Wikipedia

Russian Naval Infantry: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
update link
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,638,483 edits
m Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 6);
 
(41 intermediate revisions by 27 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Short description|Naval infantry arm of the Russian Navy}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Russian Naval Infantry
Line 6 ⟶ 7:
| start_date = {{start date|1696}}–{{End date|1917}}, {{Start date|1992}}–present
| dates = {{start date|1696}}–{{End date|1917}}, {{Start date|1992}}–present
| country = {{flagcountryflag|Russia}}{{efn|{{flag|[[Russian Empire}}]] (until 1917)<br>{{flagdeco|Russian Empire}} [[Russian RepublicSFSR]]{{Citation needed|date= February 2018}}<br>{{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}} (until 1922)<br>{{flag|[[Soviet Union}}]] (until 1991)}}
| branch = {{navy|Russia}}
| type = [[Marines|Naval infantry]] and Naval [[special forces]]
Line 13 ⟶ 14:
| garrison = {{ubl | [[Moscow]] | [[Sevastopol]] | [[Sputnik, Murmansk Oblast|Sputnik]] | [[Kamchatka]] | [[Baltiysk]] | [[Kaliningrad]] }}
| garrison_label = Garrisons/HQs
| nickname = "''Черная смерть''", "''Черные береты''"<br />({{Lang-Langx|en|"Black Death", "Black Berets"}})
| patron =
| motto = ''Там, где мы, там — победа!''<br />({{Lang-Langx|en|Where We Are, There is Victory!}})
| colors = [[Black beret|Black]] {{color box|black}}
| colors_label = Color of Beret
| march = {{unbulletedlist|"''Экипаж—Одна семья''" ({{lang-langx|en|The Crew—One Family}})|"''Марш морской пехоты''" ({{Lang-Langx|en|March of the Marines}})}}
| equipment = {{plainlist |
*[[OTs-14 Groza#Variants|OTs-14-1A-04]] 7.62×39mm assault rifle with an under-barrel
Line 38 ⟶ 39:
}}
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{ubl| [[List of wars between Russia and Sweden|Russian–Swedish wars]] | [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish war]] | [[Napoleonic Wars]] | [[Russo-Japanese War]] | [[World War I]] | [[Russian Civil War]] | [[World War II]] | [[First Chechen war]] | [[Second Chechen war]] | [[Russo-Georgian War]] | [[MV Moscow University hijacking]] | [[Piracy off the coast of Somalia|Anti-piracy operations]] | [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]] | [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War]]| [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]}}
| anniversaries = November 27
| decorations =
Line 45 ⟶ 46:
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website =
<!-- Commanders -->
| commander1 = Lt. Gen. Alexander[[Viktor KolpachenkoAstapov]]
| notable_commanders = {{ubl| Maj. Gen. Vladimir Romanenko | Maj. Gen. Vladislav Chernomurov }}
<!-- Insignia -->
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol = [[File: Флаг Морской пехоты ВМФ России (2021).jpg|150px]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of the Russian Naval Infantry.png|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Flag of the Naval Infantry
| identification_symbol_2 =
Line 54 ⟶ 57:
}}
 
The '''Russian Naval Infantry''' ('''MPR'''; {{Lang-Langx|ru|Морская пехота России|translit=Morskaya pekhota Rossii|lit=Russian sea infantry|link=no}}), often referred to as '''Russian Marines''' in the [[Western World|West]],<ref name="National Interest 1">{{cite news |last=Suciu |first=Peter |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-russias-marines-are-training-war-kaliningrad-174482 |title=Why Russia's Marines Are Training for War in Kaliningrad |work=[[The National Interest]] |location=USA |publisher=[[Center for the National Interest]] |date=2020-12-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111065419/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-russias-marines-are-training-war-kaliningrad-174482 |archivedate=2021-01-11 |accessdate=2021-04-10 |quote=“...Russia’s Marines...” }}</ref> operate as the [[naval infantry]] of the [[Russian Navy]]. Established in 1705, they are capable of conducting [[amphibious warfare|amphibious operations]] as well as operating as more traditional [[light infantry]].
 
The Naval Infantry also fields the Russian Navy's only [[special operations forces|special operations unit]], known as the [[Russian commando frogmen|‘commando frogmen’]]. Frogmen are typically drawn from the Naval Infantry's ranks, and they are capable of a wide range of [[special operations]] tasks and missions. Colloquially, [[Russian-language|Russian]]-speakers may refer to Naval Infantrymen using the abbreviation морпехи (morpekhi (plural), singular form: морпех (morpekh)).
 
The first Russian [[marine force]] formed in 1705, and since that time it has fought in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[Crimean War]] (1853-18561853–1856), the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904-19051904–1905), the [[First World War]] (1914-19181914–1918) and the [[Second World War]] (1939-19451939–1945). Under [[Sergey Gorshkov|Admiral Gorshkov]] (Soviet Navy Commander-in-Chief from 1956 to 1985), the [[Soviet Navy]] expanded the reach of the Naval Infantry and deployed it worldwide on numerous occasions.
 
Since 20092019 [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] (NI) {{ill|Aleksandr Nikolaievich Kolpachenko|ru|Колпаченко, Александр Николаевич}} ([[LieutenantViktor general|Lieutenant GeneralAstapov]] (NI) since 2014) has commanded the Naval Infantry in his capacity as the Deputy Commander for Coastal Troops/Commandant of the Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy.
 
The Naval Infantry, alongside the Coastal Defense Missile Artillery Forces, form part of a larger institution—the [[Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy]] ({{Lang-Langx|ru|Береговые войска ВМФ России}}, ''Beregovye voyska VMF Rossii'').
 
==History==
Line 79 ⟶ 82:
===Official formation===
 
In November 16 (27), 1705, following a decree of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]], the first [[regiment]] "of naval equipage" ({{lang|ru|морской экипаж}}) (or in other words, equipped and supplied by the [[Russian Imperial Navy]]) was formed for [[boarding party|boarding]] and [[amphibious landing|landing]] operations, on the ships of the [[Baltic Fleet]]. The regiment had 1200 men (two battalions of five companies; 45 officers, & 70 non-commissioned officers), and from this pioneeroriginal regiment began the long history of Naval Infantry within Russia.
 
===Great Northern War===
In 1714, the regiment won a victory against the Swedes during the [[Battle of Gangut]]. However, after the war, a review of the Regiment's performance during the war concluded that the regimental organization of the unit did not work with the organizational structure of the Navy's fleet and did not allow it to be correctly utilized in combat conditions. As a result, the naval regiment was disbanded, and in replace of it, five naval battalions of consisting of men drawn from the army was created in 1712-17141712–1714 & attached to the fleet:
 
:"Vice Admiral Battalion" - for service in the vanguard squadrons on the ships of the squadron's avant-garde;
Line 119 ⟶ 122:
 
The naval infantry was deployed to the Baltic to defend the homeland against German attack as well as the Caspian Sea for operations against Ottoman forces.
 
Under the command of [[Admiral]] [[Alexander Kolchak]], there was plans for the Black Sea Division to undergo amphibious operations to take the [[Bosporus]] and open a naval path to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] however, such plans never ended up coming to fruition.
{{expand section|date=November 2020}}
 
==== Post-Russian Revolutions and the Russian Civil War====
These naval infantrymen, who served under the Navy of the Imperial State, would later on form the core of the naval infantry service of the young [[Soviet Navy]] in 1918, which distinguished itself during the long [[Russian Civil War]] (1918-19221918–1922). Many of their fellow servicemen though supported the [[White movement]] and distinguished themselves as part of anti-Soviet military operations during those years. Many were shot upon capture by Soviet authorities. Others were tortured and killed.
 
The Soviet Naval Infantry's major force during the civil war was the Baltic Fleet Naval Infantry, the ex-Imperial fleet division's Communist servicemen would provide much of the fighting power during those years following the Revolution.
{{expand section|date=November 2020}}
 
===Soviet era===
 
====Kronstadt rebellion====
Following the winding down of the [[Russian Civil War]] by 1920, the following year, many Soviet Naval Infantrymen stationed in [[Kronstadt]] [[Kronstadt rebellion|mutinied against the Soviet government in 1921]]. The mutiny was quickly put down by Soviet forces with the mutinying Naval Infantrymen facing retribution by the Soviet government leading to their eventual execution.
 
