State funerals in Canada are public events held to commemorate former governors general, prime ministers, other members of the cabinet who died in office, and, at the cabinet's discretion, other eminent Canadians. With ceremonial, military, and religious elements incorporated, state funerals are offered and executed by the governor general-in-council, who provides a dignified manner for the Canadian people to mourn a national public figure. Provincial and territorial governments may also perform state funerals for citizens in their particular jurisdictions. However, most state funerals are federal affairs.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Macdonald_lying_in_state.jpg/300px-Macdonald_lying_in_state.jpg)
As Canada shares the person of its monarch with the other Commonwealth realms, funerals for Canada's sovereigns, as well as for their consorts, typically take place in the monarch's oldest and most populous realm, the United Kingdom. In Canada, a commemoration service is conducted by the federal crown-in-council and sometimes by provincial crowns, as well.
Process
editState funerals are not required by any law and the family of the deceased may opt not to have such an event take place. Should the family agree to a state funeral, the Department of Canadian Heritage (DCH) will work in close consultation with them, as well as with other government departments and elements of the private sector, the degree of involvement depending on the size and complexity of the event. Similarly, the timeline varies on a case-by-case basis, most lasting between five and six days, during which the national flag is flown at half-mast on the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill in Ottawa and at other federal crown-owned installations across the country.
A formal statement issued by the governor general-in-council is typically broadcast by the media to notify the general public of an upcoming state funeral, while the DCH issues invitations according to the order of precedence, with foreign heads of state and government included.[1]
Meanwhile, in the days leading up to the funeral, the body is transported from the place of death to Ottawa, whereupon the casket is met by a guard of honour—drawn from the Governor General's Foot Guards for a former governor general and from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for a former prime minister, other ministers, or honoured individuals—and escorted by it to the Centre Block of the parliament buildings. There, the remains lie in state for a period of two days, with four members of the accordant guard of honour maintaining a constant vigil; for the remains of governors general, this takes place in the Senate chamber, in the Hall of Honour for those of prime ministers, and in other rooms for other individuals. On both days, designated hours are set for public viewing. The coffin is then escorted from the Centre Block to a waiting hearse as a gun salute is fired; 21 guns for a governor general, 19 guns for a prime minister, and 15 guns for others. The casket is then either transported to another location in the country for further memorials or to the place of burial.
State funeral memorial services are typically held in churches. The choice of host church is dependent on the religious faith of the deceased. However, since 1968, all state funerals held in Ottawa have included a service at the Anglican Church of Canada's Christ Church Cathedral; its five state funerals are the most of any venue. Three other churches have hosted two state funerals: All Saints Anglican Church, Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica, and St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, all in Ottawa. The state funeral of Jack Layton, held in 2011 at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto, is the only Canadian state funeral to have been held outside of a church.
Similar to a state funeral is a commemoration ceremony, which is a religious and/or memorial service to mark the passing of Canada's monarch (see Monarchy of Canada#Commemorative ceremonies) or a royal consort (both of whom typically have their state funerals in the United Kingdom), an individual from a family that did not wish a state funeral, or a foreign dignitary. For instance, a commemoration ceremony was held in Ottawa in 2002 for the death of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, the consort of King George VI. A service was held in 2013 for Nelson Mandela, the former President of South Africa. Nevertheless, these commemorations may be classified as state funerals by the Canadian government.[2] Provinces will also conduct their own commemoration ceremonies for the passing of the country's sovereign or a royal consort.
Not all who lie in state at parliament, nor all for whom flags are flown at half-mast, receive a state funeral. The exception was made for the funeral of Retired Sergeant Ernest Smith, the last living Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross from the Second World War.
In planning a state funeral, the government makes “every effort to accommodate the wishes of the family” and the family may decline the honour. A state funeral was offered for assassinated Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte in 1970 but his widow declined.[3] A state funeral was also offered for Chief Justice Bora Laskin by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau but his family declined, saying that Laskin “liked things very simple.” Instead, Laskin was honoured with a lying in state on Parliament Hill.[4][5]
History
editThe first state funeral in Canada was held for Thomas D'Arcy McGee after his assassination in April 1868.[6] The first Governor General of Canada to receive a state funeral was the Lord Tweedsmuir in 1940, who died in office. Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister was also the first to receive a state funeral. Jack Layton was the first Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition who was not also a former prime minister to be honoured with a state funeral;[2] after lying in state in the foyer of the House of Commons, the funeral service took place at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto.
