research-article

Robot mood is contagious: effects of robot body language in the imitation game

Authors:

Joost Broekens,

Mark A. NeerincxAuthors Info & Claims

AAMAS '14: Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems

Pages 973 - 980

Published: 05 May 2014 Publication History

Abstract

Mood contagion is an automatic mechanism that induces a congruent mood state by means of the observation of another person's emotional expression. In this paper, we address the question whether robot mood displayed during an imitation game can (a) be recognized by participants and (b) produce contagion effects. Robot mood was displayed by applying a generic framework for mood expression using body language. By modulating the set of available behavior parameters in this framework for controlling pose and motion dynamics, the gestures performed by the humanoid robot NAO were adjusted to display either a positive or negative mood. In the study performed, we varied both mood as well as task difficulty. Our results show that participants are able to differentiate between positive and negative robot mood. Moreover, self-reported mood matches the mood of the robot in the easy task condition. Additional evidence for mood contagion is provided by the fact that we were able to replicate an expected effect of negative mood on task performance: in the negative mood condition participants performed better on difficult tasks than in the positive mood condition, even though participants' self-reported mood did not match that of the robot.

References

[1]

C. Breazeal, A. Takanishi, and T. Kobayashi. Social robots that interact with people. Springer Handbook of Robotics, pages 1349--1369. Springer, Berlin, 2008.

[2]

C. Breazeal. Role of expressive behaviour for robots that learn from people. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1535):3527--3538, 2009.

[3]

R. Neumann, and F. Strack. "Mood contagion": the automatic transfer of mood between persons. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(2):211, 2000.

[4]

J. Hirth, N. Schmitz, and K. Berns. Towards social robots: Designing an emotion-based architecture. Int. J. Social Robotics, 3(3):273--290, 2011.

[5]

M. Häring, N. Bee, and E. Andre. Creation and evaluation of emotion expression with body movement, sound and eye color for humanoid robots. RO-MAN, pages 204--209. IEEE, Aug. 2011.

[6]

M. Zecca, Y. Mizoguchi, K. Endo, F. Iida, Y. Kawabata, N. Endo, K. Itoh, and A. Takanishi. Whole body emotion expressions for kobian humanoid robot - preliminary experiments with different emotional patterns -. RO-MAN, IEEE, pages 381--386. 2009.

[7]

J. Xu, J. Broekens, K. Hindriks, and Mark A. Neerincx. Mood Expression through Parameterized Functional Behavior of Robots. Int. Symp. Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pages 533--540. IEEE, 2013.

[8]

J. Xu, J. Broekens, K. Hindriks, and Mark A. Neerincx. The Relative Importance and Interrelations between Behavior Parameters for Robots' Mood Expression. Affective Comp. and Intel. Interaction (ACII), pages 558--563. IEEE, 2013.

Digital Library

[9]

J. Xu, J. Broekens, K. Hindriks, and Mark A. Neerincx. Bodily Mood Expression: Recognize Moods from Functional Behaviors of Humanoid Robots. International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR), pages 511--520. Springer, 2013.

Digital Library

[10]

R. Gockley, J. Forlizzi, and R. Simmons. Interactions with a moody robot. ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction, pages 186--193. ACM, March 2006.

Digital Library

[11]

R. Looije, M. A. Neerincx, and F. Cnossen. Persuasive robotic assistant for health self-management of older adults: Design and evaluation of social behaviors. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 68(6):386--397, 2010.

Digital Library

[12]

Q. A. Le, and C. Pelachaud. Evaluating an expressive gesture model for a humanoid robot: Experimental results. 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), submitted, 2012.

[13]

J. M. Kessens, M. A. Neerincx, R. Looije, M. Kroes, and G. Bloothooft. Facial and vocal emotion expression of a personal computer assistant to engage, educate and motivate children. Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII). pages 1--7. IEEE, September, 2009.

[14]

I. Leite, C. Martinho, A. Pereira, and A. Paiva. iCat: an affective game buddy based on anticipatory mechanisms. Proceedings of AAMAS, 3:1229--1232, May 2008.

