Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans.[3]
Haplogroup F | |
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Possible time of origin | 43,400 YBP[1] |
Possible place of origin | Asia |
Ancestor | R9 |
Descendants | F1, F2, F3, F4 |
Defining mutations | 249d, 6392, 10310[2] |
It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.
Distribution
editThe F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).[4] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.[5][6][7]
Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).[8] It is also found at low frequencies on the Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).
Subclades
editF1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.
F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.[5][9]
F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.[10]
F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.[11] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.
F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.
F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.
Tree
editThis phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.
- F
- F* – China, Korea[12]
- F1
- F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[13]), China, Korea,[12] Kazakhstan
- F1a – China, Korea,[12] Uyghur, Thailand, Mongolia[14]
- F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[13]), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
- F1a1 – Japan, Korea,[12] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
- F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
- F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
- F1a1b – Japan, Korea
- F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
- F1a1c1 – Moken
- F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
- F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
- F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
- F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
- F1a4
- F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
- F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province[13]), South Africa
- F1a4b – China
- F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
- F1a1 – Japan, Korea,[12] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
- F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
- F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
- F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[13]), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
- F1c – Japan
- F1c1 – Japan
- F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[13])
- F1c1 – Japan
- F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
- F1a – China, Korea,[12] Uyghur, Thailand, Mongolia[14]
- F1-T16189C!
- F1b - Korea,[12] Japan, Mongolia,[14] China (North China)
- F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
- F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
- F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)[15]
- F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a1a – Japan
- F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a3 – Japan
- F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)[15]
- F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
- F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
- F1b1d – Japan, Korea
- F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
- F1b1e1 – Yakut
- F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
- F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
- F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
- F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[13]), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian
- F1e
- F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province[13]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
- F1b - Korea,[12] Japan, Mongolia,[14] China (North China)
- F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[13]), China, Korea,[12] Kazakhstan
- F2
- F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane[13]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
- F2a'b'g
- F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea,[12] Japan, Kazakhstan
- F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
- F2g – China, Ladakh
- F2c – China
- F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
- F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
- F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province[13]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
- F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[13]), Vietnam (Dao)
- F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
- F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara),[citation needed] Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
- F2h'i – China
- F3 (formerly R9a)
- F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
- F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,[18] etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province[13]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
- F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea,[12] China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
- F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
- F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
- F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
- F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
- F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
- F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
- F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
- F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
- F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
- F4
- F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea[12]
- F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province[13])
- F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar
Table of frequencies by ethnic group
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2024) |
Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) | 0.771 | 35 | [11] | F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9 |
Senoi (Malaysia) | 0.442 | 52 | [19] | F1a1a=23 |
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) | 0.433 | 30 | [11] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1 |
Shor (Kemerovo) | 0.415 | 82 | [4] | F1=33, F2a=1 |
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) | 0.344 | 32 | [11] | F1a=10, F2a=1 |
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.333 | 15 | [11] | F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1 |
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.313 | 32 | [20] | F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1 |
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.300 | 20 | [citation needed] | F1b=4, F1a=2 |
Lingao (Hainan) | 0.290 | 31 | [citation needed] | F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1 |
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.286 | 42 | [20] | F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1 |
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.273 | 11 | [20] | F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.269 | 26 | [20] | F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.263 | 19 | [11] | F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.263 | 19 | [20] | F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
Vietnamese | 0.262 | 42 | [citation needed] | F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1 |
Taiwan (aborigines) | 0.253 | 640 | [citation needed] | F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1 |
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.250 | 68 | [11] | F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) | 0.250 | 44 | [19] | F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1 |
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.250 | 16 | [21] | F=4 |