Every prime minister of Canada has been accorded a state funeral except for two. Following the death of Canada's second prime minister, Alexander Mackenzie, flags were flown at half-mast across the country and parliament adjourned following speeches commemorating the former prime minister but while a state funeral was suggested, it was not ordered. Mackenzie's funeral occurred at the Jarvis Street Baptist Church with representatives of the federal cabinet in attendance as well as Opposition leader Wilfrid Laurier and almost all members of the Ontario legislature.[7][8][9]
Former Prime Minister R. B. Bennett did not have a state funeral as he had moved to England after leaving Canadian politics. He was buried in England in St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham in "a simple private service".[10]
Ceremonies for monarchs
editTo mark the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the federal crown-in-council arranged for gun salutes to take place on Parliament Hill, in the national capital, as well as at armouries across the country. The day of her funeral in the United Kingdom, 2 February, was declared a national day of mourning.[11] When King Edward VII died in 1910, his funeral date, 20 May, was set as a national holiday, during which military parades and tributes were held across the country.[11]
The death of King George V was officially recognized on the day of his funeral in the UK, 28 January 1936, by a royal proclamation from Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir, urging Canadians to attend church services and drape public buildings in black crepe. Between the King's death and his funeral, courthouses were closed.[11] As George's successor, Edward VIII, abdicated his position as king of Canada by the end of 1936, no ceremonies marked his death in 1972. At the time, Queen Elizabeth II, received messages of condolence from Governor General, Roland Michener, and Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau, and the federal parliament passed a motion expressing sympathy. None made mention of the Duke’s previous role as Canada's king, only his time as Prince of Wales.[11] Prime Minister Louis St Laurent laid a wreath at the Centre Block, in Ottawa, on 15 February 1952, the day of the burial of George VI. The day was an official holiday only in some provinces, while, in others, it was left to municipalities to decide how to commemorate the King.[11]
When Queen Elizabeth II died on 8 September 2022, after a 70 year reign as Queen of Canada, the country immediately entered a period of official mourning. A federal holiday was declared for the funeral,[12][13] while the provinces made a variety of arrangements for holidays.[18]
A national commemoration ceremony for Elizabeth II took place at Christ Church Cathedral in Ottawa on 19 September, preceded by a parade of the Canadian Armed Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police through downtown Ottawa, as well as a 96-gun salute.[19] Commemoration services took place in several provinces on the same day: in Alberta,[20] British Columbia,[21] Manitoba,[22] New Brunswick,[23] Newfoundland and Labrador,[24] Nova Scotia,[25] Prince Edward Island,[26] and Saskatchewan.[27] In Ontario, a memorial service was held in Toronto on 20 September.[28] On the advice of his cabinet, the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec did not authorize any official service of remembrance.[29]
List of state funerals in Canada
edit- ^ a b c d McGee, Foster, Perley, and Flaherty were not sitting cabinet ministers at the times of their deaths.
