The Mechelen transit camp, officially SS-Sammellager Mecheln (lit. 'SS Assembly Camp Mechelen') in German, also known as the Dossin barracks, was a detention and deportation camp established in a former army barracks at Mechelen in German-occupied Belgium. It served as a point to gather Belgian Jews and Romani ahead of their deportation to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust.
| Mechelen transit camp SS-Sammellager Mecheln | |
|---|---|
| Transit camp | |
 Modern view of Dossin Barracks which housed the transit camp | |
  Location of the camp in Belgium | |
| Coordinates | 51°02′02″N 4°28′42″E / 51.03389°N 4.47833°E |
| Other names | SS-Sammellager Mecheln |
| Location | Mechelen, Belgium |
| Operated by | Nazi Germany
|
| Original use | Military barracks[Note 1] |
| First built | 1756 |
| Operational | July 1942 – September 1944 |
| Inmates | mainly Jews and Roma |
| Number of inmates | Jews: 24,916[1] Roma: 351[2] |
| Killed | c.300 (on-site only)[3] |
| Liberated by | Allied Forces, 4 September 1944 |
| Notable inmates | Felix Nussbaum,[4] Abraham Bueno de Mesquita |
| Website | www |
The camp was established in March 1942 and was the only transit camp in Belgium. It was managed by the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo-SD), a branch of the Reich Security Main Office, and was used to hold Jews and Romani ahead of their deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau as well as other camps including Heydebreck-Cosel.[5] Between 4 August 1942 and 31 July 1944, 28 trains left from near the camp and deported over 25,800 people.[1][6] Only 1,240 survived the war.[6]
The camp was abandoned at the Liberation of Belgium in September 1944 and subsequently was repurposed for housing. A museum was established in 1996 and today part of the former barracks and a new building opposite form part of the Kazerne Dossin – Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre on Holocaust and Human Rights, which includes a Holocaust memorial and museum.
Background
editGerman occupation and persecution
edit
Belgium was invaded by Nazi Germany in a rapid military campaign on 10–28 May 1940. It was subsequently placed under a military occupation administration which would endure until July 1944 when the territory briefly passed under a civilian administration, brought to an end by the Liberation of Belgium in September 1944.
As early as September 1940, the German administration established a prison camp in Fort Breendonk, a former Belgian military fort. Inmates were largely political prisoners, though a number of Jews were also held in a segregated part of the camp. As part of the Final Solution after January 1942, it was decided to transport Belgian Jews to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe.
Mechelen transit camp
editApproximately 90 percent of Belgium's Jewish population lived in the cities of Antwerp and Brussels in 1942. Accordingly, Mechelen, a city with a railway hub located halfway between the two, was chosen as the site of the new transit camp.
The building chosen to house the camp was a former army facility called Dossin Barracks, built in 1756 and named after Lieutenant-General Émile Dossin de Saint-Georges, a hero of the Battle of the Yser during World War I. It was located in the north of the city and provided access to the railway freight dock serving the River Dyle.[7] The three-storey block that completely surrounded a large square yard was fitted with barbed wire. It became operational in July 1942.
Operation
editThe camp staff was mostly German but was assisted by Belgian collaborationist paramilitaries from the Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen ("General SS Flanders").[8][9] It was officially under the command of Philipp Schmitt, commandant of the Fort Breendonk. The acting commandant at Mechelen was SS officer Rudolph Steckmann.
The first group of people arrived in the camp from Antwerp on 27 July 1942. Between August and December 1942, two transports, each with about 1,000 Jews, left the camp every week for Auschwitz concentration camp. Between 4 August 1942 and 31 July 1944, a total of 28 trains left Mechelen for Poland, carrying 24,916 Jews and 351 Roma;[1] most of them went to Auschwitz. This figure represented more than half of the Belgian Jews murdered during the Holocaust. In line with the Nazi racial policy that much later became named the Romani genocide, 351 Belgian Roma were sent to Auschwitz in early 1944.
Conditions at the Mechelen camp were especially brutal. Many Roma were locked in basement rooms for weeks or months at a time without food or sanitary facilities. The Roma had an especially low survival rate.
