The Khmuic languages /kəˈmuːɪk/ are a branch of the Austroasiatic languages spoken mostly in northern Laos, as well as in neighboring northern Vietnam and southern Yunnan, China. Khmu is the only widely spoken language in the group.
| Khmuic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Indochina |
| Linguistic classification | Austroasiatic
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Khmuic |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | khmu1236 |
Homeland
editPaul Sidwell (2015)[1] suggests that the Khmuic Urheimat (homeland) was in what is now Oudomxay Province, northern Laos.
Languages
editThe Khmuic languages are:
- Mlabri (Yumbri)
- Kniang (Phong 3, Tay Phong)
- Ksingmul (Puok, Pou Hok, Khsing-Mul)
- Khmu’
- Khuen
- O’du
- Prai
- Mal (Thin)
- Theen (Kha Sam Liam)
Similarly, Phuoc (Xinh Mul) and Kháng are also sometimes classified as Mangic, and Kháng is classified as Palaungic by Diffloth.
Bumang, formerly classified as Khmuic, is classified as a Palaungic language by Paul Sidwell. Jerold A. Edmondson considers it to be most closely related to Khang. Also, Quang Lam is a poorly attested language in Vietnam that is closely related to Kháng or Bit. (See Bit–Khang languages)
Khmuic language history and diversity are currently being researched by Nathaniel Hiroz.[2]
Classification
editThe interrelationships of these languages are uncertain. Ethnologue 19 classifies them as follows:
A provisional classification at SEALang[3] keeps Mal–Phrai, but connects Khao with Khang instead of with Bit, treats Khuen as a dialect of Khmu':
Diffloth & Proschan (1989)
editChazée (1999), citing Diffloth & Proschan (1989), has the following:
- Khmuic
- (Khang?)
- Khmu
- Phray–Pram
- Mlabri
- Phay/Mal/T'in
-
- Ksing Moul (Ksongmul)
- Pramic
- Tai Hat (Iduh)
- Tai Then
- Phong Laan, Phong Phène, Phong Tapouang
- Kaniang, Phong Piat, (Phong Saloey)
However, Gérard Diffloth now considers Pramic (i.e., all Khmuic languages except for Khmu) to be a separate Austroasiatic branch that has come under heavy influence from Khmu.[4]
Peiros (2004)
editIlia Peiros (Peiros 2004:39) gives the following classification:
Sidwell (2014)
editBased on developments of Proto-Khmuic *aː₁, Paul Sidwell (2014) classifies the Khmuic languages as follows.
The developments of Proto-Khmuic *aː₁ according to Sidwell (2014) are:
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2015. The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon Archived 2019-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. München: Lincom Europa.
- ^ "Nathaniel Hiroz". Institut für Sprachwissenschaft. 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
- ^ SEALang SALA: Southeast Asian Linguistics Archives
- ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018 Archived 2019-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
Further reading
edit- Chazée, Laurent. 1999. The Peoples of Laos: Rural and Ethnic Diversities. Bangkok: White Lotus.
- Cheeseman, Nathaniel; Paul Sidwell and Anne Osborne. 2017. Khmuic Linguistic Bibliography with Selected Annotations. JSEALS vol. 10 issue 1. pages i-xlvi.
- Filbeck, David. 1978. T’in: a historical study. Pacifijic Linguistics Series B-49. Canberra: Australian National University. [Includes a reconstruction of Proto-T’inic]
- Peiros, Ilia J. 2004. Geneticeskaja klassifikacija aystroaziatskix jazykov. Moskva: Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj gumanitarnyj universitet (doktorskaja dissertacija).
- Sidwell, Paul. 2014. "Khmuic classification and homeland Archived 2016-02-03 at the Wayback Machine". Mon-Khmer Studies 43.1:47-56
External links
edit- RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
- The Kammu Project (Lund University) Archived 2018-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66E8-9@view Khmuic languages in RWAAI Digital Archive