Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury DBE (née Taylor; 24 June 1858 – 4 December 1951) was a British activist and philanthropist. Her husband was George Cadbury, the chocolate manufacturer.
Elizabeth Cadbury | |
|---|---|
 Dame Elizabeth Cadbury | |
| Born | Elizabeth Mary Taylor 24 June 1858 |
| Died | 4 December 1951 (aged 93) Northfield, Birmingham, England, UK |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 6, including: Egbert Cadbury Marion Greeves |
| Parent(s) | John Taylor Mary Jane Cash |
Early life
editBorn in Peckham Rye, Southwark, London, Middlesex, she was one of ten children of the Quaker company director and stockbroker John Taylor (d. 1894) and his wife, Mary Jane Cash (d. 1887). She grew up in an affluent family background. Her parents were active temperance crusaders, and enthusiasts for the adult education provided by mechanics' institutes.
She and her sister Margaret were educated privately in Germany, and Elizabeth then attended North London Collegiate School from 1874 to 1876. In 1876 she passed the senior Cambridge University examination in ten subjects, but did not enter higher education. On leaving school she carried out social work in the London docks and Paris, as well as teaching at the Sunday school of her Quaker meeting,[1] taking a class of 40 boys in a poor district of south London. Following this in 1884, she started a boys’ club, as well as working with women in the slums of London. These activities were highly unusual for a lady of her age, marital status and social class.[2]
Family life
editIn Peckham Rye, Southwark, London, Middlesex, on 19 June 1888, Elizabeth married George Cadbury, then a widower with five children. They had six children together: Laurence John, George Norman, Elsie Dorothea, Egbert, Marion Janet, and Ursula. She and George shared an interest in the temperance movement and in adult education and they became friends and colleagues for over ten years due to these mutual interests.[3]
Activism
editShe and her husband played a great role in the development of Bournville and she opened the 200th house there. In 1909, she opened the Woodland Hospital, which became the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital. She also built The Beeches, to provide holidays for slum children. She chaired the Birmingham school medical service committee and worked energetically to provide medical inspection in schools. Together with her husband, she participated in the reform of industrial working and living conditions through supporting the welfare, health and education of women and children in Bournville. Amongst the original Trustees of the Bournville Village Trust, in 1922 she succeeded George Cadbury as Chairman and supported the development of housing schemes and community life in Bournville village for over fifty years.[4]
From 1941-48, she was president of the United Hospital in Birmingham. Throughout her life she campaigned for the education and welfare of women as a convinced but non-militant suffragist.[5] She taught a class for the wives of her husband's students at the Severn Street Adult School in Birmingham.[6]
The founder in 1898 of the Birmingham Union of Girls' Clubs, she was active in the Young Women’s Christian Association and in the National Council for Women from 1896 to her death. She was Vice President of the Electrical Association for Women, an organisation which sought to promote the benefits of electricity in the home and alleviate women's domestic drudgery.[7] In 1911 she was appointed Chairman of Birmingham City Education Committee’s Hygiene Sub-Committee.[8]
An active pacifist she was the first chair of the Peace and International Relations Committee of the National Council of Women, established in 1914.[9] In 1916, she was elected to the National Peace Council, becoming its treasurer and then its vice-president. Along with Lady Aberdeen, Millicent Fawcett, and Mrs Corbett Ashby, she pressed for the inclusion of women's issues in the agenda of the Congress of Versailles. She was an energetic supporter of the League of Nations Union. In 1924 she led the work of a Public Utility Society, Residential Flats Ltd., which erected a residential club ‘designed to meet the needs of business and professional women who are enabled to have ‘a home of their own’, with the additional advantages of the communal services of a club’.[10]
During and immediately following the First World War, Cadbury led local efforts to provide housing and schooling for young refugees from Serbia and Austria who came to Birmingham to escape conflict and poverty in their home countries.[11] During the Second World War, she worked with Belgian refugees, and after that war continued her efforts with the International Council of Women.[12]
In national politics Elizabeth Cadbury's sympathies were similar to those usually associated with Christian socialism, and she was a pillar of the Liberal Party. She was a Birmingham city councillor, for King's Norton ward, from 1919 to 1924, as a Liberal, losing her seat to a Conservative. Her political platform was a reformist one: municipal action in housing improvement, a school health service, and equality of opportunity. Among her political successes were her co-option to the Birmingham education committee in 1919, and her services as a magistrate from 1926. Cadbury also fought the King's Norton seat for the Liberals at the 1923 general election coming third but maintaining the Liberal share of the vote at 25%.[13]
In 1936, aged 78, she led the UK delegation to the World Congress of the International Council of Women, held in Calcutta.[14]
Garden City Movement
editElizabeth Cadbury was influential in the development of Bournville Village. The founder of the Hampstead Garden Suburb in 1904, Henrietta Barnett was inspired by a visit to Elizabeth Cadbury at Bournville Village.[10]
Manor Farm
editThe family home was Woodbrooke in Selly Oak, Birmingham, West Midlands, until 1903, when they moved to Manor Farm,[15] now the Manor House, Bristol Road, Northfield, Birmingham, West Midlands; Woodbrooke then became the Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre.
