Wikipedia

Orders of magnitude (force)

The following list shows different orders of magnitude of force.

Examples of force.

Since weight under gravity is a force, several of these examples refer to the weight of various objects. Unless otherwise stated, these are weights under average Earth gravity at sea level.

Below 1 N

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Factor (N) Value Item
10−47
 3.6×10−17 qN Gravitational attraction of the proton and the electron in hydrogen atom[1]
10−30
quectonewton (qN) 		8.9 qN Weight of an electron[1]
10−26
 16 rN Weight of a hydrogen atom[1]
10−24
yoctonewton (yN) 		5 yN Force necessary to synchronize the motion of a single trapped ion with an external signal measured in a 2010 experiment[2][3]
10−22 170 yN Force measured in a 2010 experiment by perturbing 60 beryllium-9 ions[4][5]
10−18
attonewton (aN)
10−17 30 aN Smallest force of gravity measured[6][7]
10−15
femtonewton (fN) 		 
10−14 ~10 fN Brownian motion force on an E. coli bacterium averaged over 1 second[8]
~10 fN Weight of an E. coli bacterium[9][10]
10−13 ~100 fN Force to stretch double-stranded DNA to 50% relative extension[8]
10−12
piconewton (pN) 		~4 pN Force to break a hydrogen bond[8]
~5 pN Maximum force of a molecular motor[8]
10−11  
10−10 ~160 pN Force to break a typical noncovalent bond[8]
10−9
nanonewton (nN) 		~1.6 nN Force to break a typical covalent bond[8]
10−8
 ~82nN Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom[1]
10−7
 ~200nN Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by an outdated definition of one ampere
10−6
micronewton (μN) 		1–150 μN Output of FEEP ion thrusters used in NASA's Laser Interferometer Space Antenna[11]
10−4  
10−3
millinewton (mN) 		2-4 mN EQUULEUS § Propulsion
10−2 19-92 mN Thrust of the NSTAR ion engine tested on NASA's space probe Deep Space 1[12]
10−1    

1 N and above

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Magnitude Value Item
1 N 1.4 N The weight of a smartphone[13][14]
2.5 N Typical thrust of a Dual-Stage 4-Grid ion thruster.
9.8 N One kilogram-force, nominal weight of a 1 kg (2.2 lb) object at sea level on Earth[15]
10 N 50 N Average force to break the shell of a chicken egg from a young hen[16]
102 N 720 N Average force of human bite, measured at molars[17]
103 N
kilonewton (kN) 		5 kN The force applied by the engine of a small car during peak acceleration[citation needed]
8 kN The maximum force achieved by weight lifters during a 'clean and jerk' lift[18] (During the clean part)
9 kN The bite force of one adult American alligator[19]
104 N 16.5 kN The bite force of a 5.2 m (17 ft) saltwater crocodile[20]
18 kN The estimated bite force of a 6.1 m (20 ft) adult great white shark[21]
25 kN Approximate force applied by the motors of a Tesla Model S during maximal acceleration[22]
25.5 to 34.5 kN The estimated bite force of a large 6.7 m (22 ft) adult saltwater crocodile[23]
105 N 100 kN The average force applied by seatbelt and airbag to a restrained passenger in a car which hits a stationary barrier at 100 km/h[24]
569 kN Maximum thrust of a large turbofan engine (General Electric GE90)
890 kN Maximum pulling force (tractive effort) of a single large diesel-electric locomotive[1]
106 N
meganewton (MN) 		1.8 MN Thrust of Space Shuttle Main Engine at lift-off[25][26][27]
1.9 MN Weight of the largest Blue Whale[1]
107 N 35 MN Thrust of Saturn V rocket at lift-off[28]
108 N 570 MN Simplistic estimate of force of sunlight on Earth[29]
109 N
giganewton (GN)
1020 N 200 EN Gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon[30]
1022 N 35 ZN Gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun[31]
1029 N ≈450 RN Gravitational attraction between our Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy[32]
1044 N 1.2×1014 QN Planck force

