Tyre District

Tyre District
Tyre District
District
	Tyre
	Location in Lebanon
Country	Lebanon
Governorate	South Governorate
Capital	Tyre
Area
• Total	159.9 sq mi (414.1 km2)
Population
• Estimate (31 December 2017)	270,516
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)

The Tyre District is a district in the South Governorate of Lebanon.

Municipalities

The following 72 municipalities are all located in the Tyre District:

History

Ancient history

Founded at the start of the third millennium BC, Tyre originally consisted of a mainland settlement and a modest island city that lay a short distance off shore. It became an increasingly important port city in the region in the first millennium BC Phoenicia.

In the 10th century BC, Hiram I, king of Tyre, joined two islets by landfill. Later, he extended the city further by reclaiming a considerable area from the sea. Phoenician expansion began around 815 BC when traders from Tyre founded Carthage in North Africa. Eventually its colonies spread around the Mediterranean and Atlantic, bringing to the city a flourishing maritime trade. Early in the sixth century BC, Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, laid siege to the walled city for thirteen years. Tyre stood firm, but it was probable that at this time the residents of the mainland city abandoned it for the safety of the island. The conflict ended with Tyre accepting Babylonian rule.

Hellenistic period

Alexander the Great, in 332 BC, set out to conquer this strategic coastal city during the war between the Greeks and the Persians. Unable to storm the city, he blockaded it for seven months. Tyre held on but the conqueror used the debris of the abandoned mainland city to build a causeway and once within reach of the city's walls, Alexander used his siege engines to batter and finally breach the fortifications.

So enraged at the Tyrians' defense and the number of men lost in the battle, Alexander destroyed half of the city. The town's 30,000 residents were massacred or sold into slavery. Tyre and the whole of ancient Syria fell under Roman rule in 64 BC. Nonetheless, for some time Tyre continued to mint its own silver coins.

Roman era

The Romans built great important monuments in the city, including an aqueduct, a triumphal arch and the largest hippodrome in antiquity. Christianity appears in the history of Tyre, with the name Tyre being mentioned in the New Testament frequently. During the Byzantine era the Archbishop of Tyre was the primate of all the bishops of Phoenicia. At that time, the city once again became very important in the region, as can be seen in the remains of its buildings and the inscriptions in the necropolis.

Islamic era

Tyre surrendered to the Islamic armies in 634, the city offered no resistance and continued to prosper under its new rulers, exporting of sugar as well as objects made of pearl and glass making was a good source of income for the city. With the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, Tyre acquired some independence under the dynasty of the Shia Banu Aqil, vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate. This was a time when Tyre was adorned with fountains and its bazaar were full of different kinds of merchandise including carpets and jewelry of gold and silver.

Via Romana, Tyre District

Tyre was conquered by the Crusaders in 1124. After about 180 years of Crusader rule, the Mamluk Sultanate retook the city in 1291, until it fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire at the start of the 16th century.

Lebanese era

With the end of World War I, Tyre was integrated into the new nation of Lebanon.

Post-World War I and French Mandate (1918–1943):

After World War I, Tyre became part of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon under the League of Nations. In 1920, the French made the State of Greater Lebanon, including Tyre. During the 1930s, camps were made for Armenian refugees escaping genocide, especially in El Buss. This time also started archaeological digs, showing the history of Tyre.^[1]

Lebanese Independence and Refugees (1943–1970s):

Lebanon got independence in 1943, and Tyre became part of the new country. The city grew as an important port and cultural place. But after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, many Palestinian refugees came to Tyre. Camps like Burj El Shimali, El Buss, and Rashidieh were made for them. El Buss, which first had Armenian refugees, became mainly for Palestinians.^[1]

Civil War and Israeli Occupation (1975–2000):

The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) caused much pain for Tyre. There were many fights, including those with Palestinian groups and the Israeli army. Israeli invasions in 1978 and 1982 caused big damage. More attacks happened in 1996 and 2006. Even after Israel left in 2000, problems continued in the area.

Cultural and Historical Importance:

In 1984, UNESCO named Tyre a World Heritage Site because of its historical and archaeological value. The old ruins show its Phoenician past, but problems like city growth, stealing, and pollution made it hard to keep them safe.^[2]

21st Century Challenges:

The early 2000s were not easy for Tyre. Economic problems came from wars and Lebanon’s crises. Refugees increased the population, with the Tyre area having about 200,000 people by 2016. Issues like coastal erosion from rising sea levels also hurt the city.

The 2024 Conflict:

During the Israel–Hamas war the district suffered from the Israeli air strikes against Hezbollah, using the villages as launch sites.^[3]^[4] In October 2024, Tyre was hit by heavy Israeli airstrikes, causing big damage to the city center. Many buildings and historical sites were destroyed. UNESCO worried about harm to the World Heritage ruins. The attacks forced many people to leave. By the end of 2024, Tyre was almost empty, called a "ghost town," with an uncertain future because of the ongoing conflict.^[5]

Latest reports published during December 2024, note that the Israeli army keeps demolishing houses within the Tyre district.^[6]^[7]