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.250 | 16 | [11] | F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1 |
Khakassian (Khakassia) | 0.246 | 57 | [4] | F1=11, F2a=3 |
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.244 | 45 | [11] | F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1 |
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.240 | 25 | [20] | F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1 |
Ket | 0.237 | 38 | [22] | F=9 |
Han (Beijing) | 0.225 | 40 | [citation needed] | F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2 |
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.220 | 91 | [citation needed] | F=20 |
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) | 0.219 | 137 | [citation needed] | F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7 |
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.212 | 33 | [11] | F1a=6, F1b=1 |
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) | 0.207 | 29 | [citation needed] | F1a=5, F1b=1 |
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.207 | 29 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1 |
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 0.200 | 35 | [20] | F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) | 0.200 | 50 | [19] | F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1 |
Manchurian | 0.200 | 40 | [citation needed] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1 |
Thai | 0.200 | 40 | [citation needed] | F1b=8 |
Li (Hainan) | 0.197 | 346 | [citation needed] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1 |
Han (Xinjiang) | 0.191 | 47 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1 |
Thailand | 0.190 | 105 | [23] | F1=18, F(xF1)=2 |
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.189 | 37 | [11] | F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1 |
Han (southern California) | 0.187 | 390 | [citation needed] | F=73 |
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.184 | 49 | [citation needed] | F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1 |
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) | 0.179 | 28 | [citation needed] | F1a=4, F1b=1 |
Han (Taiwan) | 0.175 | 1117 | [citation needed] | F=196 |
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University) | 0.174 | 121 | [citation needed] | F=21 |
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.167 | 18 | [11] | F1a=2, F1b=1 |
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.167 | 30 | [11] | F2a=5 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.161 | 31 | [citation needed] | F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1 |
Nepal (Newar) | 0.155 | [10] | F1c1a = 2.4%, F1d = 12%, F1g = 2.4%, F2b1 = 1.1% | |
CHD (Han from Denver) | 0.151 | 73 | [citation needed] | F=11 |
Filipino (Palawan) | 0.150 | 20 | [citation needed] | F3b2=3 |
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang) | 0.150 | 180 | [19] | F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2 |
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.150 | 20 | [21] | F=3 |
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.150 | 40 | [11] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2 |
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.149 | 47 | [citation needed] | F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1 |
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) | 0.146 | 157 | [19] | F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1 |
Indonesian (Bali) | 0.146 | 82 | [19] | F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1 |
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.146 | 103 | [20] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1 |
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.140 | 50 | [11] | F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
Indonesian (Ambon) | 0.140 | 43 | [19] | F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1 |
Cun (Hainan) | 0.133 | 30 | [citation needed] | F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1 |
Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.133 | 45 | [citation needed] | F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1 |
Batak (Palawan) | 0.129 | 31 | [citation needed] | F1a3=3, F3b2=1 |
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.129 | 31 | [11] | F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
Mongolian (Khovd Province) | 0.128 | 429 | [14] | F(xF1e1a)=7, F1=3, F1a=2, F1a1=4, F1a1a(xF1a1a1)=4, F1a2=2, F1b=2, F1b1(xF1b1b)=5, F2=1, F2a=14, F2b1=4, F4a=7 |
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) | 0.125 | 24 | [20] | F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1 |
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.122 | 41 | [20] | F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.118 | 102 | [citation needed] | F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1 |
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) | 0.114 | 35 | [citation needed] | F=4 |
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) | 0.114 | 44 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1 |
Filipino (Luzon) | 0.113 | 177 | [24] | F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1 |
Indonesian (Alor) | 0.111 | 45 | [19] | F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1 |
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) | 0.110 | 237 | [19] | F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1 |
Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.109 | 64 | [11] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1 |
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.107 | 168 | [25] | F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2 |
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.105 | 19 | [citation needed] | F=2 |
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic) | 0.102 | 324 | [26] | F1=25, F2=8 |
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.100 | 10 | [20] | F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
Filipino (Visayas) | 0.098 | 112 | [24] | F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.097 | 185 | [citation needed] | F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2 |
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) | 0.097 | 1365 | [27] | F=132 |
Filipino | 0.094 | 64 | [24] | F1a3=3, F1a4=3 |
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.094 | 32 | [20] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1 |
Tibetan (Tibet) | 0.093 | 216 | [citation needed] | F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3 |
Mongolian (Mongolia) | 0.092 | 2420 | [14] | F1a=55, F1b=71, F1c=13, F1(xF1d, F1e1)=33, F2=44, F3a=2, F4a=7 |
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian) | 0.091 | 55 | [citation needed] | F=5 |
Altai (Altai Republic) | 0.091 | 110 | [28] | F=10 |
Mongolian (Khentii Province) | 0.091 | 132 | [14] | F1=1, F1a=3, F1b=5, F1c=2, F2b=1 |
Buryat | 0.087 | 126 | [citation needed] | F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2 |
Tofalar | 0.087 | 46 | [22] | F1b=4 |
Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.086 | 58 | [citation needed] | F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1 |
Tuvinian (Tuva) | 0.086 | 105 | [4] | F1=8, F2a=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.083 | 850 | [29] | F1a(xF1a3)=7, F1a1=17, F1b1=19, F1(xF1c, F1d)=11, F2=14, F3a=2, F4a1a=1 |
Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.083 | 336 | [citation needed] | F=28 |
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.083 | 48 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1 |
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.083 | 36 | [11] | F2a=2, F1b=1 |
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) | 0.083 | 24 | [11] | F1a=1, F1b=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.080 | 593 | [30] | F=3, F1=7, F1ac=2, F1a=12, F1c=2, F1b=16, F2a=3 |
