There are many Mexican LGBT+ films, a genre that has developed through the film history of the country since the 1970s.
Gay characters have appeared in Mexican cinema since the 1930s, but were not integrated until the ficheras of the 1970s. After this genre of sexploitation comedy, Mexico produced films as part of the wave of Maricón cinema. In 2001, with the success of Y Tu Mamá También, Mexico propelled Latin America into a period of increased LGBT+ film production unified as New Maricón Cinema.
Within Mexico-specific LGBT+ cinema, a conflict of homosexuality and national identity is common and a frequent topic of analysis.
History
editGay characters in Mexican cinema have been said by Michael K. Schuessler to have started out in films as stereotypes to be ridiculed, but, in line with "the change in conception about homosexuality in Mexican culture", writes that they developed into "complex characters with psychological depth".[1] Schuessler notes the films of Arturo Ripstein and Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, calling them a "transition point" before the works of Julián Hernández that comprise a lot of Mexican gay cinema in the 21st century.[1]
Early gay characters: Fichera
editFichera is the genre of Mexican film that contained the first gay characters. Dominating production in the country in the 1970s and early 1980s — around a third of Mexican films in 1981 were ficheras.[2]:28 They contained characters including transvestites and jotos,[2]:29 and were influenced by even earlier Mexican nightclub films that contained queens performing as a common trope; the type of gay characters in the films may fit the "in-between" type of Richard Dyer's categories.[3]:75 Though showing such characters may have been considered progressive so early in film history, this is the only realization of LGBT themes and the characters were typically small parts and played for comedy by being based in gender deviance.[3]:76 What are now considered among Mexican LGBT+ films in the 1970s and 1980s do not include films in the related but distinct genre of fichera.[4]
Maricón cinema
editMaricón cinema is similar to the fichera but has a structured narrative and less comedy. Films of this era in Mexico include those of Ripstein and Hermosillo, particularly Doña Herlinda y su hijo.[2]:175-176 Fresa y chocolate is said to be a "classic" of the genre, which lasted primarily up to, though with some films produced after, 2001.[2]:178-179
Post-2001: Y Tu Mamá También and New Maricón Cinema
editSeveral of the notable works of Ximena Cuevas, a Mexican performance artiste who incorporates themes of lesbianism into her works and who has been called "a perfect prototype for an emergent Queer New Latin American Cinema", were performed in 2001.[5]:172 In this year, Y tu mamá también was also released. The popularity and success across the Spanish and English speaking worlds became a trigger moment in Latin American LGBT+ cinema, with more LGBT+ themes appearing in the mainstream.[5]:176-177
In society
editThe 18+ rating given to Y Tu Mamá También in its native Mexico caused outrage, in part because of its reasoning seen as insufficient to warrant the rating but further because this rating completely bans anyone under 18 from seeing the film, which people believed was censorship as parents could not choose to allow their children to see it, if only as a form of education. This prompted its producers the Cuarón brothers to expose the RTC ratings board, which led to the system being separated from government control.[6] The film was released unrated in the United States, as it was feared it would receive the NC-17 rating, with the high rating also a point of condemnation against the US ratings board in Roger Ebert's review.[7]
Analysis
editHomosexuality and national identity
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Several writers analyze representations of gay characters in Mexican cinema, or lack thereof, in relation to fitting into a national identity. In such writings, this identity goes beyond a formulation of machismo and Lucha libre to something more inherently potentially homophobic, where homosexuality is or was traditionally conceived of as not-Mexican.
Alfredo Martínez Expósito writes that though a "conspicuous scarcity of gay characters and themes in Mexican cinema" may be blamed on "a machismo-inflected patriarchy", the image of the homosexual is more likely controlled by "both the image that Mexicans have formed of his own country and the image that Mexico has exported to other countries". Martínez Expósito suggests that "cinematic attempts to introduce gay characters and themes in national cinema should necessarily be doomed" because "Mexicanness" as a concept and identity contains a lot of features associated with patriarchy, which he says explains why Mexican LGBT+ cinema (pre-2001) used various strategies in order to acceptably introduce their themes; characters who are camp but not gay, characters who are closeted, for example, up until "the latent homosexual in Y tu mamá también", which he suggests "tested the limits of national tolerance".[8]
Vinodh Venkatesh, in his writing on the role of children in Latin American LGBT+ films, also notes this theme more recently. Hendrix in 2011's La otra familia is educated on LGBT+ matters and has a representative choice to accept a foreign gay couple as his adoptive parents, implicitly a choice allowing queerness to be introduced into national identity. This film is also noted for instructionally introducing the English term "gay" as a modern and politically correct term to replace the extensive lexicon of gay slurs pertaining only to Mexico, and featuring exaggerated stereotypes of typical Mexican characters in Gabino and Doña Chuy trying to reinforce ideals of machismo, homophobia, and national identity all mixed together to Hendrix.[9]:188-190
Christina Elaine Baker's doctoral thesis looks at Mexican cabaret and different forms of drag as being expressions of queerness outside of the mainstream represented by film. Baker extends her scope to view the queering properties of these performances to be "questioning not just identity constructions, but also the way the body exists in relation to the space and time within which the performances occur", suggesting that "the artists [...] queer, subvert and re-configure expectations of heteronormativity, the whitened mestizo physique and male/female gender binaries associated with mexicanidad," and that by using queer bodies in this way "they propose alternative definitions of what it means to be Mexican." Baker notes that there is no similar representation or challenge to what constitutes national identity in Mexican film of the Golden Age, which she places as the mainstream, but that the performance appears in the LGBT+ cinema movements that succeed it, including fichera and Maricón cinema.[10]
Films
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The bisexual-themed 2001 Y Tu Mamá También was nominated for an Oscar.[11]
| Year | Film title | Director | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1938 | La casa del ogro | Fernando de Fuentes | [8][12] |
| 1951 | Muchachas de Uniforme | Alfredo B. Crevenna | remake of the German Mädchen in Uniform[13] |
| 1969 | Modisto de señoras | René Cardona Jr. | [8] |
| 1972 | Fin de la fiesta | [14] | |
| 1973 | Peluquero de señoras | René Cardona Jr. | [8] |
| 1973 | The Holy Mountain | Alejandro Jodorowsky | |
| 1975 | Satánico pandemonium | Gilberto Martínez Solares | |
| 1976 | Tres mujeres en la hoguera | Abel Salazar | |
| 1977 | Alucarda | Juan López Moctezuma | |
| 1978 | The Place Without Limits | Arturo Ripstein | |
| 1983 | Appearances Are Deceptive | Jaime Humberto Hermosillo | |
| 1984 | El Otro | Arturo Ripstein | [8] |
| 1985 | ¿Como vés? | Paul Leduc | [8] |
| 1985 | Dona Herlinda and Her Son[15] | Jaime Humberto Hermosillo | features first same-sex couple in Mexican cinema[12] |
| 1986 | Casos de alarma 1/SIDA | Benjamín Escamilla Espinosa | [8] |
| 1987 | Clandestino destino | Jaime Humberto Hermosillo | [8] |
| 1987 | Mentiras piadosas | Arturo Ripstein | [8] |
| 1988 | El verano de la señora Forbes | Jaime Humberto Hermosillo | [8] |
| 1989 | El chico temido de la vecindad | Enrique Gómez Vadillo | [8] |
| 1989 | Santa Sangre | Alejandro Jodorowsky | |
| 1990 | El día de las locas | Eduardo Martínez | [8] |
| 1990 | Machos | Enrique Gómez Vadillo | [8] |
| 1990 | Muerte en la playa | Enrique Gómez Vadillo | [8] |
| 1991 | Amsterdam boulevard | Enrique Gómez Vadillo | [8] |
| 1991 | Danzón | María Novaro | |
| 1992 | Imperio de los malditos | Christian González | [8] |
| 1993 | Actos impuros[15] | Roberto Fiesco | written by Fiesco and Julián Hernández[16] |
| 1993 | Bienvenido-Welcome | Gabriel Retes | [8] |
| 1993 | En el paraíso no existe el dolor | Víctor Saca | [8] |
| 1993 | Miroslava | Alejandro Pelayo | |
| 1994 | Dulces compañías | Oscar Blancarte | [8] |
| 1994 | Strawberry and Chocolate | Tomás Gutiérrez Alea and Juan Carlos Tabío | |
| 1995 | Cilantro y perejil | Rafael Montero | [8] |
| 1995 | Midaq Alley | Jorge Fons | |
| 1997 | De noche vienes, Esmeralda | Jaime Humberto Hermosillo | [8] |
| 1997 | En las manos de Dios | Zalman King | [8] |
| 1997 | El evangelio de las maravillas | Arturo Ripstein | [8] |