====World War II====
Line 132 ⟶ 142:
* six naval infantry regiments, comprising two 650 man battalions each,
* 40 naval infantry [[brigade]]s of 5–10 battalions, formed from surplus ships' crews. Five brigades were awarded [[Guards unit|''Gvardiya'']] (Guards) status,
* On November 1, 1944, the greatly understrength Red Army [[55th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|55th Rifle Division]] was converted into a garrison formation for the [[Porkkala Naval Base]] after the Finnish capitulation after the end of thein [[Continuation War|late September 1944]].<ref>Feskov et al 2013, 143-44.</ref>
* plus numerous smaller units
 
Line 194 ⟶ 204:
[[File:Victory Day Parade 2008-8.jpg|thumb|Russian naval infantry marching in the 2008 Victory Day Parade]]
[[File:RIAN archive 369501 Russia's Pacific Fleet marine paratroopers in training.jpg|thumb|Russian Pacific Fleet paratroopers in training, 2009]]
[[File:61st Naval Infantry Brigade conducted amphibious landings (24-09-2020).webm|thumb|Elements of 61st Naval Infantry Brigade conducted amphibious landings since a [[Ropucha-class landing ship]] (24-09-2020).]]
[[File:RussianMarines.jpg|thumb|Naval Infantrymen conducting anti-piracy tasks for guarding convoy ships in the Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa]]
[[File:Постоянная группировка ВМФ России в Средиземном море обеспечивает противовоздушную оборону над территории Сирии (12).jpg|thumb|Naval Infantry provide protection for the ships of the [[Permanent task force of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea|permanent task force in the Mediterranean]] off the coast of Syria.]]
Line 248 ⟶ 259:
 
[[File:Oleg Kistanov.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] awarding the [[Order of Courage (Russia)|Order of Courage]] to Naval Infantry Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Kistanov on July 4, 2010, for his actions during the retaking of the Russian tanker [[MV Moscow University|MV ''Moscow University'']] from [[Somali pirates]]]]
[[File:DP-64.png|thumb|right|[[DP-64]] Anti-saboteur weapon]]
The largest naval infantry units are brigades or regiments. A Naval Infantry Regiment consists of roughly 2,000 personnel and is equipped with the [[PT-76]] and [[BRDM-2]], consists of 1 Tank Battalion and 3 naval infantry battalions, one motorised with [[BTR-60]]-series amphibious vehicles. brigades are somewhat larger. Although, sizes vary depending on mission and specializations.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mp-toe.htm|title=Naval Infantry - Organization and Equipment}}</ref>
 
Line 257 ⟶ 268:
===[[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]]===
[[File:Pacific Fleet Naval Infantry.png|thumb|The structure of the Pacific Fleet Naval Infantry]]
* [[155th Guards Naval InfantryMarine Brigade]]<ref>Moscow Defense Brief #2, 2011 p. 18–22; see also http://www.ww2.dk/new/navy/55dmp.htm</ref>
** Brigade HQ
** 390th Naval InfantryMarine Regiment
** 59th Naval InfantryMarine Battalion
** 84th Tank Battalion
** 263rd Artillery Battery
** 1484th Signals Battalion
** Air Defense Battery
* [[40th Naval Infantry Brigade|40th ''Krasnodar-Harbin'' Naval InfantryMarine Brigade]] ([[Kamchatka]]) – redesignated from 3rd Regiment in 2013.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130219184030/http://warfare.be/db/linkid/2234/catid/321/ (2009 to regiment)]</ref><ref>[https://voinskayachast.net/voenno-morskoj-flot/beregovie-voyska/vch10103 (2013 back to brigade)]</ref>
 
