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{{Short description|Israeli national holiday}}
{{About|the Israeli national holiday|the annual demonstration of pro-Palestinian sentiment|Quds Day|the flag flying march on Jerusalem Day|Dance of Flags}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 20192024}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{POV|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox holiday
| image = Jom Jeruschalajim.jpg
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{{Jerusalem sidebar}}
 
'''Jerusalem Day''' ({{lang-langx|he|יום ירושלים}}, {{lang|he-Latn|Yom Yerushaláyim}}) is an [[Public holidays in Israel|Israeli national holiday]] that commemorates the "reunification" of [[East Jerusalem]] (including the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]]) with [[West Jerusalem]] following the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967, which saw [[Israel]] occupy East Jerusalem and the [[West Bank]], [[Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem|effectively annexing the former]]. It is celebrated annually on 28 [[Iyar]] on the [[Hebrew calendar]], and is marked officially throughout Israel with state ceremonies and memorial services.
 
A notable celebrationscelebration that marks the holiday is a flag-flying parade known as the [[Dance of Flags]]. The [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]] declared Jerusalem Day to be a minor religious holiday, as it marks the regaining for [[Jews|Jewish people]] of access to the [[Western Wall]].<ref name="bj"/><ref name="Berlin2011">{{cite book |author=Adele Berlin |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA803 |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-973004-9 |page=803 |chapter=Yom Yerushalayim }}</ref>
 
== Historical background ==
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Under the 1947 [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], which proposed the establishment of two states in British [[Mandatory Palestine]] – a [[Jews|Jewish]] state and an [[Arabs|Arab]] state – [[Jerusalem]] was to be an international city, neither exclusively Arab nor Jewish for a period of ten years, at which point a referendum would be held by Jerusalem residents to determine which country to join. The Jewish leadership accepted the plan, including the [[corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|internationalization of Jerusalem]], but the Arabs rejected the proposal.<ref name="passia">{{cite web |url=http://www.passia.org/seminars/2000/israel/part3.html|publisher=passia.org |title=The Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA)|access-date=29 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193002/http://www.passia.org/seminars/2000/israel/part3.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
 
A [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] between Jewish forces and Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine internationalized in to the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] the day after Israel declared independence and the surrounding Arab states sent their armies in to the former Mandate territory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Yoav Gelber|title=Palestine 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC|access-date=14 July 2013|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-075-0|page=138|quote=A war between Israel and the Arab States broke out immediately, and the Arab armies invaded Palestine.}}</ref> [[Jordan]] captured [[East Jerusalem]] and the [[Old City of Jerusalem|Old City]] while Israel captured the western section of the city. Israeli forces made a concerted attempt to dislodge the Jordanians but were unable to do so, and the war concluded with Jerusalem divided between Israel and Jordan by the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]. The Old City and the rest of [[East Jerusalem]], along with the entirety of the [[West Bank]], was occupied by Jordan, who forced the Jewish residents out, while the Palestinian Arab residents of western Jerusalem, at the time one of the more prosperous Arab communities, fled widespread looting and attacks by the [[Haganah]], going from 28,000 to fewer than 750 remaining.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Krystall | first=Nathan | title=The De-Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947-501947–50 | journal=Journal of Palestine Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=27 | issue=2 | date=1 January 1998-01-01 | issn=0377-919X | doi=10.2307/2538281 | pages=5–22| jstor=2538281 }}</ref> Under Jordanian rule, half of the Old City's 58 synagogues were demolished and the Jewish cemetery on the [[Mount of Olives]] was plundered for its tombstones, which were used as paving stones and building materials.<ref name="forward">{{cite web |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/11976/ |work=The Forward |title=A New Ruin Rising |date=7 November 2007 |access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>
 