| 1999 | Crónica de un desayuno | Benjamín Cann | [8] |
| 1999 | Sin destino | Leopoldo Laborde | [8] |
| 2001 | Y Tu Mamá También | Alfonso Cuarón | |
| 2001 | De la calle | Gerardo Tort | [8] |
| 2001 | Demasiado amor | Ernesto Rimoch | [8] |
| 2002 | Exxxorcismos | Jaime Humberto Hermosillo | [8] |
| 2003 | A Thousand Clouds of Peace | Julián Hernández | |
| 2003 | Lucía, Lucía | Antonio Serrano | |
| 2003 | Vivir | Julián Hernández | short film[15] |
| 2004 | 7 mujeres, 1 homosexual y Carlos | René Bueno | |
| 2004 | Puñas rosas | Beto Gómez | [8] |
| 2004 | Temporada de patos | Fernando Eimbcke | [17] |
| 2005 | David | Roberto Fiesco | short film[15] |
| 2005 | Identidad | Julián Hernández | short film; also known as Fragmento de identidad and I Will Sleep When I'm Dead; basis for Broken Sky[15] |
| 2005 | Yo estaba ocupada encontrando respuestas, mientras tú simplemente seguías con la vida real | Raúl Fuentes | short film |
| 2006 | Broken Sky | Julián Hernández | |
| 2007 | Bramadero | Julián Hernández | short film[15] |
| 2007 | Quemar las Naves | Francisco Franco Alba | |
| 2009 | Raging Sun, Raging Sky | Julián Hernández | |
| 2011 | Jet Lag | Sergio Tovar Velarde | [15] |
| 2011 | La otra familia | Gustavo Loza | |
| 2012 | A World for Raúl | Mauro Mueller | [15] |
| 2013 | Instructions Not Included | Eugenio Derbez | |
| 2013 | No sé si cortarme las venas o dejármelas largas | Manolo Caro | [2]:177 |
| 2013 | Peyote | Omar Flores Sarabia | [15] |
| 2014 | Four Moons | Sergio Tovar Velarde | |
| 2014 | Perfect Obedience | Luis Urquiza | |
| 2014 | Velociraptor | Chucho E. Quintero | [15] |
| 2014 | Wandering Clouds | Julián Hernández | short film[15] |
| 2014 | Yo soy felicidad de este mundo | Julián Hernández | [15] |
| 2015 | Eisenstein in Guanajuato | Peter Greenaway | |
| 2015 | I Promise You Anarchy | Julio Hernández Cordón | |
| 2015 | Muchacho en la barra se masturba con rabia y osadía | Julián Hernández | short film[15] |
| 2015 | Trémulo | Roberto Fiesco | short film[15] |
| 2016 | Boys on the Rooftop | Julián Hernández | short film[15] |
| 2016 | Macho | Antonio Serrano | [18] |
| 2016 | The Untamed | Amat Escalante | |
| 2017 | A Place to Be | Tadeo Garcia | [15] |
| 2017 | Chavela | Catherine Gund and Daresha Kyi | |
| 2017 | Cuernavaca | Alejandro Andrade Pease | [17] |
| 2017 | Hazlo como hombre | Nicolás López | |
| 2017 | I Dream in Another Language | Ernesto Contreras | |
| 2017 | The Other Side | Rodrigo Alvarez Flores | [15] |
| 2018 | Esto no es Berlín | Hari Sama | [19] |
| 2020 | Dance of the 41 | David Pablos |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Arroyo Quiroz, Claudia (2011). México imaginado : nuevos enfoques sobre el cine (trans)nacional. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. OCLC 815945448.
- ^ a b c d e Venkatesh, Vinodh (2016-09-27). New Maricón cinema : outing Latin American film (First ed.). Austin. ISBN 9781477310144. OCLC 921425424.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b V. Lewis (2010). Crossing Sex and Gender in Latin America. Springer. ISBN 9780230109964.
- ^ "1976-1982: Los años de las "Ficheras"". Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
- ^ a b B. Ruby Rich (2013). New Queer Cinema: The Director's Cut. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822354284.
- ^ Wood, Jason (2006). The Faber Book of Mexican Cinema. London: Faber and Faber Ltd. ISBN 978-0571217328.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (5 April 2002). "Y tu mama tambien; Review". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Martínez Expósito, Alfredo (2012-12-15). "El cine gay mexicano y su impacto en la imagen nacional. Modisto de señoras (1969), Doña Herlinda y su hijo (1985), Y tu mamá también (2001)". Amerika: Mémoires, identités, territoires (in Spanish) (7). doi:10.4000/amerika.3379. ISSN 2107-0806.
- ^ Vinodh Venkatesh (2016). New Maricón Cinema: Outing Latin American Film. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477310175.
- ^ Baker, Christina (2015). Queering mexicanidad in Cabaret and Film: Redefining Boundaries of Belonging (PhD dissertation). University of Wisconsin–Madison. ProQuest 3734161.
- ^ "10 great LGBTQ+ films from Latin America". BFI. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ a b Lonely Planet. "Gay and Lesbian Mexico City" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ "Pioneering Mexican Lesbian Film Screened for the First Time Ever in the US". Remezcla. 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
- ^ "End of the Party". 13 January 1972 – via www.imdb.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Gay Movies from Mexico". www.listal.com. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
- ^ Actos impuros, retrieved 2019-08-27
- ^ a b "Outfest Offers a Look at the LGBTQ Community of the Americas Through Film". Remezcla. 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
- ^ "Macho | Netflix". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
- ^ "From Gay Conversion Therapy to Leather Competitions: Must-See Latino Movies Playing Outfest". Remezcla. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