===[[Baltic Fleet]]===
* 299th Baltic Fleet Coastal Forces Training Center
* [[336th Guards Naval InfantryMarine Brigade]]– Baltiysk
** 877th Naval InfantryMarine Battalion
** 879th Air-Assault (''Desant'') Battalion
** 884th Naval InfantryMarine Battalion
** 1612th Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion
** 1618th Anti-Aircraft Missile and Artillery Battalion
** 53rd Naval InfantryMarine cargo escort platoon &nbsp;– Kaliningrad
 
===[[Northern Fleet]]===
* [[61st Naval Infantry Brigade (Russia)|61st Naval InfantryMarine Brigade]]&nbsp;– [[Sputnik, Murmansk Oblast]]
** Brigade Headquarters
** 874th Naval InfantryMarine Battalion
** 876th Air-Assault (''Desant'') Battalion
** 886th Reconnaissance Battalion
Line 288 ⟶ 299:
** 1617th Anti-aircraft Missile and Artillery Battalion
* 75th Naval Hospital
* 317th Naval InfantryMarine Battalion
* 318th Naval InfantryMarine Battalion
 
===[[Black Sea Fleet]]===
* [[810th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade|810th Guards Marine Brigade]]; – Kazachye Bukhta, Sevastopol (a regiment until 1 December 2008)
** 880th Naval InfantryMarine Battalion
** 881st Air-Assault Battalion
** 888th Reconnaissance Battalion
** 1613th Artillery Battery
** 1619th Air-Defense Artillery Battery
* 382nd Naval InfantryMarine Battalion
 
===[[Caspian Flotilla]]===
* [[177th Naval InfantryMarine Regiment]]<ref>[https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3423737.html В Каспийске завершено формирование 177-го полка морской пехоты]</ref><ref>[https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12205790@egNews В новом полку морской пехоты Каспийской флотилии прошло первое занятие по предметам боевой подготовки] / [[mil.ru]]]</ref>
 
==Equipment==
Line 307 ⟶ 318:
{{As of|2020}} Russian Naval Infantry had been gradually phasing out [[PT-76]] amphibious tanks, and starting to receive a number of [[T-80]]s and upgraded BMP-2Ms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12153736@egNews|title=Pacific Fleet Marines receive new T-80BV tanks, Kamchatka region|publisher=Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation|date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/russian_upgraded_bmp-2m_ifvs_deployed_in_kamchatka.html|website=Army Recognition|title=Russian upgraded BMP-2M IFVs deployed in Kamchatka|date=16 January 2020}}</ref> A full-strength Naval Infantry Brigade may have up to 80 tanks. The Russian Naval Infantry has 50 T-72B, 150 T-72B3, 30 T-72B3 mod. 2016, 50 T-80BV and 50 T-80BVM as of 2021. The APCs used by the Naval Infantry are either wheeled [[BTR-80]]s (in Assault Landing Battalions) or tracked [[MT-LB]]s (in Naval Infantry Battalions). Naval Infantry units are receiving [[BMP-3]] IFVs; about 40 were delivered in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0402/111562278/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / Морская пехота ТОФ получила на вооружение современные БМП-3|date=2 April 2021}}</ref> BMP-3s may equip one company per Naval Infantry battalion.
 
According to a Defense Ministry statement published by RIA Novosti in November 2009, "All units of Russia's naval infantry will be fully equipped with advanced weaponry by 2015." Included in this upgrade would be [[T-90]] tanks, BMP-3 IFVs, 2S31 120mm120&nbsp;mm mortar/artillery tracks, wheeled [[BTR-82A]] armored personnel carriers, air defense equipment and small arms.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2009/russia-091127-rianovosti05.htm Russia's naval infantry to be totally re-armed by 2015]</ref> All Naval Infantry units were equipped with Ratnik infantry combat gear and all Northern Fleet naval infantry units were equipped with BTR-82A APCs as of November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=717465 |title=Russian marines get "Ratnik" infantry combat system - Navy |publisher=[[Interfax]] |date=2016-11-27 |access-date=2017-03-02}}</ref>
 