In 1967, in the [[Six-Day War]], Israel captured and [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank]] from Jordan on 7 June 1967. Later that day, [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Defense Minister]] [[Moshe Dayan]] declared what is often quoted during Jerusalem Day:<ref name="pmo">{{cite web |url=http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMO/Archive/Speeches/2006/05/speechjeru250506.htm|publisher=pmo.gov.il|title=Prime Minister speech |access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="knesset">{{cite web |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/holidays/heb/jer1.htm|publisher=knesset.gov.il|title=Knesset speeches |access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref>
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| isbn = 978-1-317-10836-8
| access-date = 25 December 2018
| archive-date = 12 May 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210512132801/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCwHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
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| isbn = 978-3-638-94450-2
| access-date = 20 February 2016
| archive-date = 7 April 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150407120318/http://books.google.com/books?id=oO9i6WDXH6cC&pg=PA340
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1947-1974/13+Law+and+Administration+Ordinance+-Amendment+No.htm |title=13 Law and Administration Ordinance -Amendment No |publisher=Mfa.gov.il}}</ref> On 30 July 1980, the [[Knesset]] officially approved the Jerusalem Law, which called the city the complete and united capital.<ref>Knesset website, [https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm ''Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel'']</ref>
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On 12 May 1968, the government proclaimed a new holiday – Jerusalem Day – to be celebrated on the 28th of Iyar, the [[Hebrew calendar|Hebrew date]] on which the divided city of Jerusalem became one. On 23 March 1998, the [[Knesset]] passed the Jerusalem Day Law, making the day a national holiday.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/About/Pages/jerusalem.aspx | title=Jerusalem Day | publisher=The Knesset}}</ref>
 
One of the themes of Jerusalem Day, based on a verse from the [[Psalms]], is "Built-up Jerusalem is like a city that was joined together" (Psalm 122:3).<ref name="myjewishlearning">{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/|title=My Jewish Learning -– Judaism & Jewish Life|website=My Jewish Learning}}</ref>
 
In 1977, the government advanced the date of Jerusalem Day by a week to avoid it clashing with Election Day.<ref name="FrankelMedding1988">{{cite book|author=Gideon Aran|editor1=Jonathan Frankel |editor2=Peter Y. Medding |editor3=Ezra Mendelsohn |title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry : Volume IV: The Jews and the European Crisis, 1914–1921: Volume IV: The Jews and the European Crisis, 1914–1921|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_qXQO5omKAC&pg=PA269|date=19 May 1988|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-505113-1|page=269|chapter=Mystic-Messianic Interpretation of Modern Israeli History: The Six Day War as a Key Event in the Development of the Original Religious Culture of Gush Emunim}}</ref>
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=== 50th anniversary ===
<!--[[File:Jerusalem_Day_50.png|thumb|right|Jerusalem Day 50 logo]]-->
In 2017, the [[golden jubilee]] of Jerusalem Day was celebrated. During the course of the year many events marking this milestone took place in celebrations of the 50th Jerusalem Day. Many events were planned throughout the year, marking the jubilee. The main theme of the celebrations iswas the "Liberation of Jerusalem". The celebrations began during [[Hanukkah]] 2016, at an official ceremony held at the [[City of David National Park]] in the presence of Minister [[Miri Regev]], who iswas responsible for the celebrations marking the 50th anniversary. A logo was created for the jubilee and presented by the minister Miri Regev.<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/226145 United Jerusalem]. Cabinet minister Miri Regev Jubilee logo, with motifs reflecting on King David, the Six Day War and the "Jerusalem of Gold" song written by Naomi Shemer.</ref>
 
==== Events During the Jubilee Year ====
The ceremony was held at the City of David National Park at the event the ancient "Pilgrims' Route", that led from the City of David to the Temple Mount during the Second Temple period, was unveiled. The ceremony was attended by Knesset members, mayors and the three paratroopers that were photographed by [[David Rubinger]] at the [[David Rubinger#|Western Wall in 1967]]. At the event, the Minister [[Miri Regev]] was quoted by the press as saying, "Mr. President Barack Obama, I am standing here, on Hanukka, on the same road on which my forefathers walked 2,000 years ago{{nbsp}}... No resolution in any international forum is as strong as the steadfast stones on this street." Noting several of the 14 countries that participated in the resolution – including New Zealand, Ukraine, Senegal, and Malaysia – the minister added, "no other people in the world has such a connection and link to their land."<ref>[{{Cite web |last=Eisenbud |first=Daniel K. |date=27 December 2016 |title=City of David unveils latest groundbreaking archeological discovery to mark jubilee year |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israelisrael-Newsnews/Citycity-of-Daviddavid-unveils-latest-groundbreaking-archeological-discovery-to-mark-jubilee-year-476677 City|access-date=5 ofJune David2024 unveils latest|website=[[The groundbreaking archeological discovery to mark Jubilee Year] ''Jerusalem Post'']]}}</ref>
 
