Terminologia Anatomica (commonly abbreviated TA) is the international standard for human anatomical terminology. It is developed by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a program of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA).
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History
editThe sixth edition of the previous standard, Nomina Anatomica, was released in 1989. The first edition of Terminologia Anatomica, superseding Nomina Anatomica, was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and released in 1998.[1] In April 2011, this edition was published online by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FCAT. The first edition contained 7635 Latin items.[2]
The second edition was released online by FIPAT in 2019 and approved and adopted by the IFAA General Assembly in 2020. The latest errata is dated August 2021.[3] It contains a total of 7112 numbered terms (1-7113 skipping 2590), with some terms repeated.[4]
Adoption and reception
editA 2014 survey of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists found that the TA preferred term had the highest frequency of usage in only 53% of the 25 anatomical terms surveyed, and was highest or second-highest for 92% of terms. 75% of respondents were unfamiliar with FIPAT and TA.[5]
In a panel at the 2022 International Federation of Associations of Anatomists Congress, one author stated "the Terminologia Anatomica generally receives no attention in medical terminology courses", but stressed its importance.[6] The TA is not well established in other languages, such as French.[7] The English equivalent names are often inconsistent if viewed as translations of the accompanying Latin phrases.[8]
The Terminologia Anatomica specifically excludes eponyms, as they were determined to "give absolutely no anatomical information about the named structure, and vary considerably between countries and cultures".[9] In a 2023 study of eight gynecologic eponyms, the TA term was preferred in two cases, and showed a significant trend towards TA adoption in three others, leaving three non-TA terms likely to remain in common use.[10]
Categories of anatomical structures
editTerminologia Anatomica is divided into 16 chapters grouped into five parts. The official terms are in Latin. Although equivalent English-language terms are provided, only the official Latin terms are used as the basis for creating lists of equivalent terms in other languages.
Part I
editChapter 1: General anatomy
edit- General terms
- Reference planes
- Reference lines
- Human body positions
- Movements
- Parts of human body
- Regions of human body
Part II: Musculoskeletal systems
editChapter 2: Bones
edit- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
- Bones
- Cranium
- Extracranial bones of head
- Auditory ossicles
- Teeth
- Nasal cartilages
- Cartilages of ear
- Laryngeal cartilages
- Vertebral column
- Thoracic skeleton
- Bones of upper limb
- Bony pelvis
- Bones of lower limb
- Joints
Chapter 3: Joints
edit- Joints of skull
- Joints of auditory ossicles
- Laryngeal joints
- Joints of vertebral column
- Thoracic joints
- Joints of upper limb
- Joints of lower limb
Chapter 4: Muscular system
edit- Cranial part of muscular system
- Cervical part of muscular system
- Dorsal part of muscular system
- Thoracic part of muscular system
- Abdominal part of muscular system
- Pelvic part of muscular system
- Muscular system of upper limb
- Muscular system of lower limb
Part III: Visceral systems
editChapter 5: Digestive system
edit- Mouth
- Fauces
- Pharynx
- Digestive canal
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Extrahepatic bile ducts
- Pancreas
Chapter 6: Respiratory system
editChapter 7: Thoracic cavity
editChapter 8: Urinary system
editChapter 9: Genital systems
editChapter 10: Abdominopelvic cavity
editPart IV: Integrating systems I
editChapter 11: Endocrine glands
editChapter 12: Cardiovascular system
edit- Blood
- Lymph
- Vessels
- Vascular plexuses
- Heart
- Pulmonary vessels
- Cardiac vessels
- Systemic arteries
- Systemic veins
- Great lymphatic vessels
Chapter 13: Lymphoid organs
editPart V: Integrating systems II
editChapter 14: Nervous system
editChapter 15: Sense organs
editChapter 16: The integument
editSee also
edit- Terminologia Embryologica
- Terminologia Histologica
- Foundational Model of Anatomy, an ontology using current naming conventions
- Anatomical terminology
References
edit- ^ Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. 1998. ISBN 0-86577-808-6.
- ^ Kachlik, David; Musil, Vladimir; Baca, Vaclav (September 2015). "Terminologia Anatomica after 17 years: Inconsistencies, mistakes and new proposals". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 201: 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2015.04.006. PMID 26094127.
- ^ FIPAT (2019). Terminologia Anatomica. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology.
- ^ "Terminologia Anatomica 2019 TA2". www.bearboat.net.
- ^ Martin, Bradford D.; Thorpe, Donna; DeLuna, Vanessa; Howard, Trish; Hagemeyer, Josh; Wilkins, Nicholas (18 September 2014). "Frequency in Usage of Terminologia Anatomica Terms by Clinical Anatomists". Journal of Biomedical Education. 2014: e950898. doi:10.1155/2014/950898.
- ^ Mcleister, Kyle (August 2022). "Teaching anatomical terminology: a systematic approach". Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S68 – via Wikipedia Library.
- ^ Houle, Mélanie (August 2022). "Giving the province of Quebec a taste of its own medicine: diversity of dialect in the medical field". Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S69.
- ^ Russell, Stephen Clark (August 2022). "Notes from a philologist: when the English equivalents of TA terms are inconsistent with the original Latin terms". Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S68–S69.
- ^ McNulty, MA; Wisner, RL; Meyer, AJ (November 2021). "NOMENs land: The place of eponyms in the anatomy classroom" (PDF). Anatomical Sciences Education. 14 (6): 847–852. doi:10.1002/ase.2108. PMID 34145778. S2CID 235480786.
- ^ Shrosbree, B.; DeLancey, J.O.; Hong, C.X. (March 2023). "Frequency and trends in usage of eponyms in gynecologic anatomical terminology". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 228 (3): S907–S908. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.12.176. S2CID 257448700.
External links
editTA1998:
- Terminologia Anatomica 1998 on FIPAT site
- self-contained OPML and OmniOutliner files and Macintosh application - unofficial
- TA2 ID (P7173) (see uses)
TA2:
- Terminologia Anatomica, Second Edition, International Anatomical Terminology - official publication
- TA2Viewer - a searchable, dynamic web application of TA2 (2019), made in an official collaboration
- Terminologia Anatomica by Anatonomina - unofficial site with pictures and videos
- self-contained OPML and OmniOutliner files and Macintosh application - unofficial