Naval Infantry and Navy units also receive new-technology binoculars.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} As of 2017 the Naval Infantry had started to receive a modernized version of Strelets reconnaissance, control and communications system and completed receiving D-10 parachutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/36223|title = Морпехи будут наводить "Ониксы" и "Калибры" с помощью "Стрельца" &#124; Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1127/094544311/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Морская пехота России перешла с парашютов Д-6 на Д-10}}</ref> All Pacific Fleet and Caspian Flotilla naval infantry units were equipped with BTR-82A APCs as of September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0504/095046591/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Соединения Морской пехоты ТОФ на Камчатке и в Приморье полностью укомплектованы новыми БТР-82А}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/june_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_caspian_flotilla_marines_receive_btr-82a_armored_personnel_carriers.html|title = Russian Caspian Flotilla Marines receive BTR-82A armored personnel carriers &#124; June 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry &#124; Defense Security global news industry army 2018 &#124; Archive News year}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0919/092554483/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Морская пехота ТОФ на Камчатке получила более 30 бронетранспортеров БТР-82А}}</ref> 40 BTR-82A were delivered for the Black Sea Fleet in early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0405/150562312/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / Батальон морской пехоты Черноморского флота получил 40 новых БТР-82А}}</ref> The Pacific Fleet Naval Infantry were armed with "Sectant" small robotic reconnaissance systems in late 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/1125/103565407/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / Морпехи ТОФ получили на вооружение малогабаритные роботизированные комплексы разведки "Сектант"}}</ref>
 
In late February 2014, at least one Black Sea Fleet assigned unit (at company level) was apparently using [[Tigr (Russian military vehicle)|''Tigr'']] armored cars near [[Sevastopol]] during the [[2014Annexation Crimeanof crisis]].Crimea Duringby the crisisRussian inFederation|annexation of Crimea]]. In March 2014 imagery emerged of some Naval Infantry personnel carrying what appeared to be the [[OTs-14 Groza#Variants|OTs-14-1A-04]] 7.62×39mm assault rifle with an under-barrel [[GP-30]] 40mm40&nbsp;mm grenade launcher, a [[bullpup]] design normally associated with [[Russian Airborne Troops]], as well as Combat Engineering and Spetsnaz units. Naval Infantry of the Caspian Flotilla received modernized 5.45-mm Kalashnikov assault rifles, AK-74M with an "Obves" modernization kit in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0922/110064573/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / На вооружение морской пехоты КФл поступили модернизированные автоматы АК-74М с комплектом "Обвес"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/0110/101565992/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / Морпехи КФл полностью перевооружены на модернизированные автоматы АК-74М "Обвес"}}</ref> The newest anti-landing mine PDM-MD passed state tests in 2019-2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/0815/082068948/detail.shtml | title=ЦАМТО / / На «Армии-2022» впервые покажут новейшую мину против морских десантов }}</ref> The Molniya-1 suicide drones with a claimed range of 30 km reportedly started to enter service in July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 28, 2024 | website=Critical Threats | date=2024-07-28 | url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-july-28-2024 | ref={{sfnref | Critical Threats | 2024}} | access-date=2024-07-29}}</ref>
 
==Heroes of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation==
Line 333 ⟶ 344:
* Second Lieutenant Nikolai Kirillov (1943)
* Seaman 1st Class (Naval Infantry) Aleksandr Komarov (1945)
* Major [[CaesarTsezar Kunikov|Tsezar Lvovich Kunikov]] (1943, posthumous)
* Gunnery Sergeant Nikolai Kuzhetsov (1943, also Cavalier of the Order of Glory)
* Petty Officer 1st Class (Naval Infantry) Yuri Lisitsyin (1945)
Line 353 ⟶ 364:
* Lieutenant Vladimir A. Belyavskiy (2006)
* Senior Lieutenant Vladimir V. Borovikov
* Sergeant Uilyam Boyka ( 1999 )
* Colonel Aleksandr Chernov
* Guards Lieutenant Aleksandr Darkovich (1995)
* Midshipman (Warrant Officer) Andrey Vladimirovich Dneprovskiy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Naval_Infantry"