Elizabeth and George lived at the Manor together until George's death in 1922, and Elizabeth resided there until her own death in 1951, aged 93.
During World War II, she invited the Friends' Ambulance Unit to establish its training centre in the grounds.[16] The grounds were also sometimes used for garden parties and other events in aid of worthy causes.
In 1948, at the family gathering to celebrate her 90th birthday, there were 150 relatives. At her death, Elizabeth Cadbury was survived by, among others, 37 grandchildren and 49 great-grandchildren.
Honours
edit- For her public service Elizabeth Cadbury was made an OBE in 1918 and a DBE in 1934.[14]
- The Belgian government honoured her in 1918 for her work with refugees, making her an Officer of the Order of the Crown, and she was decorated by Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians.
- The Red Cross organizations of Serbia, Greece, and Yugoslavia also made awards to her for her war work.[15]
- The University of Birmingham made her an honorary MA in 1919 for her services to education and to the city.[15]
- Dame Elizabeth Cadbury School in Birmingham is named in her honour.[17]
The ten medals that Dame Elizabeth Cadbury was awarded throughout her life are now held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.[18]
References
edit- ^ Sara Delamont, Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online; OUP 2004-12
- ^ "Elizabeth Mary Cadbury". www.quakersintheworld.org. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ "Elizabeth Mary Cadbury". www.quakersintheworld.org. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ WHN (22 August 2010). "Uncovering the Life and Archive of Dame Elizabeth Taylor Cadbury, Quaker Philanthropist (1858-1951)". Women's History Network. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ Helen Smith, "Uncovering the Life and Archive of Dame Elizabeth Taylor Cadbury, Quaker Philanthropist", Women's History Network Blog, 2010.
- ^ SMITH, HELEN VICTORIA (2012). "ELIZABETH TAYLOR CADBURY (1858-1951): RELIGION, MATERNALISM AND SOCIAL REFORM IN BIRMINGHAM, 1888-1914" (PDF). University of Birmingham Research Archive.
- ^ EAW (1950). EAW Silver Jubilee Handbook 1950. IET Library and Archives.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ WHN (22 August 2010). "Uncovering the Life and Archive of Dame Elizabeth Taylor Cadbury, Quaker Philanthropist (1858-1951)". Women's History Network. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ Selly Manor Museum website, Bournville Women, article dated March 31, 2020
- ^ a b "The Forgotten Pioneers, celebrating the women of the garden city movement" (PDF). TCPA. November 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ^ WHN (22 August 2010). "Uncovering the Life and Archive of Dame Elizabeth Taylor Cadbury, Quaker Philanthropist (1858-1951)". Women's History Network. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ Sara Delamont, "Dame Elizabeth Mary Cadbury", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online; OUP 2004-12.
- ^ F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow (1969), p. 86
- ^ a b History West Midlands website, Elizabeth Cadbury Social Reformer, article by Helen Maiden
- ^ a b c "Elizabeth Mary Cadbury". www.quakersintheworld.org. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ Friends of Manor Farm Park website, Friends Ambulance Unit, article by Josephine Adams (2020)
- ^ "Dame Elizabeth Cadbury School". Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ "UoB Calmview5: Search results". calmview.bham.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
Sources
edit- Delamont, Sara. "Dame Elizabeth Cadbury". Retrieved 3 June 2009.