skip to main content
research-article

Autism Spectrum disorder Detection in Toddlers and Adults Using Deep Learning

Published: 01 September 2024 Publication History

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder includes symptoms like anxiety, depressive disorders, and epilepsy because of its impact on relationships, learning, and employment. Since no confirmed treatment and diagnosis are available, the emphasis is on improving an individual’s capacities through symptom mitigation. This work investigates autism screening for adults and toddlers utilizing deep learning. We investigated models for feature prediction and fused these predictions with the original dataset to be trained with deep long short-term memory (DLSTM). Features are fused from the training and testing sets and then combined with the original dataset. Data analysis is carried out to detect anomalies and outliers, and a label encoding technique is utilized to convert the categorical data into numerical values. We hyper-tuned the DLSTM model parameters to optimize and assess significant outcomes. Experimental analysis and results revealed that the proposed approach worked better than the other techniques, yielding 99.9% accuracy for toddlers and 99% for adults.

References

[1]
Ahmed, I.A., Senan, E.M., Rassem, T.H., Ali, M.A., Shatnawi, H.S.A., Alwazer, S.M. and Alshahrani, M. (2022). Eye tracking-based diagnosis and early detection of autism spectrum disorder using machine learning and deep learning techniques, Electronics 11(4): 530.
[2]
Al Duhayyim, M., Abbas, S., Al Hejaili, A., Kryvinska, N., Almadhor, A. and Mohammad, U.G. (2023). An ensemble machine learning technique for stroke prognosis, Computer Systems Science & Engineering 47(1): 413–429.
[3]
Alqaysi, M., Albahri, A. and Hamid, R.A. (2022). Hybrid diagnosis models for autism patients based on medical and sociodemographic features using machine learning and multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques: An evaluation and benchmarking framework, Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022(1): 9410222.
[4]
Alsuliman, M. and Al-Baity, H.H. (2022). Efficient diagnosis of autism with optimized machine learning models: An experimental analysis on genetic and personal characteristic datasets, Applied Sciences 12(8): 3812.
[5]
Amin, J., Sharif, M., Haldorai, A., Yasmin, M. and Nayak, R.S. (2021). Brain tumor detection and classification using machine learning: A comprehensive survey, Complex & Intelligent Systems 8(4): 3161–3183.
[6]
Ashok, K. and Gopikrishnan, S. (2023). Improving security performance of healthcare data in the Internet of medical things using a hybrid metaheuristic model, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 33(4): 623–636.
[7]
Atlam, E.-S., Masud, M., Rokaya, M., Meshref, H., Gad, I. and Almars, A.M. (2024). EASDM: Explainable autism spectrum disorder model based on deep learning, Journal of Disability Research 3(1): 20240003.
[8]
Baizer, J.S. (2024). Neuroanatomy of autism: What is the role of the cerebellum?, Cerebral Cortex 34(13): 94–103.
[9]
Bala, M., Ali, M.H., Satu, M.S., Hasan, K.F. and Moni, M.A. (2022). Efficient machine learning models for early stage detection of autism spectrum disorder, Algorithms 15(5): 166.
[10]
Barik, K., Watanabe, K., Bhattacharya, J. and Saha, G. (2023). A fusion-based machine learning approach for autism detection in young children using magnetoencephalography signals, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 53(12): 4830–4848.
[11]
Beary, M., Hadsell, A., Messersmith, R. and Hosseini, M.-P. (2020). Diagnosis of autism in children using facial analysis and deep learning, arXiv: 2008.02890.
[12]
Casalino, G., Castellano, G., Hryniewicz, O., Leite, D., Opara, K., Radziszewska, W. and Kaczmarek-Majer, K. (2023). Semi-supervised vs. supervised learning for mental health monitoring: A case study on bipolar disorder, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 33(3): 419–428.
[13]
Chaste, P. and Leboyer, M. (2012). Autism risk factors: Genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions, Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 14(3): 281–292.
[14]
Chen, G. (2016). A gentle tutorial of recurrent neural network with error backpropagation, arXiv: 1610.02583.
[15]
Chen, T. and Guestrin, C. (2016). XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system, Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Francisco, USA, pp. 785–794.
[16]
Deng, X., Zhang, J., Liu, R. and Liu, K. (2022). Classifying ASD based on time-series FMRI using spatial-temporal transformer, Computers in Biology and Medicine 151: 106320.
[17]
Farooq, M.S., Tehseen, R., Sabir, M. and Atal, Z. (2023). Detection of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children and adults using machine learning, Scientific Reports 13(1): 9605.
[18]
Francese, R. and Yang, X. (2022). Supporting autism spectrum disorder screening and intervention with machine learning and wearables: A systematic literature review, Complex & Intelligent Systems 8(5): 3659–3674.
