ^ "Sri Lanka swears in president". Al Jazeera. 19 November 2010.
  41. ^ Hettiarachchi, Rohana (7 August 2011). "Reduction in Parliamentary Seats in Jaffna — Arbitrary or Not?". The Island (Sri Lanka).
  42. ^ Ranawaka, Champika (11 November 2012). "Budget 2013 and the challenges ahead of motherland". The Nation (Sri Lanka).