Aššur-rabi II, inscribed maš-šur-RA-bi, "(the god) Aššur is great,"[1] was king of Assyria 1012–972 BC. Despite his lengthy reign (41 years), one of the longest of the Assyrian monarchs, his tenure seems to have been an unhappy one judging by the scanty and laconic references to his setbacks from later sources.
| Ashur-rabi II | |
|---|---|
| King of Assyria | |
| King of the Middle Assyrian Empire | |
| Reign | 1013–972 BC |
| Predecessor | Ashur-nirari IV |
| Successor | Ashur-resh-ishi II |
| Issue | Ashur-resh-ishi II |
| Father | Ashurnasirpal I |
Biography
editHe was a younger son of the earlier Assyrian monarch, Aššurnaṣirpal I. He succeeded his nephew Aššur-nerari IV's brief six year rule, and if this succession was like earlier usurpations by uncles of their nephews, it would have been a violent affair. The Assyrian Kinglist[i 1][i 2][i 3] records his accession and genealogy but provides no further information. His construction of the Bit-nathi, part of the temple of Ištar in Nineveh, was recalled in a dedicatory cone of Aššur-nāṣir-apli II (883–859 BC) commemorating his own repair work.[i 4]
Some Assyrian settlements on the Middle Euphrates were lost to the Arameans as they were able to cross the river and establish a network of autonomous but interrelated settlements that began to encroach on the Assyrian heartland.[2] Šulmānu-ašarēdu III recalled the loss of Ana-Aššur-utēr-aṣbat (Pitru, possibly Tell Aushariye) and Mutkinu, two towns close to Til Barsip, which had originally been taken and colonized by Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I around a hundred years earlier; in one of his inscriptions: "At the time of Aššur-rabi (II), king of Assyria, the king of Aram (Syria) took [two cities] by force—I restored these cities. I installed the Assyrians in their midst."[i 5] The king of Aram (šar4 KUR-a-ru-mu) is unlikely to have been Hadadezer of Zobah, in southern Syria, but a northern Aram, in or near Ḫanigalbat.[3] His authority continued to stretch as far west as the Ḫārbūr river as recorded on the cylinder[i 6] of Bel-ereš, a šangû or governor of Šadikanni,[4] somewhat contradicting the picture of Assyrian retreat and decline painted elsewhere.[5]
His era must have stretched from the reigns of his Babylonian contemporaries, Simbar-Šipak (1025–1008 BC) to Nabû-mukin-apli (978–943 BC), although there is no extant contemporary proof of contact which might help fix this chronology more precisely. The Synchronistic Kinglist[i 7] gives his contemporary as Širikti-šuqamuna, a king of Babylonia who reigned just 3 months c. 985 BC. Severe distress and famine was recorded under Kaššu-nādin-aḫi (c. 1006–1004 BC), the midpoint in Aššur-rabi's reign, and this possibly points to the underlying cause of the Aramean migration.[6]
He was followed on the throne by his son, the equally obscure Aššur-reši-išši II, who ruled for five years.
Inscriptions
edit- ^ Khorsabad Kinglist, IM 60017 (excavation nos.: DS 828, DS 32-54), iv 9.
- ^ Nassouhi Kinglist, Istanbul A. 116 (Assur 8836), iv 23.
- ^ SDAS Kinglist, IM 60484, iv 9.
- ^ RIMA 2 A.0.101.58:3' and copy RIMA 2 A.0.I01.65:3'.
- ^ RIMA 3 A.0.102.2 ii 37.
- ^ RIMA 2 A.0.96.2001 clay cylinder.
- ^ Synchronistic Kinglist, Ass 14616c (KAV 216), iii 7.
References
edit- ^ A. Fuchs (1998). "Aššur-rabi II". In K. Radner (ed.). The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part I: A. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. p. 209.
- ^ Martin Sicker (2000). The Pre-Islamic Middle East. Praeger. p. 48.
- ^ Wayne T. Pitard (1987). Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. p. 91.
- ^ Stephen W. Holloway (1997). "Assyria and Babylonia in the Tenth Century". In Lowell K. Handy (ed.). The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium. Brill. p. 2009.
- ^ Hartmut Kühne, ed. (2010). "Production and Consumption at Dūr-Katlimmu, A Survey of the Evidence". Dūr-Katlimmu 2008 and Beyond. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 69.
- ^ J. Neumann, S. Parpola (Jul 1987). "Climatic Change and the Eleventh-Tenth-Century Eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 46 (3): 180. doi:10.1086/373244. S2CID 161779562.
Further reading
edit- Albert Kirk Grayson (1991). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114–859 BC). University of Toronto Press.
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