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{{Short description|Mongol general}}
{{Infobox
| name = Qutlughshah▼
| office = Supreme Commander of [[Ilkhanate]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1250}}▼
| termstart = 1297
| death_date = {{death date|1307|6|13|df=yes}}▼
|
▲| name = Qutlughshah
▲| birth_date = {{circa|1250}}
|
| predecessor = [[Nawrūz (Mongol emir)|Nawruz]]
| battles = [[Mongol invasions of the Levant]]<br>[[Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)]]▼
| successor = [[Chupan]]
| appointer = [[Ghazan]]
▲| battles = [[
}}
'''Kutlushah''', '''Kutlusha''' or '''Qutlughshah''' ({{
▲'''Kutlushah''', '''Kutlusha''' or '''Qutlughshah''' ({{Lang-mn|Кутлугшах}}, {{Lang-fa|قتلغشاه}}, {{Lang-hy|Խութլուշահը}} or '''Cotlesse''' in [[Franks|Frank]] sources), was a general under the [[Mongol]] [[Ilkhanate]] ruler [[Ghazan]] at the end the 13th century. He was particularly active in the Christian country of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] and especially during the Mongol invasion of Syria, until his ignominious defeat in 1303 led to his banishment. He was killed during the conquest of Gilan in 1307.
==Early life==
Kutlushah was a member of the Mongol [[Manghud]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atwood|first=Christopher|date=2006-01-01|title=Ulus Emirs, Keshig Elders, Signatures, and Marriage Partners: The Evolution of a Classic Mongol Institution|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/43|journal=Imperial Statecraft: Political Forms and Techniques of Governance in Inner Asia, Sixth-Twentieth Centuries|
== Nawruz's rebellion ==
He served Abaqa as his commander and became a companion of then prince [[Ghazan]] in [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] when the prince was still a teenager after [[Nawrūz (Mongol emir)|Nawruz]]'s rebellion. However, he couldn't
== Under Ghazan ==
After Gaykhatu's murder and [[Baydu]]'s enthronement, Ghazan marched against new ilkhan in 1295, accusing him of unjust murder of his uncle.
=== Anatolian campaigns ===
A series of revolts were erupted in [[Anatolia]] after [[Taghachar]]'s execution in 1296. First one was by Baltu (from [[Jalairs|Jalair]] tribe), who captured Taghachar and turned him over to Ghazan. Ghazan appointed
===Georgian campaigns===
Kutlushah had an important role in the [[Kingdom of Georgia]], where he owned lands, and his family was well known. He was often used as an intermediary and ambassador to negotiate with King [[David VIII of Georgia|David VIII]] who consistently opposed Mongol rule.<ref>Luisetto, p.141</ref>
When David VIII required reassurances from the Mongols, in the shape of promises and hostages, Kutlushah provided his own son Shiba'uchi<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Step'annos Orbelean|url=
He was involved in an incident, where Ghazan's vizier Sadr al-Din Zanjani incited him to act against [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din]]. However, after Qutlughshah's report, Zanjani was arrested and executed by Qutluqshah himself on 30 April 1298 with this brother Qutb al-Din by cutting him in half.[[File:GhazanAndKingOfArmenia1303.JPG|thumb|left|Ghazan ordering [[Hethum II, King of Armenia]], to accompany Kutlushah on the 1303 attack on Damascus.<ref>In "Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie", p.74-75</ref>]]
===Syrian campaigns===
[[File:1301FrancoMongolOffensiveLevant.jpg|thumb|Mongol offensive led by Kutlushah]]
In 1300 Ghazan had promised a major invasion of [[Syria]]. However, he ended up sending a smaller force in February 1301, under Kutlushah. The force of approximately 60,000, did little else than engage in some raids around Syria. Kutlushah stationed 20,000 horsemen in the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan valley]] to protect Damas, where a Mongol governor was stationed.<ref>Jean Richard, p.481</ref> Soon however, they had to withdraw. According to the medieval historian [[Templar of Tyre]]:
{{quote|"That year [1300], a message came to Cyprus from Ghazan, king of the Tatars, saying that he would come during the winter, and that he wished that the Franks join him in Armenia (...) [[Amalric,
Kutlushah also led the 1303 Mongol offensive into [[Syria]], with a strong force of about 80,000, plus troops from the [[Cilician Armenia|Armenians]].<ref>Demurger, "Jacques de Molay", p.158</ref> However Kutlushah, along with another Mongol general [[Mulay]], were defeated with the Armenians at Homs on March 30, 1303, and at the decisive [[Battle of Shaqhab]], south of Damas, on April 21, 1303.<ref name="demurger-158">Demurger, p. 158</ref> Their invasion, decisively repelled by the Egyptian [[Mamluk]]s, is considered to be the last major Mongol invasion of Syria.<ref>Nicolle, p. 80</ref> According to the Mamluk historian [[Al-Maqrizi]], Kutlushah barely escaped the death penalty for his defeat. Instead, he received the humiliation of being spat upon by all the people present at his judgement, and his generals all received baton strokes as a punishment. Kutlushah was then exiled to the region of [[Gilan]].<ref>Luisetto, p.226</ref>
== Under Öljaitü ==
Upon Ghazan's death in 1304, his brother [[Öljaitü]] was raised to the throne. Subsequently,
== Personality ==
According to
He criticized Islam again in 1307, during the reign of Öljaitü:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amitai-Preiss|first=Reuven|date=1996|title=Ghazan, Islam and Mongol Tradition: A View from the Mamlūk sultanate|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=59|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00028524|jstor=619387|s2cid=162187712 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref>
{{Quote|text=What is this that we have done, abandoning the new [[Yassa]] and yosun of [[Genghis Khan]], and taking up the ancient religion of the [[Arabs]], which is divided into seventy-odd parts? The choice of either of these two rites would be a disgrace and a dishonourable act, since in the one, marriage with a daughter is permitted and in the other, relations with one's mother or sister. We seek refuge in God from both of them! Let us return to the Yasa and yosun of Genghis Khan!|author=|title=|source=}}
He was described as "friend to Christians" by [[Stephen Orbelian]] in ''History of the Province of Syunik.''<ref name=":0" /> Several people in Armenian history, including [[Gregory of Tatev]] (his secular name was
== Family ==
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* Shiba'uchi — [[emir]], later stripped of his titles by [[Öljaitü]] for causing his father's death
* Iqbalshah — Granted his possession in Georgia by [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lang|first=D. M.|date=1955|title=Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314-1346)|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=17|issue=1|pages=74–91|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00106354|jstor=609230|s2cid=154168058 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref>
* Qaranjuq — Öljaitü's 20th emir in rank, stationed in [[Anatolia]]<ref name=":2" />
* Sevinch Qutluq — married to Amir Sevinch on 15 February 1311
*A daughter — married to Emir Horqudaq<ref>{{Cite book|last=Howorth|first=Henry H. (Henry Hoyle)|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmongols03howouoft|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century|date=
==Notes==
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==References==
*{{cite book|author=Demurger, Alain|title=Jacques de Molay|language=
*Luisetto, Frederic ''Armeniens et autres Chretiens d'Orient sous la domination mongole'', Editions Geuthner, Paris {{ISBN|978-2-7053-3791-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Nicolle, David|title=The Crusades|series=Essential Histories|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-1-84176-179-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/crusades00nico}}
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