In Greek mythology, Antiope (/ænˈtaɪəpi/; Ancient Greek: Ἀντιόπη, derived from αντι anti, "against, compared to, like," and οψ ops, "voice" or "confronting"[1]) was an Amazon, daughter of Ares and sister to Melanippe, Hippolyta, Penthesilea and possibly Orithyia, queens of the Amazons.[2] Two sisters, Orithyia and Antiope, co-ruled the Amazons.[3] Antiope may have been the wife of Theseus and mother to his son Hippolytus of Athens, but differing sources claim this was Hippolyta.[4]
Mythology
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There are various accounts of the manner in which Theseus became possessed of Antiope, and of her subsequent fortunes.
In one version, during Heracles' ninth labour, which was to obtain the Girdle of Hippolyta, when he captured the Amazons' capital of Themiscyra, his companion Theseus, king of Athens, abducted Antiope and brought her to his home[5][6] (or she was captured by Heracles and then given by him to Theseus[7]). According to Pausanias,[8] Antiope fell in love with Theseus and betrayed the Amazons of her own free will. They were eventually married and she gave birth to a son, Hippolytus, who was named after Antiope's sister. Soon after, the Amazons attacked Athens in an attempt to rescue Antiope and to take back Hippolyta's girdle; however, in a battle near the Areopagus, they were defeated by Athenian forces under Theseus's leadership.[9] During this conflict, known as the Attic War, Antiope was accidentally shot dead by an Amazon named Molpadia, who, in turn, was killed by Theseus.[10] The tombs of both Antiope and Molpadia were shown in Athens, according to Pausanias.[11]
According to some sources, the cause for the Amazons' attack on Athens was the fact that Theseus had abandoned Antiope and planned to marry Phaedra. Antiope was furious about this and decided to attack them on their wedding day. She promised to kill every person in attendance; however, she was slain instead by Theseus himself, fulfilling an oracle's prophecy to that effect.[12] Ovid mentions that Theseus killed Antiope despite the fact that she was pregnant.[13]
An alternative version of the myth relates all the facts concerning Antiope (abduction by Theseus, their marriage, birth of Hippolytus, her being left behind in favour of Phaedra), not of her but of Hippolyte.[14][15][16] In various accounts of this version, the subsequent attack on Athens either does not occur at all or is led by Orithyia.[17]
Cultural depictions
edit- Evangeline Walton's 1983 historical fiction novel The Sword Is Forged chronicles the story of Antiope and Theseus.[18]
- Steven Pressfield's 2004 historical fiction novel the Last of the Amazons tells the story of the end of the Amazons where Antiope elopes with Theseus.
- The DC Comics character Antiope, introduced in 1984, is the aunt of Wonder Woman and sister of Queen Hippolyta of the Amazons.[19] She is portrayed by Robin Wright in the 2017 film Wonder Woman.[20]
- In Giovanni Boccaccio's Famous Women,[21] a chapter is dedicated to Antiope and Orithyia.
See also
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References
edit- ^ Robert Graves (1960). The Greek Myths. Harmondsworth, London, England: Penguin Books. pp. s.v. Antiope. ISBN 978-0143106715.
- ^ Orosius, Historiae adversus paganos, I. 15.8-9
- ^ Orosius, Historiae adversus paganos,I. 15.8-10
- ^ Leeming, David (2005). The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195156690 – via Oxford Reference Online.
According to some sources, either Antiope or Hippolyta was the mother, by Theseus, of the tragic Hippolytus.
- ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, (Epitome of Book IV), 1. 16; this source also cites a rare version which makes Melanippe, not Antiope, the one captured by Theseus
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Book IV, Ch. 16)
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae, 30
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, Book 1, Section 2, 1 Archived 2021-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology., p. 71, at Google Books
- ^ Plutarch, Life of Theseus (Ch. 26–27)
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece (Book 1. 2. 1)
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 241
- ^ Ovid, Heroides (Book 4, 117–120)
- ^ Simonides in Pseudo-Apollodorus' Bibliotheca Epitome 1. 16
- ^ Euripides, Hippolytus
- ^ Athenaeus, Banquet of the Learned, 13. 557 (where she is called "Hippe")
- ^ Justin, Epitome of Trogus Pompeius' History of the World, Book 2, ch.4
- ^ "The Sword Is Forged by Evangeline Walton". Kirkus Reviews. 1983. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
- ^ Wonder Woman, vol. 1, no. 312 (February 1984). DC Comics.
- ^ Sperling, Nicole (March 24, 2016). "Wonder Woman exclusive: Meet the warrior women training Diana Prince". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ Giovanni Boccaccio’s Famous Women translated by Virginia Brown (2001), p. 41-42; Cambridge and London, Harvard University Press; ISBN 0-674-01130-9;
Sources
edit- Watson, John Selby. Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius: Literally Translated, pp. 21–22, 547; Published 1853 H. G. Bohn, (Original in the New York Public Library).
- Williams, Henry Smith. The Historians' History of the World: A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise, v.2, pp. 440–441; Published 1904 The Outlook Company, New York Public Library.
- Justinus. Epitoma Historiarum philippicarum Pompei Trogi, II.4.17-30.
- Orosius. Historiae adversus paganos, I.15.7-9.