The economy of Curaçao is a high income economy, as defined by the World Bank. The island has a well-developed infrastructure with strong tourism and financial services sectors. Shipping, international trade, oil refining, and other activities related to the port of Willemstad (like the Free Trade Zone) also make a significant contribution to the economy.
| Currency | Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG) |
|---|---|
| Calendar Year | |
Trade organisations | Trade Union Centre of Curaçao |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | $3.172 billion (2019 est.)[1] |
GDP growth | 4,2% (2021 est.) |
GDP per capita | $15,414 (2019 est.) |
GDP by sector | agriculture: 1%; industry: 15%; services: 84% (2009 est.) |
| 3.8% (2021 est.) | |
Labour force | 74,539 (2019 est.) |
Labour force by occupation | agriculture: 1.2%; industry: 16.9%; services: 81.8% (2006) |
| Unemployment | 17.4% (2019 est.) |
Main industries | Tourism Petroleum refining Petroleum transshipment Light manufacturing Financial services |
| External | |
| Exports | $876 million (2008 est.) |
Export goods | Petroleum products |
Main export partners |  United States 15.1%  Guatemala 11.2%  Panama 10.7%  Dominican Republic 9.6%  Haiti 7.6%  Bahamas 6.1%  Costa Rica 5.1% (2009 est.) |
| Imports | $1.34 billion (2008 est.) |
Import goods | Food and Crude Petroleum |
Main import partners |  Venezuela 57.3% United States 18.3%  Mexico 10.5%  Brazil 8.1%  Netherlands 5.7%  Chile 3.5% (2009 est.)[1] |
| Public finances | |
| $1.0 billion[2] | |
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. | |
Curaçao has one of the highest standards of living in the Caribbean, ranking 46th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita and 28th in the world in terms of nominal GDP per capita.
To achieve the government's aim to make its economy more diverse, efforts are being made to attract more foreign investment. This policy, called the 'Open Arms' policy, features a heavy focus on information technology companies.[3][4][5]
History
editEarly in its history, Curaçao's economy was centered on salt mining from saline-rich ponds located in the eastern part of the island. Up until that time, dating back to the 16th century, settlers (first Spanish & later Dutch & Sephardic Portuguese Jews) made numerous, failed attempts at creating an agricultural industry. Curaçao's arid climate, which features few freshwater sources, made it difficult and unprofitable.
Although the island's geography was at first considered an obstacle economically, it later proved to be invaluable due to its ideal location for trade and commerce. Shipping and trading operations centered on the port of Willemstad played an important role in the development of the economy.
In the early 20th century, discovery of oil in Venezuela caused major oil companies to invest in the region. Beginning in 1920, oil refining has become a key part of the island's economy, representing nearly 90% of its exports.[6]
During WWII, Curaçao was a safe-haven for Dutch multi-national companies, beginning the island's history as a financial services center.
Tourism is also becoming an increasingly important sector of the economy. The construction of the Mega Pier has recently allowed larger cruise ships to dock at Curaçao, increasing its position as a tourism destination.
Tourism
editCuraçao is a popular tourism location for the Eastern United States, South America, the Netherlands and Germany. It leads the Caribbean in cruise tourism growth with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the prior year.[7] Hato International Airport received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and recently announced $48 million in capital investments aimed at transforming the airport into a regional hub by 2018. Beginning in early 2014, the Lynx rocketplane is expected to be flying suborbital space tourism flights and scientific research missions from a new spaceport on Curaçao.[8] The island lies outside of the Hurricane belt and has a well-developed tourism infrastructure.
Curaçao's coast has a sharp drop-off known as the "Blue Edge" which makes it a popular scuba diving destination. Coral reefs for snorkeling and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.
Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism. Porto Marie Beach is experimenting with artificial coral reefs in order to improve the reef's condition. Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish.
Oil refining
edit
The discovery of oil in the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela in the early 20th century forced the Venezuelan government to search for ideal locations for large scale refining. Curaçao's proximity to the country, naturally deep harbors, and stable government led Royal Dutch Shell to construct the Isla oil refinery, the largest refinery in the world at the time. The refinery is located in the Schottegat, the natural harbour beyond Willemstad and began operating in 1918.[9]
Venezuela's state oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) operated the Isla refinery, which had a 320,000 barrel per day capacity until it closed in 2019. [2][10]
In 2017, negotiations were underway with a Chinese company, Guangdong Zhenrong Energy (GZE). In July, the discussions were suspended but Prime Minister Rhuggenaath announced that he would travel to China later in the year to reopen negotiations.[11][12][13]
Financial services
editCuraçao's history in financial services dates from World War I with the conversion of the financial arms of local merchant houses into commercial banks. As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions. The Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange is located in the capital of Willemstad, as is the Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten; the latter of which dates to 1828 making it the oldest central bank in the Western Hemisphere. The island's legal system supports a wide variety of corporate structures and is a popular corporate haven. Curaçao is considered a tax haven yet it adheres to the EU Code of Conduct against harmful tax practices. It holds a qualified intermediary status from the United States I.R.S. and is an accepted jurisdiction of the OECD and Caribbean Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. The country strongly enforces Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism funding compliance.
In addition to these financial services, Curaçao has become a hub for online gambling companies, thanks to its favorable regulatory environment.[14] Many international online gaming platforms, including Stake,[15] are registered in Curaçao, leveraging the island's regulatory framework to offer services globally.
See also
edit- Curaçao Economy
- Economy of the Caribbean
- Caribbean guilder
- Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten
- Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
- Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange
- List of countries by credit rating
- List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal)
- List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (PPP)
- List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP
- List of countries by future gross government debt
- List of countries by leading trade partners
References
edit- ^ a b "CIA Factbook Curacao Data". Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ^ a b "Curacao's Deal BBC Caribbean". 2010-10-08.
- ^ "1609_1_DEZ_Manual_binnenw.qxd" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ^ Mindmagnet.com (2001-03-01). "Ecommerce at Curaçao Corporate". Ecommerceatcuracao.com. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "Economic Data Overview". Investcuracao.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "Unlike many islands in the Caribbean, Curaçao's economy is heavily based on oil refining". Archived from the original on 2010-10-14. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
- ^ Caribbean Journal staff (2014-02-14). "Curacao Leading Caribbean in Cruise Tourism Growth". Caribjournal.com. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
- ^ Staff writers (October 6, 2010). "Space Experience Curaçao Announces Wet Lease of XCOR Lynx Suborbital". Space Media Network Promotions. Space-Travel.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "ISLA Refinery of Curacao: Highs and Lows Part 1". 2010-02-16. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
- ^ "Curacao oil refinery down on power outage". Reuters. 2008-04-09. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012.
- ^ "Dutch Caribbean Refineries on Uncertain Path – Carib Flame". Archived from the original on 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
- ^ "On numerous occasions the Netherlands has offered assistance with Oil Refinery negotiations". 10 July 2017.
- ^ "Prime Minister: "Negotiations with Chinese State Company continues"". 21 July 2017.
- ^ "Curaçao eGaming". Retrieved 2024-08-22.
- ^ "Stake". Retrieved 2024-08-22.