- ^ Longtime New Democratic Party of Canada leader Ed Broadbent was the first political leader who was neither a prime minister, cabinet minister, or leader of the opposition to be honoured with a state funeral.[4]
Other funerals for prime ministers
editState position | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Venue | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prime minister | Alexander Mackenzie | 1892 | Toronto, Ontario | Jarvis Street Baptist Church | [9][7] |
Prime minister | R. B. Bennett | 1947 | Mickleham, Surrey, England | St. Michael's Church | [10] |
List of national commemoration ceremonies in Canada
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen consort (article) | Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother | 9 April 2002 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | [2] |
President of South Africa | Nelson Mandela | 2013 | Ottawa, Ontario | Parkdale United Church | [2][73] |
Prince consort | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | 17 April 2021 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | |
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | Ottawa, Ontario | Christ Church Cathedral | [75][76] |
List of provincial state funerals in Canada
editAlberta
editState position | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lieutenant governor | Grant MacEwan | 2000 | Edmonton | Robertson-Wesley United Church | [77] |
Premier | Peter Lougheed | 2012 | Edmonton | Alberta Legislature | [78] |
Premier | Jim Prentice | 2016 | Calgary | Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium | [79] |
Newfoundland and Labrador
editState position | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lieutenant governor | John Crosbie | 2020 | St John's | Cathedral of St John the Baptist | [80] |
Ontario
editState position | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Premier | John Robarts | 1982 | Toronto | St Paul's Anglican Church | [81][82] |
Lieutenant governor | Lincoln Alexander | 26 October 2012 | Hamilton | Hamilton Place Theatre | [83] |
Lieutenant governor | David Onley | 30 January 2023 | Toronto | Yorkminster Park Baptist Church | [84] |
Mayor | Hazel McCallion | 14 February 2023 | Mississauga | Paramount Fine Foods Centre | [85] |
Quebec
editState funerals in Quebec are reserved for former premiers. "National" funerals may be held for other distinguished Quebecers. Unlike state funerals, these are only partially subsidized by the government.[86]
State position | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Premier | Maurice Duplessis | 1959 | Trois-Rivières | De l'Assomption (Immaculée-Conception) Cathedral | [87][88] |
Premier | Daniel Johnson Sr | 1968 | Quebec City | Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec | [89][90] |
Premier | Jean Lesage | 1980 | Quebec City | Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec | [91][92] |
Premier | René Lévesque | 1987 | Quebec City | Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec | [93] |
Premier | Robert Bourassa | 1996 | Montreal | Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal | [94] |
Premier | Jacques Parizeau | 2015 | Montreal | Église Saint-Germain | [95] |
Premier | Bernard Landry | 2018 | Montreal | Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal | [96] |
National funerals
editOccupation | Name | Date of funeral | Place of funeral | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athlete | Maurice Richard | 2000 | Montreal | Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal | [97] |
Union leader | Louis Laberge | 2002 | Montreal | Basilique Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde | [98] |
Athlete | Jean Béliveau | 2014 | Montréal | Basilique Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde | [99] |
Music producer and agent | René Angélil | 2016 | Montreal | Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal | |
Athlete | Guy Lafleur | 2022 | Montreal | Basilique Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde |
List of provincial commemoration ceremonies in Canada
editAlberta
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | Edmonton | Alberta Legislature Building | [20] |
British Columbia
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | Victoria | Christ Church Cathedral | [21] |
Manitoba
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | Winnipeg | Cathedral of St John | [22] |
New Brunswick
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | Fredericton | Christ Church Cathedral | [23] |
Newfoundland and Labrador
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | St John's | Cathedral of St John the Baptist | [24] |
Nova Scotia
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prince consort | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | 17 April 2021 | Halifax | All Saints Cathedral | [100] |
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | Halifax | All Saints Cathedral | [25] |
Ontario
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prince consort | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | 17 April 2021 | Toronto | Cathedral Church of St James | [100] |
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 20 September 2022 | Toronto | Cathedral Church of St James | [28] |
Prince Edward Island
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | Charlottetown | St Peter's Cathedral | [26] |
Saskatchewan
editState position | Name | Date of ceremony | Place of ceremony | Building | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen consort | Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother | 9 April 2002 | |||
Prince Albert | [101] | ||||
Regina | St Paul's Cathedral | ||||
Saskatoon | |||||
Queen of Canada | Elizabeth II | 19 September 2022 | Regina | St Paul's Cathedral | [27] |
See also
editReferences
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- ^ a b c d e "Past state funerals and national commemorative ceremonies". Government of Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ MacSween, Joseph (21 October 1970). "A grieving Quebec buries Laporte". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Broadbent to be honoured with state funeral in Ottawa". Ottawa Citizen. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "Bora Laskin buried". The Leader-Post. 29 March 1984. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ Ciarula, Lesley (23 August 2011), "State funeral for Layton in Toronto on Saturday", Toronto Star, retrieved 23 August 2011
- ^ a b Francess G. Halpenny (1990). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. p. 658. ISBN 9780802034601. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ^ William Buckingham; Sir George William Ross (1892). The Hon. Alexander Mackenzie: His Life and Times. p. 639. ISBN 9780722225745. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ^ a b Sir George William Ross, William Buckingham (1892). The Hon. Alexander Mackenzie: His Life and Times. Rose Publishing Company. p. 641. ISBN 9780665038211.
jarvis street baptist church, the route.