Korean (Ulsan) | 0.079 | 1094 | [31] | F=86 |
Korean (northern China) | 0.078 | 51 | [citation needed] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1 |
Daur (Hulunbuir) | 0.076 | 209 | [32] | F1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a1=1, F1b1(xF1b1b)=2, F1c1a=1, F2(xF2d)=5, F4a1b=1 |
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo) | 0.076 | 118 | [citation needed] | F=9 |
Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.075 | 53 | [citation needed] | F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1 |
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.075 | 160 | [citation needed] | F=12 |
Danga (Hainan) | 0.075 | 40 | [citation needed] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1 |
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) | 0.074 | 256 | [citation needed] | F=19 |
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.074 | 54 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F1b=2 |
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) | 0.073 | 246 | [14] | F=1, F1a=5, F1b=8, F1c=3, F2i=1 |
Uyghur | 0.073 | 55 | [citation needed] | F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1 |
Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.071 | 70 | [24] | F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1 |
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea) | 0.069 | 261 | [citation needed] | F1=12, F(xF1)=6 |
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) | 0.069 | 29 | [citation needed] | F1a=2 |
Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.066 | 61 | [19] | F1a1a=4 |
Japanese (Hokkaidō) | 0.065 | 217 | Asari 2007 | F=14 |
Mongolian (Dornod Province) | 0.065 | 370 | [14] | F1(xF1c, F1d)=6, F1a=7, F1b=7, F2=4 |
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.065 | 31 | [20] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.064 | 203 | [citation needed] | F=13 |
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.064 | 47 | [4] | F1=3 |
Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.064 | 47 | [citation needed] | F1b=2, F1a=1 |
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm) | 0.063 | 221 | [5] | F=14 |
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.063 | 16 | [21] | F=1 |
Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.060 | 100 | [33] | F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1 |
Kazakh (Zhetysu) | 0.060 | 200 | [34] | F1=11, F2=1 |
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.060 | 133 | [6] | F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1 |
Japanese (Gifu) | 0.059 | 1617 | [35] | F=96 |
Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.057 | 282 | [citation needed] | F=16 |
Teleut (Kemerovo) | 0.057 | 53 | [4] | F1=3 |
Altai Kizhi | 0.056 | 90 | [4] | F1=3, F2a=2 |
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) | 0.055 | 110 | [4] | F1=6 |
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.055 | 55 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F2=1 |
Tibetan (Qinghai) | 0.054 | 56 | [11] | F1c=2, F1a=1 |
Japanese | 0.052 | 211 | [36] | F1b=9, F1a=2 |
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.051 | 39 | [20] | F1b=1, F3=1 |
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) | 0.051 | 98 | [37] | F1=5 |
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | [21] | F=1 |
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.050 | 40 | [6] | F1c=1, F1d=1 |
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | [21] | F=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.049 | 103 | [4] | F1=5 |
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) | 0.045 | 44 | [citation needed] | F1b=2 |
Yakut | 0.043 | 117 | [citation needed] | F2a=3, F1b=2 |
Tuvan | 0.042 | 95 | [22] | F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1 |
Kyrgyz (Talas) | 0.042 | 48 | [citation needed] | F1a=1, F1b=1 |
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.042 | 24 | [citation needed] | F=1 |
Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.040 | 99 | [4] | F1=4 |
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.037 | 27 | [20] | F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
Kazakh | 0.036 | 55 | [citation needed] | F1b=2 |
Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.034 | 149 | [37] | F1=4, F2=1 |
Buryat (Buryatia) | 0.031 | 295 | [4] | F1=7, F2a=2 |
Ulch people | 0.031 | 160 | [citation needed] | F1a=5 |
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.029 | 35 | [11] | F2a=1 |
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.025 | 40 | [20] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1 |
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.025 | 40 | [21] | F=1 |
Okinawa | 0.025 | 326 | [citation needed] | F=8 |
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.021 | 47 | [citation needed] | F1c=1 |
Ainu | 0.020 | 51 | [citation needed] | F1b=1 |
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan) | 0.014 | 71 | [22] | F1b=1 |
Telenghit (Altai Republic) | 0.014 | 71 | [4] | F1=1 |
Tubalar | 0.014 | 72 | [22] | F1b=1 |
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) | 0.014 | 73 | [4] | F1=1 |
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk) | 0.011 | 87 | [22] | F(xF1b)=1 |
Mansi | 0.010 | 98 | [22] | F=1 |
Khanty | 0.009 | 106 | [7] | F1=1 |
Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.000 | 15 | [4] | - |
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [21] | - |
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [21] | - |
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [21] | - |
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [21] | - |
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [21] | - |
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.000 | 24 | [6] | - |
Nganasan | 0.000 | 24 | [22] | - |
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) | 0.000 | 25 | [22] | - |
Kurd (northwestern Iran) | 0.000 | 25 | [4] | - |
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) | 0.000 | 29 | [6] | - |
Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | [19] | - |
Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | [19] | - |
Negidal | 0.000 | 33 | [22] | - |
Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | [19] | - |
Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.000 | 36 | [4] | - |
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 40 | [11] | - |
Tajik (Tajikistan) | 0.000 | 44 | [4] | - |
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) | 0.000 | 45 | [citation needed] | - |
Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.000 | 45 | [4] | - |
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk) | 0.000 | 46 | [22] | - |
Itelmen | 0.000 | 47 | [22] | - |
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) | 0.000 | 47 | [citation needed] | - |
Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.000 | 48 | [citation needed] | - |
Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | [19] | - |
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.000 | 56 | [22] | - |
Mansi | 0.000 | 63 | [7] | - |
Chukchi | 0.000 | 66 | [citation needed] | - |
Siberian Eskimo | 0.000 | 79 | [22] | - |
Persian (eastern Iran) | 0.000 | 82 | [4] | - |
Koryak | 0.000 | 155 | [22] | - |
See also
editReferences
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{{cite journal}}
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{{cite journal}}
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Sources
edit- Asari M, et al. (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med. 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322.
External links
edit- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup F
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |