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{{about|a depopulated Palestinian village|the Syrian village|al-Sindiyana, Syria}}
{{Infobox former Arab villages in Palestine
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Al-Sindiyana
| name = Al-Sindiyana
|image=
| native_name = <big>السنديانة</big>
|imgsize=
| native_name_lang = ar
|caption=
| other_name = Sindiyana, Sindianeh
|arname=<big>السنديانة</big>
| settlement_type = Village
|meaning="the evergreen oak"<ref name=Khatibp119>Khatib et al., 2003, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=ceUtAAAAYAAJ&q=sindiyana&dq=sindiyana&lr= p. 119].</ref><ref>[[Quercus coccifera]], according to Palmer, 1881, p. [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/153/mode/1up 153]</ref>
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
|altSp=Sindiyana, Sindianeh
| etymology = "the evergreen oak"<ref name=Khatibp119>Khatib et al., 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceUtAAAAYAAJ&q=sindiyana&dq=sindiyana&lr= p. 119].</ref><ref>[[Quercus coccifera]], according to Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/153/mode/1up 153]</ref>
|district=hf
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
|latd=32|latm=33|lats=24.3
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine
|longd=35|longm=0|longs=08.15
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]]
|palgrid=150/218
| image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225|name=al-Sindiyana}}
|population=1,250
| map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Sindiyana (click the buttons)
|popyear=1945
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
|area=15,172
| coordinates = {{coord|32|33|31|N|35|0|2|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
|areakm=
| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine&nbsp;grid]]
|cause=M
| grid_position = 150/218
|cause2=
<!-- location -->
|curlocl=[[Aviel]]<ref name=Khalidip193>Khalidi, 1992, p. 193.</ref>
| subdivision_type = [[Geopolitical entity]]
|date=May 12–14, 1948<ref name=Morrispxviii>Morris, 2004, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&l&pg=PR18 xviii], village #160</ref>
|pushpin_map subdivision_name = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Haifa]]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1 = May 12–14, 1948<ref name=Morrispxviii>Morris, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18 xviii], village #160</ref>
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_total_dunam = 15,172
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of = 1945
| population_total = 1,250<ref name=1945p15>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p15.jpg 15]</ref>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1 = Ethnic cleansing by [[Yishuv]] forces
| blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Aviel]]<ref name=Khalidip193>Khalidi, 1992, p. 193.</ref>
}}
 
'''Al-Sindiyana''' ({{lang-langx|ar|السنديانة}}, ''Es Sindiyâna'') was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Arab]] village in the [[Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Haifa Subdistrict]]. It was depopulated during the [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]] on May 12, 1948. It was located 29&nbsp;km south of [[Haifa]].
 
==History==
In 1859, during the late [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] era, the population was estimated to be 300, who cultivated 22 [[feddan]]s of land.<ref name=SWP43>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/43/mode/1up 43]</ref>
 
=== Antiquity ===
[[Victor Guérin]] visited the village in 1863. Transcribing its name as ''Sendianeh'', he notes there are 400 inhabitants and that its name must derive from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''sendian'', meaning "evergreen oak", as these abound on the hills flanking the village.<ref name=Guerinp342>Guérin, 1875, [http://www.archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n367/mode/1up p. 342].</ref>
A [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] inscription on a stone [[lintel]] was discovered in Al-Sindiyana, featuring 12 lines of [[Samaritan script]], referencing the initial section of the [[Shema|Shema prayer]], following the [[Samaritan Pentateuch|Samaritan version]] of [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 6:4-9, with notable variations from the [[Masoretic Text|Masoretic text]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=CLV. Es-Sindiane no. 7556 |date=2023-03-20 |work=Volume 5/Part 2 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 6925-7818 |pages=1689–1691 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110715743-041/html |access-date=2024-02-07 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110715743-041 |isbn=978-3-11-071574-3}}</ref>
 
The stone, measuring 25 cm in height and 40 cm in width, was found inserted into a wall above the entrance of a modern house in Al-Sindiyana. The inscription, written in dots-separated words, includes a mention of the city's name "[[Tel Shush|Geva]]" in [[Hebrew alphabet|Jewish script]]. The inscription concludes with lines suggesting a possible date, mentioning the "reign of [[Ishmael]]" (reference to [[Arabs|Arab]] rule), potentially dating the text to shortly after the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Muslim conquest]] in the seventh century AD.<ref name=":0" />
In 1882, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]'s ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described ''Sindianeh'' as a "village of moderate size on high ground, with a spring below it, and a cave; it was here that the tunnel of the Cæsarea [[aqueduct]] is said to have broken into by women digging for clay".<ref name=SWP43/>
 
