Wikipedia

Spiš Castle: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Added 1 {{Bare URL inline}} tag(s) using a script. For other recently-tagged pages with bare URLs, see Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024
(45 intermediate revisions by 31 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Short description|Large castle site in eastern Slovakia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=AprilJanuary 20122021}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Spiš Castle
| ensign =
| ensign_size =
| native_name = {{lang|sk|Spišský hrad}}
Line 10 ⟶ 12:
| caption = Spiš Castle
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| image_map =
| map_caption = Location of Spiš Castle in Slovakia
| pushpin_map = Slovakia
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|49|00|02|N|20|46|06|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
<!-- location -->
| partof =
| location = [[Spišská Nová Ves District|Spišská Nová Ves]], [[Spiš Region|Spiš]]
| nearest_town =
| country = Slovakia
<!-- stats -->
| ownership =
| operator =
| open_to_public =
| site_area = 41,426 sq. m.
| built = 12thTwelfth century
| used =
| builder =
| materials = Masonry
| height =
| length =
| fate =
| condition =
| battles =
| events =
| garrison =
| occupants =
| website = {{URL|https://www.spisskyhrad.com/english/spis-castle/}}
| footnotes =
}}
The ruins of '''Spiš Castle''' ({{lang-sk| Spišský hrad}}, {{Audio|Sk-Spišský hrad.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lang-plhu|SpiskiSzepesi Zamekvár}}; {{lang-hupl|SzepesiZamek várSpiski}}; {{lang-de|Zipser Burg}}) in eastern [[Slovakia]] formbelong oneto of thesix largest [[castle]]s sites in CentralSlovakia.<ref>{{Cite Europeweb |title=Spiš Castle |url=http://www.spisskyhrad.sk/en.html|website=wwww.spisskyhrad.sk}}</ref> The castle is situated above the town of [[Spišské Podhradie]] and the village of [[Žehra]], in the region known as [[Spiš]] ({{lang-hu|Szepes}}, {{lang-de|link=no|Zips}}, {{lang-pl|Spisz}}, {{lang-la|Scepusium}}). It was included in the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Sites]] in 1993 (together with the adjacent locations of [[Spišská Kapitula]], Spišské Podhradie and [[Žehra]]). This isThe onesize of the biggestcastle Europeanarea castlesis by3,9 areaha (4139,426000 m²<sup>2</sup>). It is administered by the [[Spiš Museum]] at [[Levoča]], a division of the [[Slovak National Museum]].
 
== History ==
[[ImageFile:Szepescivertanlegi4.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial photograph of the castle]]
[[File:Spiš Castle 4.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Spiš castle - the central part.]]
Spiš Castle was built in the 12th century on the site of an earlier castle. It was the political, administrative, economic and cultural center of [[Szepes County]]<ref>Kenneth Meyer Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571, American Philosophical Society, 1984, p. 315 [https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA315]</ref> of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. Before 1464, it was owned by the [[List of rulers of Hungary|kings of Hungary]], afterward (until 1528) by the [[John Zápolya|Zápolya]] family, the [[Thurzó]] family (1531–1635), the [[Imre Csáky (cardinal)|Csáky]] family (1638–1945), and (since 1945) by the state of [[Czechoslovakia]] then [[Slovakia]].▼
 
===Origins===
Originally a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] stone castle with fortifications, a two-story Romanesque palace and a three-nave Romanesque-[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] basilica were constructed by the second half of the 13th century. A second extramural settlement was built in the 14th century, by which the castle area was doubled. The castle was completely rebuilt in the 15th century; the castle walls were heightened and a third extramural settlement was constructed. A late Gothic chapel was added around 1470. The [[John Zápolya|Zápolya]] clan performed late Gothic transformations, which made the upper castle into a comfortable family residence, typical of late Renaissance residences of the 16th and 17th centuries. ▼
[[File:Andrea Mantegna - King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Matthias Corvinus]], the last<Br>royal owner]]
The last owners of the Spiš Castle, the Csáky family, abandoned the castle in the early 18th century because they considered it too uncomfortable to live in. They moved to the newly built nearby village castles/palaces in Hodkovce near [[Žehra]] and [[Spišský Hrhov]].▼
Construction of the medieval castle on a travertine hill dates back to the beginning of the 12th century. The oldest written reference to the castle is from 1120. At the beginning it was a boundary fort placed at the northern frontier of an early feudal Old Hungarian state. Afterwards, it became the seat of the head of the Spiš region for many centuries. <ref>https://slovakia.travel/en/spissky-hrad-castle#:~:text=Construction%20of%20the%20medieval%20castle,beginning%20of%20the%2012th%20century. {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Spis castle reconstruction.png|thumb|A view of the castle at its zenith during the 16th century]]▼
▲Spiš Castle was built in the 12th century on the site of an earlier castle. It was the political, administrative, economic and cultural center of [[Szepes County]]<ref>Kenneth{{cite Meyerbook |last1=Setton, |first1=Kenneth M. |title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571,(1204-1571): Americanthe PhilosophicalSixteenth Society,Century from Julius III to Pius V |date=1984, p.|publisher=American 315Philosophical [Society |isbn=9780871691613 |oclc=20475333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA315]|accessdate=15 June 2023}}</ref> of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. Before 1464, it was owned by the [[List of rulers of Hungary|kings of Hungary]], afterwarduntil the time of [[Matthias Corvinus|King Matthias Corvinus]], then (until 1528) by the [[John Zápolya|Zápolya]] family, the [[Thurzó]] family (1531–1635), the [[Imre Csáky (cardinal)|Csáky]] family (1638–1945), and (since 1945) by the state of [[Czechoslovakia]] and then [[Slovakia]].
 