== Significance ==
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=== Religious observance ===
Religious Zionists recite special holiday prayers with [[Hallel]].<ref name="Berlin2011"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Rabbi Ariel|first=Yakov|title=Hallel on Yom Yerushalayim|url=http://www.yeshiva.co/ask/?id=3947|publisher=yeshiva.co|access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref> AlthoughThe [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]] ruled in favor of reciting Hallel with a blessing on this day. Rabbi [[Isser Yehuda Unterman]], Ashkenazi chief rabbi at the time, explained this decision as follows: "When the state was declared [in 1948], we asked the Creater of the World a question, and we did not know if our way would succeed. In the six days we received an answer!"<ref>[[Yoel Bin Nun]], ''Zachor VeShamor'', p. 510</ref> Other rabbis (including Rabbis [[Ovadia Yosef]] and [[Joseph B. Soloveitchik]]) wasruled reluctantthat toHallel authoriseshould itsor inclusioncould inbe therecited only without a liturgyblessing, either because Israel was still in danger, or for technical reasons.<ref name=sb/><ref name="Angel1997">{{cite book|author=Marc Angel|title=Exploring the thought of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqk0AwesybgC&pg=PA11|access-date=8 May 2013|year=1997|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|isbn=978-0-88125-578-2|page=11}}</ref> other scholars, namely [[Meshulam Roth]] and others who held positions in the Israeli rabbinate, advocated the reciting of Hallel with its blessings, regarding it as a duty to do so. Today, various communities follow differing practices.<ref name=sb>[http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Judaism/Should-one-recite-Hallel-on-Jerusalem-Day Should one recite Hallel on Jerusalem Day?], Shlomo Brody, ''Jerusalem Post'', 17 May 2012.</ref>
 
Some [[Haredi Judaism|Haredim]] (strictly Orthodox), who do not recognise the religious significance of the State of Israel, do not observe Yom Yerushalayim.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jewish Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEYuAQAAIAAJ|access-date=8 May 2013|year=1998|publisher=South African Jewish Board of Deputies|page=41|quote=Yet the attitude of the ''Adath'', and indeed of all the Strictly Orthodox congregations, towards Israel and Zionism is paradoxical. On the one hand, events like Yom Ha-Atzma’ut, Yom Ha-Zikaron and Yom Yerushalayim are ignored….}}</ref><ref name="Rabinowicz1997">{{cite book|author=Tzvi Rabinowicz|title=A world apart: the story of the Chasidim in Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKTXAAAAMAAJ|access-date=8 May 2013|date=February 1997|publisher=Vallentine Mitchell|isbn=978-0-85303-261-8|page=218|quote=Although all Chasidim love Zion, they do not approve Zionism. They do not celebrate ''Yom Atzmaut'' (Israel's Independence Day), or ''Yom Yerushalayim'' (the annual commemoration of the liberation of Jerusalem).}}</ref> Rabbi [[Moshe Feinstein]] maintained that adding holidays to the Jewish calendar was itself problematic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw4mAQAAIAAJ|access-date=8 May 2013|year=1994|publisher=Yeshiva Rabbi Jacob Joseph School|page=61}}</ref>
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There has been controversy pertaining to the celebration of Jerusalem Day. The settlement of Eastern Jerusalem and the claim of Jerusalem as a capital for the State of Israel is controversial among the left wing and the Arab population of Jerusalem, who regard it as a day marking the conquest of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<ref>Yishai Friedman, Students Against Jerusalem: "Legitimizing the Occupation," 4 April 2013, [http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/457/619.html NRG]</ref>
 
One of the celebrations marking Jerusalem Day is a youth parade with flags known as [[Dance of Flags]], which begins at Gan Sacher, winds through the streets of downtown Jerusalem, threads through the old city and ends with a gathering for a final prayer at the Western Wall. The parade is controversial, and violent interactions have been reported between Arabs and Israeli youth during the procession.<ref>[http{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Leanne |date=29 May 2014 |title='Go to Hell, Leftist' and Other Jerusalem Day Slogans |url=https://forward.com/opinion/israel/199123/go-to-hell-leftist-and-other-jerusalem-day-s/ ‘Go|access-date=5 to Hell,June Leftist’ and Other Jerusalem Day Slogans]2024 |website=[[The Jewish Daily Forward, 29 May 2014]]}}</ref>
 