[19]
Garg, A., Parashar, A., Barman, D., Jain, S., Singhal, D., Masud, M. and Abouhawwash, M. (2022). Autism spectrum disorder prediction by an explainable deep learning approach, Computers, Materials & Continua 71(1): 1459–1471.
[20]
Hosmer Jr, D.W., Lemeshow, S. and Sturdivant, R.X. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression, Wiley, Hoboken.
[21]
Hsu, C.-W. (2003). A Practical Guide to Support Vector Classification, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
[22]
Islam, M.Z., Islam, M.M. and Asraf, A. (2020). A combined deep CNN-LSTM network for the detection of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) using X-ray images, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 20: 100412.
[23]
Kanhirakadavath, M.R. and Chandran, M.S.M. (2022). Investigation of eye-tracking scan path as a biomarker for autism screening using machine learning algorithms, Diagnostics 12(2): 518.
[24]
Lu, A. and Perkowski, M. (2021). Deep learning approach for screening autism spectrum disorder in children with facial images and analysis of ethnoracial factors in model development and application, Brain Sciences 11(11): 1446.
[25]
Mohammad, U.G., Imtiaz, S., Shakya, M., Almadhor, A. and Anwar, F. (2022). An optimized feature selection method using ensemble classifiers in software defect prediction for healthcare systems, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022(1): 1028175.
[26]
Mohanty, A.S., Parida, P. and Patra, K. (2021). Identification of autism spectrum disorder using deep neural network, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1921: 012006.
[27]
Omar, K.S., Mondal, P., Khan, N.S., Rizvi, M.R.K. and Islam, M.N. (2019). A machine learning approach to predict autism spectrum disorder, 2019 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, pp. 1–6.
[28]
Raj, S. and Masood, S. (2020). Analysis and detection of autism spectrum disorder using machine learning techniques, Procedia Computer Science 167: 994–1004.
[29]
Rasul, R.A., Saha, P., Bala, D., Karim, S.R.U., Abdullah, M.I. and Saha, B. (2024). An evaluation of machine learning approaches for early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, Healthcare Analytics 5: 100293.
[30]
Reddy, P. (2024). Diagnosis of autism in children using deep learning techniques by analyzing facial features, Engineering Proceedings 59(1): 198.
[31]
Shahamiri, S.R. and Thabtah, F. (2020). Autism AI: A new autism screening system based on artificial intelligence, Cognitive Computation 12(4): 766–777.
[32]
Shahamiri, S.R., Thabtah, F. and Abdelhamid, N. (2022). A new classification system for autism based on machine learning of artificial intelligence, Technology and Health Care 30(3): 605–622.
[33]
Sharma, N., Bhandari, H.V., Yadav, N.S. and Shroff, H. (2020). Optimization of IDS using filter-based feature selection and machine learning algorithms, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10(2): 96–102.
[34]
Shrivastava, T., Singh, V. and Agrawal, A. (2024). Autism spectrum disorder detection with kNN imputer and machine learning classifiers via questionnaire mode of screening, Health Information Science and Systems 12(1): 18.
[35]
Simeoli, R., Rega, A., Cerasuolo, M., Nappo, R. and Marocco, D. (2024). Using machine learning for motion analysis to early detect autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review, Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders pp. 1–20.
[36]
Song, Y.-Y. and Ying, L. (2015). Decision tree methods: Applications for classification and prediction, Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry 27(2): 130.
[37]
Wang, H., Li, L., Chi, L. and Zhao, Z. (2019). Autism screening using deep embedding representation, Computational Science—ICCS 2019: 19th International Conference, Faro, Portugal, pp. 160–173.
[38]
Zhang, M.-L. and Zhou, Z.-H. (2005). A k-nearest neighbor based algorithm for multi-label classification, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing, Beijing, China, Vol. 2, pp. 718–721.

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science  Volume 34, Issue 4
Special issue: Future Perspectives for AI in Complex Health Modelling, Guest editors: Marcin WOŹNIAK, Yogesh KUMAR and Muhammad Fazal IJAZ
Sep 2024
160 pages
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Publisher

Walter de Gruyter & Co.

United States

Publication History

Published: 01 September 2024

Author Tags

  1. autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
  2. deep learning
  3. feature fusion
  4. feature prediction
  5. healthcare.

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • 0
    Total Citations
  • 0
    Total Downloads
  • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
Reflects downloads up to 29 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

View Options

View options

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media