===Ottoman era===
On 16 March 1799, during the [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] era, [[Napoleon]] had a battle here just north of the village.<ref>van de Velde, 1854, vol 1, p. [https://archive.org/stream/narrativeajourn00veldgoog#page/n371/mode/1up 344]</ref>
 
In 1859, the population was estimated to be 300, who cultivated 22 [[feddan]]s of land.<ref name=SWP43>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/43/mode/1up 43]</ref>
 
[[Victor Guérin]] visited the village in 1863. Transcribing its name as ''Sendianeh'', he notes there are 400 inhabitants and that its name must derive from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''sendian'', meaning "evergreen oak", as these abound on the hills flanking the village.<ref name=Guerinp342>Guérin, 1875, [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n367/mode/1up p. 342].</ref>
 
In 1882, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' described ''Sindianeh'' as a "village of moderate size on high ground, with a spring below it, and a cave; it was here that the tunnel of the Cæsarea [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] is said to have broken into by women digging for clay".<ref name=SWP43/>
 
A population list from about 1887 showed that Al-Sindiyana had about 520 inhabitants; all [[Muslim]]s.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n204/mode/1up 179]</ref>
===British Mandate era===
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[British Mandate ofMandatory Palestine| British Mandate]] authorities, ''Al Sendianeh'' had a population of 576; all [[Muslim]]s,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [httphttps://csarchive.anu.edu.auorg/~bdmstream/yabberPalestineCensus1922/censusPalestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/PalestineCensus1922n36/p34.pdfmode/1up 34]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 923; 922 Muslim and 1 Jew, in a total of 217 houses.<ref>Mills, 1932, p. [httphttps://ia701204.us.archive.org/15/itemsdetails/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf 96]</ref>
 
Al-Sindiyana had an elementary school for boys, which by 1942-1943 had 200 students. The village had numerous springs and [[waterseveral wells|wells]] which provided it with water for both domestic use and irrigationsprings.<ref name=Khalidip192>Khalidi, 1992, p. 192</ref>

In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] it had a population of 1,250 Muslims,<ref name=1945p15/> with a total of 15,172 dunams of land.<ref name=Hadawip49>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Haifa/Page-049.jpg 49]</ref> Of this, a total of 8,177 dunums of land was allocated to [[cereal]]s; 225 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Haifa/Page-092.jpg 92]</ref> while 24 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Haifa/Page-142.jpg 142]</ref>
 
<gallery>
File:Sindiyana 1942.jpg|Al-Sindiyana 1942 1:20,000
File:Qannir 1945.jpg|Al-Sindiyana 1945 1:250,000
File:ביקור המורה ותלמידיו מהכפר הערבי סינדיאני חנוכה תרצא 1931 - iשפיה-2i btm6871.jpeg|Children from Al-Sindiyana and [[Meir Shfeya]] (Jewish youth village) playing together, 1931
</gallery>
 
===Post 1948===
In 1992 the village site was described: "The site is fenced in with barbed wire. Scattered piles of stones, the debris of destroyed houses, are visible among thorns, cactuses and fig, olive, and palm trees. The surrounding lands are used by Israelis as a grazing area."<ref name=Khalidip193/>
 
==References==
{{reflist|225em}}
 
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922|url=httphttps://csarchive.anu.edu.auorg/~bdm/yabber/censusdetails/PalestineCensus1922.pdf | publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude ReignierC.R.|authorlink1author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|authorlink2author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=httphttps://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first1=Sami|last1=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center|access-date=2009-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=2018-12-08|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|first1=Walid|last1=Khalidi|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last1=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Just like a river|first1=Muḥammad Kāmil|last1=Khaṭīb|first2=Maher|last2=Barakat|first3=Michelle|last3=Hartman|publisher=Interlink Books|year=2003|isbn=978-1-56656-475-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Just like a river|first1=Muḥammad Kāmil|last1=Khaṭīb|first2=Maher|last2=Barakat|first3=Michelle|last3=Hartman|publisher=Interlink Books|year=2003|isbn=978-1-56656-475-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/justlikeriver00khat}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=http://ia701204.us.archive.org/15/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C|first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C|first=B.|last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=http://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first =G.| author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url =https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888}}
*{{cite book|last=Velde, van de |first=C.W.M.|author-link=Charles William Meredith van de Velde |title=Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn00veldgoog |volume=1 |year=1854|publisher=William Blackwood and son }}
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Haifa/al-Sindiyana/index.html Welcome To al-Sindiyana]
*[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49322 al-Sindiyana], [[Zochrot]]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8389 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.08.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/haifa/sindiyana.htm al-Sindiyana], at [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]]
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sindiyana"