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Hugh D. Young, University Physics 4th Ed, 1992, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, Inc.
  2. ^ Knünz, S.; Herrmann, M.; Batteiger, V.; Saathoff, G.; Hänsch, T.; Vahala, K.; Udem, T. (2010). "Injection Locking of a Trapped-Ion Phonon Laser" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 105 (1): 013004. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.105a3004K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.013004. PMID 20867440.
  3. ^ "Single atoms for detecting extremely weak forces". Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics. Archived from the original on 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  4. ^ Brumfiel, G. (2010). "Scientists measure atomic nudge". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.187.
  5. ^ M. J. Biercuk; H. Uys; J. W. Britton; A. P. VanDevender; J. J. Bollinger (9 Apr 2010). "Ultrasensitive detection of force and displacement using trapped ions". Nature Nanotechnology. 5 (9): 646–650. arXiv:1004.0780. Bibcode:2010NatNa...5..646B. doi:10.1038/NNANO.2010.165. PMID 20729835. S2CID 119244588. detection of forces as small as 174 yN
  6. ^ Fuchs, Tim M.; Uitenbroek, Dennis G.; Plugge, Jaimy; van Halteren, Noud; van Soest, Jean-Paul; Vinante, Andrea; Ulbricht, Hendrik; Oosterkamp, Tjerk H. (2024-02-23). "Measuring gravity with milligram levitated masses". Science Advances. 10 (8). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk2949. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10889343. PMID 38394194.
  7. ^ "Scientists measure gravity in Attonewton — up to one billionth of a billionth of a Newton". WION. 2024-02-25. Archived from the original on 2024-09-06. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Forces involved at the biological level". PicoTwist. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  9. ^ "E. coli Statistics". The CyberCell Database. Archived from the original on 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  10. ^ Calculated: weight = mass * g = 1e-15 kg * 9.81 m/s^2 = 1e-14 N
  11. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2009-01-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "NSTAR Ion Thruster". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 January 2003. Retrieved 9 January 2012. thrust from 19 mN to 92 mN
  13. ^ "How Much Does Your Smartphone Really Weigh?". 15 December 2016.
  14. ^ https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3097/fs2006-3097.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  15. ^ "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  16. ^ Damme, Klaus (2020). Geflügeljahrbuch 2021. Stuttgart, Germany: Eugen Ulmer KG. pp. 262–281. ISBN 978-3-8186-1186-6.
  17. ^ Houston T E, Bite Force and Bite Pressure: Comparisons of Humans and Dogs, 2003 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-24. Retrieved 2016-02-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^ The Human Machine By R. McNeill Alexander, Mark Iley, Sally Alexander
  19. ^ Erickson, G. M.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A. (2003). "The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 260 (3): 317. doi:10.1017/S0952836903003819. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. 9452 N
  20. ^ "Crocodiles Have Strongest Bite Ever Measured, Hands-on Tests Show". Retrieved 15 March 2012. The "winners"—saltwater crocodiles—slammed their jaws shut with 3,700 pounds per square inch (psi), or 16,460 newtons, of bite force.
  21. ^ "Great White Tops List of Hardest-Biting Sharks". Discovery News. Discovery Channel. Retrieved 21 January 2012. a bite force of 9,320 Newton at the tip of its jaws and 18,216 N at the back of its jaws
  22. ^ Calculated from maximum acceleration of 1.22 g and kerb mass of 2,050 kg (4,520 lb).
  23. ^ Erickson, Gregory M.; Gignac, Paul M.; Steppan, Scott J.; Lappin, A. Kristopher; Vliet, Kent A.; Brueggen, John D.; Inouye, Brian D.; Kledzik, David; Webb, Grahame J. W. (2012). "Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965. scientifically documented 6.7-meter long Crocodylus porosus individuals were likely capable of molariform bite forces of approximately 27,531 N to 34,424 N (6,187 to 7,736 lbs).
  24. ^ Lawrence Weinstein and John A. Adams, Guesstimation, 2008, Section 6.3.1
  25. ^ "Space Shuttle Main Engine". Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013. 109% power level at sea level: 418,000 lb
  26. ^ Wade, Mark. "SSME". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on June 26, 2002. Retrieved 27 October 2011. Launches normally used 104% ... as a maximum
  27. ^ Calculated: 418000 lbf * 4.45 N/lbf * (104% launch power level / 109%) = 1.77e6 N.
  28. ^ "What Was the Saturn V?". NASA. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2012. The rocket generated 34.5 million newtons ... of thrust at launch
  29. ^ 1.63 x 10−14 x gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun, assuming total absorption of sunlight Sunlight Exerts Pressure, NASA Glenn LTP Math & Science Resources
  30. ^ "The Earth-Moon Equations". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  31. ^ NASA.gov
  32. ^ Calculated from known masses (both ×1012 kg) at a distance of 2.5 Mly.
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