▲Originally a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] stone castle with fortifications, a two-story Romanesque palace and a three-nave Romanesque-[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] basilica were constructed by the second half of the 13ththirteenth century. A second extramural settlement was built in the 14thfourteenth century, by which the castle area was doubled. The castle was completely rebuilt in the 15thfifteenth century; the castle walls were heightened and a third extramural settlement was constructed. A late Gothic chapel was added around 1470. The [[John Zápolya|Zápolya]] clan performed late Gothic transformations, which made the upper castle into a comfortable family residence, typical of late Renaissance residences of the 16thsixteenth and 17thseventeenth centuries.
 
===Decline and reconstruction===
▲The last owners of the Spiš Castle, the Csáky family, abandoned the castle in the early 18theighteenth century because they considered it too uncomfortable to live in. They moved to the newly built nearby village castles/palaces in Hodkovce near [[Žehra]] and [[Spišský Hrhov]].
 
In 1780, the castle was destroyed in a fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spissky Hrad and Levoca|url=https://www.worldheritagesite.org/list/Spissky+Hrad+and+Levoca|website=World Heritage Site}}</ref> The cause of the blaze is unknown, but there are a few theories. One is that the Csáky family purposelypurposefully burned it down to reduce taxes as at the time additional taxes applied to roofed buildings. Another is that it was struck by lightning, which started the fire. A third is that some soldiers in the castle were making moonshine and in the process accidentally started the fire. Whatever the case, after the fire, the castle was no longer occupied and began to fall into disrepair.<ref>{{in lang|sk}} [http://www.slovakcooking.com/2012/blog/spis-castle-pieni]</ref>
 
The castle was partly reconstructed in the second half of the 20thtwentieth century, and extensive archaeological research was carried out on the site. The reconstructed sections house displays of the [[Spiš Museum]], which is responsible for managing the castle,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.snm.sk/?spisske-muzeum-o-muzeu |title=Spišské múzeum -Poslanie a história múzea (Spiš Museum - mission and history of the museum) |author=<!--Not stated--> |language=sk|date=n.d. |website=[[Slovak National Museum]] |publisher=Slovak National Museum |access-date=2 November 2020 |quote=}}</ref> and artifactsartefacts such as torture devices formerly used in the castle.
 
==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File: Spis Castle - Slovakia.jpg|Overall view of the castle
File: Spis Castle courtyard 01.JPG|Lower fortifications
File: Spis castle wall and tower.JPG|Wall, and tower
File: Spisska nova ves...castle.jpg|View from east
▲[[File:Spis castle reconstruction.png|thumb|A reconstructed view of the castle at its zenith during the 16thsixteenth century]]
File:Museum exposition in castle.jpg|Museum exposition in castle
</gallery>
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
{{Commons|Spišský hradand category}}
* [httphttps://www.spisskyhrad.skcom/english/spis-castle/en.html Tourist information about Spiš Castle and nearby Dreveník]
* [http://www.slovakheritagespisskyhrad.orgsk/Unesco/spiscastleen.htmhtml HistoryTourist ofinformation about Spiš Castle and nearby Dreveník]
* [httphttps://sekuladawww.comslovakheritage.org/zamek-spiskiUnesco/spiscastle.htm History and photos of Spiš Castle] {{in lang|pl}}
* [https://sekulada.com/zamek-spiski/ History and photos of Spiš Castle] {{in lang|pl}}
 
{{World Heritage Sites in Slovakia}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spis Castle}}
[[Category:12th-century architecture in Slovakia]]▼
[[Category:Castles in Slovakia]]
[[Category:WorldFormer Heritage Sites in Slovakiaenclaves]]
[[Category:SpišFormer exclaves]]▼
[[Category:Gothic architecture in Slovakia]]
[[Category:History museums in Slovakia]]
▲[[Category:Spiš]]
▲[[Category:12th-century architecture in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Romanesque architecture in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Gothic architecture in SlovakiaSpiš]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Slovakia]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiš_Castle"