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'''John I''' ({{lang-pt|João}}<ref>Rendered as ''Joam'' or ''Joham'' in Archaic Portuguese</ref> [[WP:IPA for Portuguese|[ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]]]; 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433), also called '''John of Aviz''', was [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] from 1385 until his death in 1433. He is recognized chiefly for his role in Portugal's victory in [[1383–85 crisis|a succession war]] with [[Crown of Castile|Castile]], preserving his country's independence and establishing the [[House of Aviz|Aviz (or Joanine) dynasty]] on the Portuguese throne. His long reign of 48 years, the most extensive of all Portuguese monarchs, saw the beginning of Portugal's overseas expansion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Livermore |date=1998-07-20 |first=H. |title=John I, king of Portugal |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-I-king-of-Portugal |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |
== Early life ==
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John I of Castile died in 1390 without issue from his wife Beatrice, which meant that a competing legitimate bloodline with a claim to the throne of Portugal died out. John I of Portugal was then able to rule in peace and concentrate on the economic development and territorial expansion of his realm. The most significant military actions were the [[Battle of Ceuta|siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta]] by Portugal in 1415, and the successful [[Siege of Ceuta (1419)|defence of Ceuta]] from a Moroccan counterattack in 1419. These measure were intended to help seize control of navigation off the African coast and trade routes from the interior of Africa.
The raids and attacks of the [[Reconquista]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] created captives on both sides who were either ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended this practice to North Africa. After the attack on Ceuta, the king sought papal recognition of the military action as a [[Crusade]]. Such a ruling would have enabled those captured to be legitimately sold as slaves.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hql01eFrdjUC&pg=PA162 |last=Metcalf |first=Alida C. |title=Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600 |page=168 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-292-71276-6 }}</ref> In response to John's request, Pope Martin V issued the [[Papal bull]] ''Sane charissimus'' of 4 April 1418,<ref name=Beasley>{{cite journal |last=Beasley |year=1910 |first=C. Raymond |title=Prince Henry of Portugal and the African Crusade of the Fifteenth Century |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pp=11–23 [p. 14] |jstor=1834305 |
Contemporaneous writers describe John as a man of wit who was very keen on concentrating power on himself, but at the same time possessed a benevolent and kind demeanor. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed on to his sons, who are often referred to collectively by Portuguese historians as the "[[Illustrious Generation (Portugal)|illustrious generation]]" (''Ínclita Geração''): [[Edward of Portugal|Edward]], the future king, was a poet and a writer; [[Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra|Peter]], the Duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince Henry the Navigator, the duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and the development of nautical pursuits. In 1430, John's only surviving daughter, [[Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella]], married [[Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy]], and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she was the mother of [[Charles the Bold]].
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