| Transports | Date | Men | Boys | Women | Girls | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transport 1 | 4 August 1942 | 544 | 28 | 403 | 23 | 998 |
| Transport 2 | 11 August 1942 | 459 | 25 | 489 | 26 | 999 |
| Transport 3 | 15 June 1942 | 380 | 48 | 522 | 50 | 1000 |
| Transport 4 | 18 August 1942 | 339 | 133 | 415 | 112 | 999 |
| Transport 5 | 25 August 1942 | 397 | 88 | 429 | 81 | 995 |
| Transport 6 | 29 August 1942 | 355 | 60 | 531 | 54 | 1000 |
| Transport 7 | 1 September 1942 | 282 | 163 | 401 | 154 | 1000 |
| Transport 8 | 10 September 1942 | 388 | 111 | 403 | 98 | 1000 |
| Transport 9 | 12 September 1942 | 408 | 91 | 401 | 100 | 1000 |
| Transport 10 | 15 September 1942 | 405 | 132 | 414 | 97 | 1048 |
| Transport 11 | 26 September 1942 | 562 | 231 | 713 | 236 | 1742 |
| Transport 12 | 10 October 1942 | 310 | 135 | 423 | 131 | 999 |
| Transport 13 | 10 October 1942 | 228 | 89 | 259 | 99 | 675 |
| Transport 14 | 24 October 1942 | 324 | 112 | 438 | 121 | 995 |
| Transport 15 | 24 October 1942 | 314 | 30 | 93 | 39 | 476 |
| Transport 16 | 31 October 1942 | 686 | 16 | 94 | 27 | 823 |
| Transport 17 | 31 October 1942 | 629 | 45 | 169 | 32 | 875 |
| Transport 18 | 15 January 1943 | 353 | 105 | 424 | 65 | 947 |
| Transport 19 | 15 January 1943 | 239 | 51 | 270 | 52 | 612 |
| Transport 20 | 19 April 1943 | 463 | 115 | 699 | 127 | 1404 |
| Transport 21 | 31 July 1943 | 672 | 103 | 707 | 71 | 1553 |
| Transport 22a | 20 September 1943 | 291 | 39 | 265 | 36 | 631 |
| Transport 22b | 20 September 1943 | 305 | 74 | 351 | 64 | 794 |
| Transport 23 | 15 January 1944 | 307 | 33 | 293 | 22 | 655 |
| Transport Z[Note 2] | 15 January 1944 | 85 | 91 | 101 | 74 | 351 |
| Transport 24 | 4 April 1944 | 303 | 29 | 275 | 18 | 625 |
| Transport 25 | 19 May 1944 | 237 | 20 | 230 | 21 | 508 |
| Transport 26 | 31 July 1944 | 280 | 15 | 251 | 17 | 563 |
| Total | August 1942 – July 1944 | 10,545 | 2,212 | 10,463 | 2,047 | 25,267 |
Confrontation
edit
Some people succeeded in escaping the transports, especially from the Transports 16 and 17 which consisted of men returned from forced labor on the Atlantic Wall to Belgium. Most of these men jumped between Mechelen and the German border. Many were caught and were soon put on subsequent transports but a total of about 500 Jewish prisoners did manage to escape across all the 28 transports. On 19 April 1943 three resistance fighters, acting on their own initiative, stopped Transport 20 near the train station of Boortmeerbeek, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-east of Mechelen. From this action 17 prisoners managed to flee. More Jews escaped by their own deeds, a total of 231 Jews fled although 90 were eventually recaptured and 26 were shot by guards escorting the train.[10]
The last transport left on 31 July 1944 but Allied forces could not stop it before its destination was reached. As Belgium was being liberated, an attempt by the Germans to deport 1,600 political prisoners and Allied prisoners of war from Brussels to concentration camps in Germany via the Nazi ghost train was thwarted by Belgian railway workers and the Belgian resistance. The train made it to Mechelen but returned to Brussels where the release of the prisoners was negotiated by Swiss and Swedish diplomats.[11] When the Allies approached Mechelen by 3 September 1944, the Germans fled the Dossin Barracks, leaving the 527 remaining prisoners behind.[8] Some remaining prisoners escaped that night and the others were freed on the 4th, though soon replaced with suspected collaborators. The lists of deportees were left at Hasselt during the German retreat and were later discovered intact.
Memorial and Museum
editIn 1948 Dossin Barracks reverted to its original use by the Belgian Army. It was used until 1975 when it was abandoned. Apart from a wing renovated in the 1980s for social housing, the barracks became the site of the Jewish Museum of Deportation and Resistance by 1996. In 2001, the Flemish Government decided to expand the institution by a new complex built opposite the old barracks; the latter closed in July 2011, to become a memorial monument.[12] The Kazerne Dossin – Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre on Holocaust and Human Rights reopened its doors on 26 November 2012.[13]
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ The Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresia of Austria, last of the House of Habsburg, ordered the building of the so-called Hof van Habsburg for an infantry regiment in 1756. Later it became a Belgian Army barracks.