- ^ a b "Viscount Bennett". Albert County Museum and RB Bennett Centre. THE ALBERT COUNTY MUSEUM & RB BENNETT COMMEMORATIVE CENTRE. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
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- ^ a b Zimonjic, Peter (13 September 2022). "Canada announces federal holiday to mark Queen's funeral on Sept 19". CBC News. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends". CBC News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
- ^ Cecco, Leyland (14 September 2022), "Canada's federal holiday to mourn the Queen leaves a patchwork of confusion", The Guardian, retrieved 19 September 2022
- ^ McKinley, Steve (14 September 2022), "Why Atlantic Canada is doing what Ontario didn't—and marking the Queen's funeral with a holiday", Toronto Star, retrieved 26 January 2023
- ^ Rocca, Ryan; D'Mello, Colin (13 September 2022), Ontario will not have provincial holiday Monday to mark Queen's death, Global News, retrieved 26 January 2023
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- ^ a b Province Provides Details on Commemorative Events to Honour Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Province of Manitoba, 16 September 2022, retrieved 18 September 2022
- ^ a b Government of New Brunswick (15 September 2022), Commemorative service for the late Queen Elizabeth II, Queen's Printer for New Brunswick, retrieved 18 September 2022
- ^ a b Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (15 September 2022), Public Advisory: Details on Commemorative Service for Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II, Queen's Printer for Newfoundland and Labrador, retrieved 18 September 2022
- ^ a b Government of Nova Scotia (13 September 2022), Provincial Commemorative Service for Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen's Printer for Nova Scotia, retrieved 18 September 2022
- ^ a b Government of Prince Edward Island (13 September 2022), Day of Mourning to be marked as Statutory Holiday on Prince Edward Island, Queen's Printer for Prince Edward Island, retrieved 18 September 2022
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- ^ CBC Alerts on X
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- ^ Tasker, John (19 September 2022). "Canada is the country it is today because of Queen Elizabeth, Mulroney says at memorial service". CBC News. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023.
- ^ CBC News, CBC News (20 June 2000). "State Funeral for Grant MacEwan". CBC News.
- ^ Bennett, Dean (16 September 2012). "Two flags drape Peter Lougheed's coffin as mourners pay respects". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ "State funeral planned for Prentice". iPolitics. iPolitics. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
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- ^ Humphreys, Adrian (26 October 2012), "State funeral honours former Ontario lieutenant governor Lincoln Alexander's 'life of firsts'", National Post, retrieved 28 October 2012
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- ^ Office of the Premier (2 February 2023). "Members of the Public Invited to Honour the Late Hazel McCallion". Province of Ontario. Toronto ON: King's Printer for Ontario. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ "René Angélil's 'national' funeral 'over the top,' says Francine Pelletier". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ Paulin, Marguerite (2005). Maurice Duplessis: powerbroker, politician. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 1-894852-17-6.
- ^ "Duplessis Is Buried in Simple Ceremony". The Globe and Mail. 11 September 1959.
- ^ "Quebec mourns premier at state funeral". Star-Phoenix. 30 September 1968. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
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- ^ Burns, John F. (3 November 1987). "René Lévesque, Ex-Premier of Quebec, Dies at 65". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
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- ^ Authier, Philip (6 November 2018). "Bernard Landry to be honoured with state funeral". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
- ^ "Rocket to get state funeral". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 May 2000. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- ^ Thanh Ha, Tu (20 July 2002). "Quebec labour legend will have state funeral". The Globe And Mail. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
- ^ Thompson, Elizabeth (3 December 2014). "Béliveau to get Quebec state funeral". iPolitics. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ a b MacDonald, Michael (16 April 2021). "'Quite fitting.' Prince Philip's funeral an online event for all but a few in Canada". Toronto Star. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ "Canadians Celebrate the Lives of The Queen Mother & Princess Margaret" (PDF), Canadian Monarchist News, 7 (1), Monarchist League of Canada: 4, retrieved 27 January 2023
External links
edit- State funerals and national commemorative ceremonies at the website of the Government of Canada