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{{Short description|1916 treaty between Canada and the United States}}
The '''Migratory Bird Treaty''' or '''Convention''' is an [[environmental treaty]] between [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]. It was originally signed on {{date|08/16/1916}} by the U.S. and the [[United Kingdom]] (representing Canada), entered into force in on {{date|12/06/1916}}, and has since been amended several times.▼
{{Infobox Treaty
| name = Convention Between the United States and Great Britain for the Protection of Migratory Birds
| long_name =
| image = Migratory Bird Treaty 5c 1966 issue U.S. stamp.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = United States stamp commemorating the treaty
| type = [[Bird conservation]]
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|1916|8|16|df=y}}
| location_signed = [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = {{Start date|1916|12|7|df=y}}
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration =
| signatories =
| parties =
* {{flag|Great Britain}}
* {{flag|United States}}
| ratifiers =
| depositor =
| language = English
| wikisource =
}}
▲The '''Migratory Bird Treaty''' or '''Convention''' is an [[environmental treaty]] between
{{
Whereas, many of these species are of great value as a source of food or in destroying insects which are injurious to forests and forage plants on the public domain, as well as to agricultural crops, in both Canada and the United States, but are nevertheless in danger of extermination through lack of adequate protection during the nesting season or while on their way to and from their breeding grounds;
His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions beyond the seas, Emperor of India, and the United States of America, being desirous of saving from indiscriminate slaughter and of insuring the preservation of such migratory birds as are either useful to man or are harmless, have resolved to adopt some uniform system of protection which shall effectively accomplish such objects ...<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.asp?id=101587 |title=
== Implementation ==
This treaty led to important environmental legislation being passed in each of the two countries in order to implement the terms of the treaty.
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[[Image:Mont Saint-Hilaire south.jpg|350px|thumb|right|[[Mont Saint-Hilaire]] in southern Quebec was made a Migratory Bird Sanctuary in 1960]]
The [[Migratory Birds Convention Act]] (also '''MBCA''') is a
|url=http://redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/3.Conservation/canada5.htm
|title=Biodiversity Conservation in Canada
|publisher=
|accessdate=2008-01-27
|accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> One major outcome of the act was the creation of Federal Migratory Bird Sanctuaries (MBSs).▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314154327/http://redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/3.Conservation/canada5.htm
|archive-date=2008-03-14
|url-status=dead
▲
=== Implementation in the United States ===
{{main|Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918}}
Under [[United States Code]] Title 16, Chapter 7, Subchapter II, the [[Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918]] is the United States legislation implementing the convention between the U.S. and Great Britain (for Canada). It replaced the [[Weeks-McLean Act]], which had become effective in 1913 though faced constitutional challenges. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act was also challenged in the case ''[[Missouri v. Holland]]'' and the supremacy of ratified international treaties gave it additional protection. The United States subsequently entered into similar agreements with four other nations ([[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Japan]] and [[Russia]]) to protect [[migratory bird]]s. The statute makes it unlawful to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill or sell birds listed therein ("migratory birds"). The statute does not discriminate between live or dead birds and also grants full protection to any bird parts including feathers, eggs and nests. Over 800 species are currently on the list.<ref>George Cameron Coggins, and Sebastian T. Patti. "The Resurrection and Expansion of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act." ''U. Colorado Law Review'' 50 (1978): 165+.</ref>
The statute is broken down into ten sections, 703 through 712 (16 U.S.C. 703 through 712). Note that § 709 is omitted, but § 709a ''Authorization of appropriations'' is included and active, making eleven listed sections (including § 709 ''Omitted'').
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== See also ==
* [[Bird Day]]
* [[International Convention on the Protection of Birds]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1916 in Canada]]
[[Category:1916 in American law]]
[[Category:Canada–United States treaties]]
[[Category:Environmental treaties]]
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[[Category:Animal treaties]]
[[Category:United Kingdom–United States treaties]]
[[Category:Wildlife law in the United States]]
[[Category:Bird migration]]
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