Digital Library

[15]

I. Leite, G. Castellano, A. Pereira, C. Martinho, and A. Paiva. Modelling empathic behaviour in a robotic game companion for children: an ethnographic study in real-world settings. ACM/IEEE International conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pages 367--374. ACM. March 2012.

Digital Library

[16]

M. Tielman, M. A. Neerincx, J. J. Meyer, R. Looije. Adaptive Emotional Expression in Robot-Child interaction. ACM/IEEE Int. conf. Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 2014.

Digital Library

[17]

B. Robins, K. Dautenhahn, and P. Dickerson. From isolation to communication: a case study evaluation of robot assisted play for children with autism with a minimally expressive humanoid robot. International Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, pages 205--211. IEEE. 2009.

Digital Library

[18]

K. Dautenhahn, C. L. Nehaniv, M. L. Walters, B. Robins, H. Kose-Bagci, N. A. Mirza, and M. Blow. KASPAR--a minimally expressive humanoid robot for human-robot interaction research. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 6(3--4):369--397, 2009.

Digital Library

[19]

R. Beale, and C. Creed. Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 67(9):755--776, 2009.

Digital Library

[20]

C. Breazeal. Designing Sociable Robots. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002.

Digital Library

[21]

C. Bartneck, J. Reichenbach, and V. A. Breemen. In your face, robot! The influence of a character's embodiment on how users perceive its emotional expressions. Proceedings of the Design and Emotion, pages 32--51. July 2004.

[22]

C. Pelachaud. Studies on gesture expressivity for a virtual agent. Speech Communication, 51(7):630--639, 2009.

Digital Library

[23]

S. Kopp, B. Jung, N. Lessmann, and I. Wachsmuth. Max - A Multimodal Assistant in Virtual Reality Construction. KI, 17(4):11, 2003.

[24]

A. Beck, B. Stevens, K. A. Bard, and L. Cañamero. Emotional body language displayed by artificial agents. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 2(1):1--29, 2012.

Digital Library

[25]

H. Wallbott. Bodily expression of emotion. European J. Social Psychology, 28(6):879--896, 1998.

[26]

R. von Laban, L. Ullmann. The Mastery of Movement. 4th ed. Dance Books, Limited, 2011.

[27]

D. Chi, M. Costa, L. Zhao, N. Badler. The emote model for effort and shape. SIGGRAPH, pages 173--182. ACM, 2000.

Digital Library

[28]

M. Mancini, G. Castellano, C. Peters, and P. W. McOwan. Evaluating the communication of emotion via expressive gesture copying behaviour in an embodied humanoid agent. ACII, pages 215--224. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

Digital Library

[29]

J. Tsai, E. Bowring, S. Marsella, W. Wood, and M. Tambe. A study of emotional contagion with virtual characters. Intelligent Virtual Agents, pages 81--88. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, January, 2012.

Digital Library

[30]

M. E. Glickman. Parameter estimation in large dynamic paired comparison experiments. J. of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics), 48(3):377--394, 1999.

[31]

J. L. Tracy, and R. W. Robins. The automaticity of emotion recognition. Emotion, 8(1):81, 2008.

[32]

L. N. Jefferies, D. Smilek, E. Eich, and J. T. Enns. Emotional valence and arousal interact in attentional control. Psychological Science, 19(3):290--295, 2008.

[33]

N. Silvestrini, and G. H. Gendolla. The joint effect of mood, task valence, and task difficulty on effort-related cardiovascular response and facial EMG. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73(3):226--234, 2009.

[34]

K. Gasper, and G. L. Clore. Attending to the Big Picture: Mood and Global Versus Local Processing of Visual Information. Psychological Science, 13(1):34--40, 2002.

[35]

M. Baas, C. K. De Dreu, and B. A. Nijstad. A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus' Psychological bulletin, 134(6):779, 2008.

[36]

M. R. Basso, B. K. Schefft, M. D. Ris, and W. N. Dember. Mood and global-local visual processing. J. of the Int. Neuropsychological Society, 2(3):249--255, 1996.

