Ainkurunuru (Tamil: ஐங்குறுநூறு, Aiṅkuṟunūṟu meaning five hundred short poems[1]) is a classical Tamil poetic work and traditionally the third of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in the Sangam literature.[2] It is divided into five groups of 100 short stanzas of 3 to 6 lines, each hundred subdivided into 10s, or pattu. The five groups are based on tinai (landscapes): riverine, sea coast, mountain, arid and pastoral.[2][3] According to Martha Selby, the love poems in Ainkurunuru are generally dated from about the late-2nd-to-3rd-century-CE (Sangam period).[3] According to Takanobu Takahashi – a Tamil literature scholar, these poems were likely composed between 300 and 350 CE based on the linguistic evidence, while Kamil Zvelebil – another Tamil literature scholar – suggests the Ainkurunuru poems were composed by 210 CE,[3] with some of the poems dated to 100 BCE.[4]
The Ainkurunuru anthology manuscript includes a colophon which states it to be a Chera (Kerala) text, rather than the more common Pandyan kingdom-based.[5] The poems in this book were written by five authors and were compiled by Kudalur Kilar at the behest of Chera King Yanaikkatcey Mantaran Ceral Irumporai.[citation needed]
Style and contents
editThis book comes under the Akam (love and emotions) category of the Sangam literature.[5] The poems of this anthology are in the Akaval meter. These poems deal with the various aspects of the courtship between the hero and the heroine. The poems are set in various landscapes (Tinai - திணை).[2]
Each poem is subdivided and formatted into pattu or tens, a style found in much of Tamil literature such as Tirukkural, Bhakti movement poetry and elsewhere. This may have been, according to Zvelebil, a Sanskrit literature (sataka style) influence on this work.[6] However, the poetry shows relatively few loan words from Sanskrit.[6] The Ainkurunuru has allusions to 17 historical events and offers some window into early Tamil society. For example, it mentions the kutumi, or the "pigtail of Brahmin boys".[6]
Sections and authors
editThe work is divided into five sections by different authors:[7]
- Marutam - 100 poems on jealous quarrelling, by Ōrampōkiyār
- Neytal - 100 poems on lamenting the lover's absence, by Ammuvaṉār
- Kuṟiñci - 100 poems on union of lovers, by Kapilar
- Pālai - 100 poems on separation, by Otalānraiyār
- Mullai - 100 poems on patient waiting for the lover's return, by Pēyaṉār
The invocation song at the start of the anthology was written by Perunthevanaar, who translated the Mahabharatham into Tamil.[8]
Publication and commentary
editThe text was published by U. V. Swaminatha Aiyar, along with a detailed commentary. A short commentary on Ainkurunuru anthology was published in the medieval anonymously.[2]
Example
edit- Poem 255:[9]
Original
- குன்றக் குறவன் காதல் மடமகள்
- வரையர மகளிர்ப் புரையுஞ் சாயலள்
- ஐயள் அரும்பிய முலையள்
- செய்ய வாயினள் மார்பினள் சுணங்கே.
Transliteration:
- Kuṉṟak kuṟavaṉ kātal maṭamakaḷ
- Varaiyara makaḷirp puraiyuñ cāyalaḷ
- Aiyaḷ arumpiya mulaiyaḷ
- Ceyya vāyiṉaḷ mārpiṉaḷ cuṇaṅkē
Translation:
- The loving young daughter
- of the hill man
- is as beautiful
- as a mountain goddess.
- She is gorgeous
- with her sprouting breasts,
- her reddened lips,
- and her mottled chest.
– Translator: Martha Ann Selby[9]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Hart, George L. (1979). Poets of the Tamil Anthologies: Ancient Poems of Love and War.
- ^ a b c d Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 50–51.
- ^ a b c Selby, Martha Ann. Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, 2011. ISBN 9780231150651. pp. 1-6
- ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-03591-1.
- ^ a b Eva Maria Wilden (2014). Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 12 with footnote 26. ISBN 978-3-11-035276-4.
- ^ a b c Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 50-51 with footnote 1.
- ^ Selby, Martha Ann. Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, 2011. ISBN 9780231150651. p. vii
- ^ Kowmareeshwari, 2012, p. 1.
- ^ a b Selby, Martha Ann. Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, 2011. ISBN 9780231150651. pp 105-106
References
edit- Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
- Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
- Kowmareeshwari (Ed.), S. (August 2012). Nattrinai, Ainkurunuru. Sanga Ilakkiyam (in Tamil). Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Chennai: Saradha Pathippagam.
External links
edit- Aingurunuru of kudalur kizhar, Project Madurai