In 2014, the [[Meretz]] political party submitted a bill to repeal the Jerusalem Day Law.<ref>Jonathan{{Cite Liss,news Meretz|last=Lees demands|first=Jonathan canceling|date=27 theMay definition2014 of|title="מרצ Jerusalemדורשת Dayלבטל asאת aהגדרת "nationalיום holiday,ירושלים כ"חג [httpלאומי |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politi/2014-05-27/ty-article/.premium/0000017f-1.2333499e253-d7b2-a77f-e35763bf0000 Ha'aretz], 27 May|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240121185417/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politi/2014-05-27/ty-article/.premium/0000017f-e253-d7b2-a77f-e35763bf0000 The|archive-date=21 textJanuary of2024 the|access-date=5 billJune is2024 on|work=[[Haaretz]] the Knesset website.|language=he}}</ref>
 
In May 2015, the Israeli [[Supreme Court of Israel#High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice]] rejected a petition to prevent the Jerusalem Day parade from marching through the [[Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)|Muslim sector]] of the city. The justices said, however, that police must arrest parade participants who shout racist and violent epithets such as "Death to the Arabs!" or commit violent acts.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/{{Cite news/israel/1.655923 |last=Hasson |first=Nir |date=11 May 2015 |title=High Court allowsAllows Jerusalem Day paradeParade to marchMarch throughThrough Muslim Quarter] Haaretz, |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2015-05-11/ty-article/high-court-allows-jerusalem-march-through-muslim-quarter/0000017f-dc2c-d3a5-af7f-feaeca990000 May|access-date=5 2015.June "In2024 recent years, the parade has been characterized by numerous acts of racism and violence against Arabs, as well as damage to property at the hands of marchers."|work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref>
 
== Ethiopian Jews' Memorial Day ==
{{Main articles|Memorial Day for Ethiopian Jews}}
[[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - PM Netanyahuspeaking at the service.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu speaking at the ceremony in Jerusalem alongside the Priests of Beta Israel, 1998]]
A ceremony is held on Yom Yerushalayim to commemorate the [[Beta Israel]] who perished on their way to Israel. In 2004, the Israeli government decided to turn this ceremony into a state ceremony held at the memorial site for Ethiopian Jews who perished on their way to Israel on [[Mount Herzl]].<ref>Ceremony marking the memory of the Ethiopian Jews who perished on their way to Israel, Decision No. 1425 of the 30th Government of Israel, 2004, on the [http://www.pmo.gov.il/Secretary/GovDecisions/2004/Pages/des1425.aspx website] of the Prime Minister's Office.</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite news |last=Shaham |first=Udi |date=2 June 2016 |title=Paying tribute to Ethiopian Jews who didn't make it |url=httphttps://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Paying-tribute-to-Ethiopian-Jews-who-didnt-make-it-455701 |publisheraccess-date=jpost.com|title=Paying5 tributeJune to2024 Ethiopian Jews who didn't make it – Israel News – Jerusalem Post|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post &#124; Jpost.com |access-date=29 September 2016]]}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[History of Jerusalem]]
* [[Independence Day (Israel)]]
* [[Quds Day]] ({{langx|fa|روز&nbsp;قدس}}, {{langx|ar|يوم&nbsp;القدس}}; lit. ''Jerusalem Day'', with ''Quds'' being the Arabic name for Jerusalem), established in Iran one year after the [[Islamic Revolution]] to express opposition to Zionism and the state of Israel
* [[Beit Orot]]
{{clear}}
 
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== External links ==
{{Commons category|Yom Yerushalayim}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Yerushalayim.htm |title=Overview: Jerusalem Day |access-date=27 May 2006 |archive-date=19 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519084508/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Yerushalayim.htm |url-status=dead }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707195428/http://www.jerusalempedia.com/Education-week_in_Jerusalem.html Education week 9–13.5 – 43rd Jerusalem Day]
* [https://www.knesset.gov.il/holidays/eng/jerusalem_day.htm Jerusalem Day on the official Knesset website]
* [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Yerushalayim.htm ''Overview: Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day)'' in ''My Jewish Learning'' website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519084508/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Modern_Holidays/Yom_Yerushalayim.htm |date=19 May 2006 }}
* [http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm "Jerusalem in International Diplomacy" from the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028044557/http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm |date=28 October 2012 }}
 
{{Israeli holidays}}
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