[37]

M. M. Bradley, and P. J. Lang. Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. Journal of Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 25(1):49--59, 1994.

Cited By

Ceha JChhibber NGoh JMcDonald COudeyer PKulić DLaw EBrewster SFitzpatrick GCox AKostakos V(2019)Expression of Curiosity in Social RobotsProceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3290605.3300636(1-12)Online publication date: 2-May-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3290605.3300636
Matsui TYamada SImai MNorman TSklar EKomatsu T(2018)Subjective Speech Can Be Useful for Persuasive Virtual HumansProceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction10.1145/3284432.3287178(336-337)Online publication date: 4-Dec-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3284432.3287178
Xu JBazzan AHuhns MLomuscio AScerri P(2014)Body language of humanoid robots for mood expressionProceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems10.5555/2615731.2616139(1711-1712)Online publication date: 5-May-2014
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2615731.2616139
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Robot mood is contagious: effects of robot body language in the imitation game
1. Applied computing
  1. Operations research
    1. Industry and manufacturing
      1. Command and control
2. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)

Recommendations

Mood contagion of robot body language in human robot interaction

The aim of our work is to design bodily mood expressions of humanoid robots for interactive settings that can be recognized by users and have (positive) effects on people who interact with the robots. To this end, we develop a parameterized behavior ...
Body language of humanoid robots for mood expression
AAMAS '14: Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems

Bodily expression of affect is crucial to human robot interaction. Bodily emotion expression concerns explicit body actions that typically interrupt ongoing functional behaviors. Instead, we design bodily mood expression by integrating affective cues ...
Bodily Mood Expression: Recognize Moods from Functional Behaviors of Humanoid Robots
ICSR 2013: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Social Robotics - Volume 8239

Our goal is to develop bodily mood expression that can be used during the execution of functional behaviors for humanoid social robots. Our model generates such expression by stylizing behaviors through modulating behavior parameters within functional ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

AAMAS '14: Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems

May 2014

1774 pages

ISBN:9781450327381

General Chairs:
Ana Bazzan
UFRGS, Brazil
,
Michael Huhns
University of South Carolina, USA
,
Program Chairs:
Alessio Lomuscio
Imperial College London, UK
,
Paul Scerri
Carnegie Mellon University, USA

Sponsors

IFAAMAS

In-Cooperation

SIGAI: ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence

Publisher

International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems

Richland, SC

Publication History

Published: 05 May 2014

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

AAMAS '14

Sponsor:

AAMAS '14: International conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems

May 5 - 9, 2014

Paris, France

Acceptance Rates

AAMAS '14 Paper Acceptance Rate 169 of 709 submissions, 24%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 1,155 of 5,036 submissions, 23%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

4
Total Citations
View Citations
382
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)8
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)2

Reflects downloads up to 25 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Ceha JChhibber NGoh JMcDonald COudeyer PKulić DLaw EBrewster SFitzpatrick GCox AKostakos V(2019)Expression of Curiosity in Social RobotsProceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3290605.3300636(1-12)Online publication date: 2-May-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3290605.3300636
Matsui TYamada SImai MNorman TSklar EKomatsu T(2018)Subjective Speech Can Be Useful for Persuasive Virtual HumansProceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction10.1145/3284432.3287178(336-337)Online publication date: 4-Dec-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3284432.3287178
Xu JBazzan AHuhns MLomuscio AScerri P(2014)Body language of humanoid robots for mood expressionProceedings of the 2014 international conference on Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems10.5555/2615731.2616139(1711-1712)Online publication date: 5-May-2014
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2615731.2616139
Matsumoto TSeko SAoki RMiyata AWatanabe TYamada TKuzuoka HOno TImai MYoung J(2014)Affective agents for enhancing emotional experienceProceedings of the second international conference on Human-agent interaction10.1145/2658861.2658914(169-172)Online publication date: 29-Oct-2014
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2658861.2658914

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents