Micrurus mipartitus (red-tailed coral snake[2] or many-banded coral snake)[3] is a species of coral snake in the family Elapidae.[2] The species is native to Central America and northern South America. The red-tailed coral snake is common in agricultural areas in Colombia.[4] Its highly neurotoxic venom is known to cause seizures in its prey by activating nerve proteins responsible for seizures within it.[5]
| Micrurus mipartitus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | Micrurus |
| Species: | M. mipartitus
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| Binomial name | |
| Micrurus mipartitus | |
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Elaps mipartitus | |
Subspecies
editFive subspecies are recognized as being valid.[2]
- M. m. mipartitus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – Pacific red-tailed coral snake
- M. m. anomalus (Boulenger, 1896) – Santa Marta red-tailed coral snake
- M. m. decussatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – Andean red-tailed coral snake
- M. m. popayanensis Ayerbe, M.A. Tidwell & M. Tidwell, 1990 – Popayan red-tailed coral snake
- M. m. rozei Golay, Chiszar, H.M. Smith & Breukelen, 1999 – Roze's red-tailed coral snake
Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Micrurus.
Phenotypic features
editM. mipartitus has a cylindrical body that can reach a total length (including tail) of 140.6 cm (55.4 in).[6] It has quite small eyes and a rounded head. The black body rings of this species can number from 34 to 84 and are separated by narrow yellow or white intermediary rings. The second ring on the head and 3 or 4 of the tail rings are red-colored in contrast to the white or yellow rings.[4]
Natural history
editM. mipartitus is a species of crepuscular and nocturnal habits. During periods of low rainfall, it may be located underground, several centimeters deep. In times of high rainfall, it is found on the soil surface or where leaf litter is abundant. This coral snake lives in forests, from tropical dry forests to foggy forests, and is also found in human settlements in rural areas used for agriculture.[7]
The diet of M. mipartitus is mainly based on snakes (e.g., Atractus werneri, A. sanctamartae, Leptotyphlops spp.) as well as lizards (e.g., Lepidoblepharis sanctaemartae), amphisbaenids (e.g., Amphisbaena spp.), frogs, and caecilians (e.g., Caecilia guntheri). It is oviparous; about eight white-colored eggs have been recorded, which are 2.9 cm (1.1 in) long, with an average weight of 3.1 g (0.11 oz). Incubation period lasts between 73–87 days, total length of each hatchling varies from 20–21.9 cm (7.9–8.6 in) and weight is around 3.3 g (0.12 oz).[7]
Range
editIt occurs in Central America and South America.[1][2][3] Limits of its range vary by source and may include Nicaragua[3] and Costa Rica[2] in the north, although older records from Nicaragua and Costa Rica likely refer to M. multifasciatus.[2] The IUCN Redlist restricts its range to Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador, and possibly Peru.[1] It has also been listed from Brazil (Rondônia).[2]
Venom
editThe red-tailed coral snake has a potentially deadly neurotoxic venom, which produces a complete depolarizing muscle block.[8] Proteomics analysis of the venom components found that it contains about 60% three-finger toxins, 30% phospholipase A2, and 10% other toxins.[9] The most abundant venom component is the three-finger toxin mipartoxin-I.[10]
The venom acts by blocking the neuromuscular transmission of nerve muscle preparations, it acts in a post-synaptic way through the Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChr), inhibiting the muscle contractions in phrenic nerve diaphragm.[11] After the bite, local pain and paraesthesia appear in minutes, in severe cases, neurological manifestations appear in 30 minutes to 1–2 hours, such as progressive bilateral ptosis, dysarthria, progressive weakness in the muscles of the extremities, difficulties in walking, salivation, drowsiness, respiratory arrest, flaccid quadriparesis and severe flaccid quadriplegia. The LD50 for 18-20 gram mice is 9 μg and 0.45 mg / kg. The intraperitoneal lethal dose is 0.125 mg / kg and 0.06 μg / g.[4][12]
References
edit- ^ a b c Ibáñez, R.; Ines Hladki, A.; Jaramillo, C.; Ramírez Pinilla, M.; Renjifo, J.; Urbina, N.; Schargel, W.; Rivas, G. (2017). "Micrurus mipartitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T203627A2769221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T203627A2769221.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Micrurus mipartitus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 6 October 2020.
- ^ a b c "Micrurus mipartitus". Venomous snakes in Costa Rica. Clodomiro Picado Research Institute, Universidad de Costa Rica. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ a b c Cañas, Carlos A.; Castro-Herrera, Fernando; Castaño-Valencia, Santiago (2017). "Envenomation by the red-tailed coral snake (Micrurus mipartitus) in Colombia". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 23: 9. doi:10.1186/s40409-017-0100-4. PMC 5307858. PMID 28228775.
- ^ "Red Tail Coral Snake Venom Activates Nerve Cell Proteins That Cause Seizures". www.reptilesmagazine.com. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
- ^ Vera Pérez, Luis Enrique; Zúñiga Baos, Jorge Alberto; Ayerbe González, Santiago (2019). "Nuevos registros de longitud y dieta de Micrurus mipartitus (Duméril, Bibron y Duméril, 1854) (Serpentes: Elapidae)". Revista Novedades Colombianas (in Spanish). 14 (1): 49–56. doi:10.47374/novcol.2019.v14.1434. S2CID 241998067.
- ^ a b Rios-Soto, Julián Alberto; et al. "Micrurus mipartitus (Duméril, Bibron y Duméril, 1854)". Catálogo de anfibios y reptiles de Colombia (in Spanish). 4 (1): 37–44.
- ^ Ocampo-Trujillo, Bernardo (2016-04-01). "Caso clínico histórico. Mordedura de serpiente «rabo de ají» en el año de 1968. Viacrucis de un herpetólogo" [Historical clinical case. «Coral snake» Micrurus mipartitus bite in 1968. A herpetologist's ordeal]. Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología (in Spanish and English). 44 (2): 161–169. doi:10.1016/j.rca.2015.11.011. ISSN 0120-3347.
- ^ Rey-Suárez, Paola; Núñez, Vitelbina; Gutiérrez, José María; Lomonte, Bruno (December 2011). "Proteomic and biological characterization of the venom of the redtail coral snake, Micrurus mipartitus (Elapidae), from Colombia and Costa Rica". Journal of Proteomics. 75 (2): 655–667. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2011.09.003. PMID 21963438.
- ^ Rey-Suárez, Paola; Floriano, Rafael Stuani; Rostelato-Ferreira, Sandro; Saldarriaga-Córdoba, Mónica; Núñez, Vitelbina; Rodrigues-Simioni, Léa; Lomonte, Bruno (October 2012). "Mipartoxin-I, a novel three-finger toxin, is the major neurotoxic component in the venom of the redtail coral snake Micrurus mipartitus (Elapidae)". Toxicon. 60 (5): 851–863. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.05.023. hdl:10669/74496. PMID 22677806.
- ^ "Mipartoxin-1 precursor - Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake)". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ "Easy Snake Identification | snakeID.online". snakedb.org. Retrieved 2020-10-26.