A bullock cart or ox cart (sometimes called a bullock carriage when carrying people in particular) is a two-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen. It is a means of transportation used since ancient times in many parts of the world. They are still used today where modern vehicles are too expensive or the infrastructure favor them.
Used especially for carrying goods, the bullock cart is pulled by one or several oxen. The cart is attached to an ox team by a special chain attached to yokes, but a rope may also be used for one or two animals. The driver and any other passengers sit on the front of the cart, while load is placed in the back. Traditionally, the cargo was usually agrarian goods and lumber.
History
The first indications for the use of a wagon (cart tracks, incisions, model wheels) are dated to around 4400 BC. The oldest wooden wheels usable for transport were found in southern Russia and dated to 3325 ± 125 BC.[1] Evidence of wheeled vehicles appears from the mid 4th millennium BC between the North Sea and Mesopotamia. The earliest vehicles may have been ox carts.[2]
Australia
In Australia, bullock carts were referred to as bullock drays, had four wheels, and were usually used to carry large loads. Drays were pulled by bullock teams which could consist of 20 or more animals. The driver of a bullock team was known as a 'bullocky'.
Bullock teams were used extensively to transport produce from rural areas to major towns and ports. Because of Australia's size, these journeys often covered large distances and could take many days and even weeks.
Costa Rica
In Costa Rica, ox carts (carretas in the Spanish language) were an important aspect of the daily life and commerce, especially between 1850 and 1935,[3] developing a unique construction and decoration tradition that is still being developed. Costa Rican parades and traditional celebrations are not complete without a traditional ox cart parade.
In 1988, the traditional ox cart was declared as National Symbol of Work by the Costa Rican government.
In 2005, the "Oxherding and Oxcart Traditions in Costa Rica" were included in UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, bullock carts are used in the rural parts of the country for transporting goods and people, but more often in Indonesia are horsecars used rather than bullock carts. A bullock cart driver is known as, in Indonesian, a bajingan.
Malaysia
Bullock carts were widely used in Malaysia before the introduction of automobiles, and many are still used today. These included passenger vehicles, now used especially for tourists.[4] Passenger carts are usually equipped with awnings for protection against sun and rain, and are often gaily decorated.[5][6]
Gallery
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A bullock team at Farrell Flat, South Australia in 1911 -
Ox drive cart in Serbia -
Bullock cart in Mysore Zoo, India -
A bullock cart in India -
Typical decorated Costa Rican ox cart -
Mexican carreta in El Paso, Texas, circa 1885. Photo courtesy SMU. -
Reproduction Japanese aristocracy's bullock cart in Jidai Matsuri -
Bullock Cart in Punjab -
A bullock cart of 1836 displayed in the backyard -
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Bullock cart race in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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See also
- Bullocky, Australian English term for the driver of a bullock team
References
- ^ Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019): The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY.ISBN 978-615-5766-30-5.
- ^ David W. Anthony, The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press, 2010 ISBN 1400831105 p461
- ^ http://www.guiascostarica.com/cr13.htm La carreta típica
- ^ (in Malay) Melacca government Portal - Menaiki Kereta Lembu.
- ^ Passenger bullock cart outside Malaysia Museum.
- ^ "Historical picture of bullock cart in Malaysia". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-09-15.