- ^ Z stands for Zigeuner, or Roma in German
References
edit- Citations
- ^ a b c d Schram 2006, De raciale deportatie van België naar Auschwitz vanuit Mechelen
- ^ "Kazerne Dossin – History – Dossin barracks: 1942–44". Cicb.be. Retrieved 31 July 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Mikhman, Gutman & Bender 2005, pp. xxx
- ^ Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. "The Fate of the Jews – Across Europe Murder of the Jews of Western Europe". Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ Schram 2006, De tewerkstelling van degenen die aan de onmiddellijke uitroeiing ontsnappen
- ^ a b "Kazerne Dossin – History – The Transports". Cicb.be. Retrieved 31 July 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Dossinkazerne (voormalige) (ID: 3617)". De Inventaris van het Bouwkundig Erfgoed. Vlaams Instituut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed (VIOE). Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Schram 2008, Instigators and Perpetrators
- ^ Mikhman 1998, p. 212
- ^ Steinberg 1979, pp. 53–56
- ^ Clutton-Brock, Oliver (2009). RAF Evaders. London`: Grub Street. pp. 313–315. ISBN 9781906502171.
- ^ "Kazerne Dossin (main page of August 2011)" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- ^ "Kazerne Dossin: History". Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- Bibliography
- Mikhman, Dan (1998). Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-965-308-068-3.
- Mikhman, Dan; Gutman, Israel; Bender, Sara (2005). The encyclopedia of the Righteous among the Nations: rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. Belgium. Yad Vashem.
- Steinberg, Maxime (1999). "Malines, antichambre de la mort". Un pays occupé et ses juifs Belgique entre France et Pays-Bas (in French). Gerpinnes: Quorum. ISBN 978-2-87399-014-5. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- Schram, Laurence (2006). "De cijfers van de deportatie uit Mechelen naar Auschwitz. Perspectieven en denkpistes". De Belgische tentoonstelling in Auschwitz. Het boek – L'exposition belge à Auschwitz. Le Livre (in Dutch). Het Joods Museum voor Deportatie en Verzet. ISBN 978-90-76109-03-9. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- Schram, Laurence (21 February 2008). "The Transit Camp for Jews in Mechelen: The Antechamber of Death". Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. ISSN 1961-9898. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- Steinberg, Maxime (1979). Extermination, sauvetage et résistance des juifs de Belgique (in French). Brussels: Comité d'hommage des Juifs de Belgique à leurs héros et sauveurs.
- Steinberg, Maxime; Ward, Adriaens; Schram, Laurence; Ramet, Patricia; Hautermann, Eric; Marquenie, Ilse (2009). Mecheln-Auschwitz, 1942–1944 – The destruction of the Jews and Gypsies from Belgium. Vol. I–IV. Brussels: VUBPress. ISBN 978-90-5487-537-6.
- Steinberg, Maxime (1981). Dossier Brussel-Auschwitz, De SS-politie en de uitroeiing van de Joden, gevolg door gerechtelijke documenten van de rechtzaak Ehlers, Canaris en Asche bij het Assisenhof te Kiel, 1980 (in Dutch). Brussel: Steuncomité bij de burgerlijke partij proces tegen SS-Officieren Ehlers, Asche, Canris voor wegvoering der joden van België.
- Steinberg, Maxime; Schram, Laurence (2008). Transport XX : Malines-Auschwitz (in French). Brussels: Éditions du Musée juif de la déportation et de la Resistance. ISBN 978-90-5487-477-5.
- Steinberg, Maxime (2004). La persécution des Juifs en Belgique (1940–1945) (in French). Bruxelles: Complexe. ISBN 978-2-8048-0026-0. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- Van Doorslaer, Rudi (2007). La Belgique docile : les autorités belges et la persécution des Juifs en Belgique (in French). Brussels: Luc Pire. ISBN 978-2-87415-848-3.
- Baes, Ruben. "'La Belgique docile'. Les autorités belges et la persécution des Juifs" [The obedient Belgium – The Belgian authorities and the persecution of the Jews]. Centre for Historical Research and Documentation on War And Contemporary Society (CEGES-SOMA). Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- The Kazerne Dossin – Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre on Holocaust and Human Rights[permanent dead link] web site. (Accessed 31 July 2011)
- This article incorporates text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and has been released under the GFDL: Mechelen. Holocaust Encyclopedia. (Accessed 31 July 2011).
- Tammy Bottner (2017). "[1]" Among the Reeds. The true story of how a family survived the Holocaust. Oegstgeest: Amsterdam Publishers. ISBN 9789492371287.
External links
edit- Transports from Mechelen at European Holocaust Research Infrastructure
- Laub, Michel (2 March 2011). "Le projet Kazerne Dossin" (in French). Centre Communautaire Laïc Juif. Retrieved 3 August 2011.