Malinda Russell (ca. 1812 – ?) was a free African-American woman from Tennessee who earned her living as a cook and published the first known cookbook by an African-American woman. The book is historically significant, as it shows that African-American Southern cooking was not solely the domain of poverty cooking, but provides evidence of a sophisticated cosmopolitan skill with complex dishes.[1]
Malinda Russell | |
|---|---|
| Born | ca. 1812 |
| Died | after 1866 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | cook, pastry chef |
| Years active | 1840–66 |
| Known for | writing the first cookbook penned by an African-American woman in the U.S. |
| Notable work | Domestic Cook Book: Containing a Careful Selection of Useful Receipts for the Kitchen (1866) |
Early life
editMalinda Russell was born around 1812 in Washington County, Tennessee, and raised in Greene County. Little is known of her childhood, other than that her father Karon was the youngest child of her grandmother and that her mother, also named Malinda Russell, died when Russell was a child.[2] Her mother, Malinda was one of the first group of slaves freed by a man from Virginia named Mr. Noddie.[3]
Russell attained a high level of education for the period. In the 1830s, when Russell was around 19 years old, she traveled to Virginia with a certificate vouching for her character, written by a Doctor More. Her plan was to go from Lynchburg, Virginia, to Liberia. By the time she arrived, she was penniless, having been robbed by a fellow traveler.[2]
She took employment working for a Lynchburg family[2] as a nurse and traveling companion.[4] A slave woman, Fanny Steward, who had been freed by her Virginia master,[2] taught Russell how to cook, using The Virginia House-wife written by Mary Randolph.[5]
Career
edit
Russell became a cook, predominantly of baked goods. She married Anderson Vaughn while still in Virginia and had a son, who had a disability, with him.[2] Vaughn died four years after and Russell began working as a laundress to support herself and their child.[5]
At some point, she returned to Tennessee and operated a boarding house on Chuckey Mountain near Cold Spring for three years.[4] She then ran a successful pastry shop[6] for around six years.[4]
When her Tennessee home was raided by traveling gangs of whites in 1864, she fled with her son to Paw Paw, Michigan, where she published the first known cookbook by a black woman, Domestic Cook Book: Containing a Careful Selection of Useful Receipts for the Kitchen, as a means to provide income for her and her son and earn money to return [2] to Greeneville, Tennessee.[4] Within months of her publication, the town of Paw Paw was destroyed by fire and further trace of Russell is unknown.[7]
Russell self-published her book, in 1866, giving a brief history of her life[7] and stating in the preface to it that she hoped to earn passage to return home from its proceeds.[8] Most of the recipes were for elegant desserts, like floating island,[9] puff pastry and rose cake, along with main course dishes like catfish fricassee,[10] Irish potatoes with cod,[9] and sweet onion custard, containing none of the soul food traditionally accepted as Southern cuisine.[7] She also provided recipes for ointments and colognes,[9] as well as household tips. The book, containing 265 recipes,[11] was written for people who already knew how to cook, as little instruction for preparation methods is given. Most recipes contain a list of ingredients, though in some cases, a cooking tip is provided.[10]
Legacy
editIn 2000, the Domestic Cook Book was purchased by Jan Longone, an antique cookbook collector and curator of American culinary history at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor's William L. Clements Library from Janet Jarvits, a cookbook dealer who had purchased the book collection of Helen Evans Brown.[7][12] Longone realized that it was the first known cookbook written by an African American woman and spent the next seven years researching and trying to piece together Russell's history.[7]
Longone published information about the book and what she knew of Russell's life in Gastronomica (2001) and the article attracted attention.[12] In 2007, Longone published a limited-edition facsimile of Russell's cookbook and held a symposium at the Clements Library, where she distributed the copies.[7]
Malinda Russell's A Domestic Cook Book is now held by the University of Michigan Library's Special Collections Research Center as part of the Janice Bluestein Longone Culinary Archive. PDF downloads are available for both the original 1866 work and the 2007 facsimile via Hathi Trust.
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Levins, Sandy (31 March 2021). "Author of First Cookbook Written by an African American: Malinda Russell". WednesdaysWomen. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Sorensen 2011, p. 148.
- ^ Longone 2007, p. vii.
- ^ a b c d Longone 2007, p. viii.
- ^ a b Bolzman 2012, p. 22.
- ^ Bolzman 2012, p. 23.
- ^ a b c d e f O'Neill 2007.
- ^ Ferris 2014, p. 89.
- ^ a b c Moniz 2014.
- ^ a b Bolzman 2012, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Longone 2007, p. ix.
- ^ a b Longone 2007, p. x.
Bibliography
edit- Bolzman, Christina (July–August 2012). "The Legacy of Malinda Russell". Michigan History Magazine. 96 (4). Lansing, Michigan: Historical Society of Michigan: 22–25. ISSN 0026-2196. Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved November 8, 2016 – via HighBeam Research.
- Ferris, Marcie Cohen (2014). The Edible South: The Power of Food and the Making of an American Region. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-1768-8.
- Longone, Janice Bluestein; Russell, Malinda (2007). "Introduction: Malinda Russell – An Indomitable Woman – An American Story". A domestic cook book: containing a careful selection of useful receipts for the kitchen. Ann Arbor: Longone Center for American Culinary Research, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan. pp. vii–xiii. ISBN 978-1-425-58881-6.
- Moniz, Amanda (February 10, 2014). "African-American cookbooks open window to the past". American Food Roots. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
- O'Neill, Molly (November 21, 2007). "A 19th-Century Ghost Awakens to Redefine 'Soul'". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
- Sorensen, Leni (2011). "Cooking and Cooks". In Katz-Hyman, Martha B.; Rice, Kim (eds.). World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States. Vol. 1: A-I. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34942-3.
- Tipton-Martin, Toni (2015). "Nineteenth-Century Cookbooks: Breaking a Stereotype". The Jemima Code: Two Centuries of African American Cookbooks. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0292745483.