skip to main content
10.1145/3564121.3564127acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesaimlsystemsConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Open access

Efficient Graph based Recommender System with Weighted Averaging of Messages

Published: 16 May 2023 Publication History

Abstract

We showcase a novel solution to a recommendation system problem where we face a perpetual soft item cold start issue. Our system aims to recommend demanded products to prospective sellers for listing in Amazon stores. These products always have only few interactions thereby giving rise to a perpetual soft item cold start situation. Modern collaborative filtering methods solve cold start using content attributes and exploit the existing implicit signals from warm start items. This approach fails in our use-case since our entire item set faces cold start issue always. Our Product Graph has over 500 Million nodes and over 5 Billion edges which makes training and inference using modern graph algorithms very compute intensive.
To overcome these challenges we propose a system which reduces the dataset size and employs an improved modelling technique to reduce storage and compute without loss in performance. Particularly, we reduce our graph size using a filtering technique and then exploit this reduced product graph using Weighted Averaging of Messages over Layers (WAML) algorithm. WAML simplifies training on large graphs and improves over previous methods by reducing compute time to of LightGCN [8] and of Graph Attention Network (GAT) [20] and increasing recall@100 by over LightGCN and over GAT.

References

[1]
Ting Chen, Simon Kornblith, Mohammad Norouzi, and Geoffrey Hinton. 2020. A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning(Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 119), Hal Daumé III and Aarti Singh (Eds.). PMLR, 1597–1607. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/chen20j.html
[2]
Ting Chen, Simon Kornblith, Kevin Swersky, Mohammad Norouzi, and Geoffrey E Hinton. 2020. Big Self-Supervised Models are Strong Semi-Supervised Learners. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, H. Larochelle, M. Ranzato, R. Hadsell, M.F. Balcan, and H. Lin (Eds.). Vol. 33. Curran Associates, Inc., 22243–22255. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/fcbc95ccdd551da181207c0c1400c655-Paper.pdf
[3]
J. Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In NAACL-HLT. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.04805.pdf
[4]
Wenqi Fan, Yao Ma, Qing Li, Yuan He, Eric Zhao, Jiliang Tang, and Dawei Yin. 2019. Graph Neural Networks for Social Recommendation. In The World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, CA, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313488
[5]
Chen Gao, Yu Zheng, and Nian Li. 2021. Graph Neural Networks for Recommender Systems: Challenges, Methods, and Directions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12843
[6]
Huifeng Guo, Ruiming TANG, Yunming Ye, Zhenguo Li, and Xiuqiang He. 2017. DeepFM: A Factorization-Machine based Neural Network for CTR Prediction. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-17. 1725–1731. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/239
[7]
William L. Hamilton, Zhitao Ying, and Jure Leskovec. 2017. Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, December 4-9, 2017, Long Beach, CA, USA, Isabelle Guyon, Ulrike von Luxburg, Samy Bengio, Hanna M. Wallach, Rob Fergus, S. V. N. Vishwanathan, and Roman Garnett (Eds.). 1024–1034. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/hash/5dd9db5e033da9c6fb5ba83c7a7ebea9-Abstract.html
[8]
Xiangnan He, Kuan Deng, Xiang Wang, Yan Li, YongDong Zhang, and Meng Wang. 2020. LightGCN: Simplifying and Powering Graph Convolution Network for Recommendation. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 639–648. https://doi.org/10.1145/3397271.3401063
[9]
Xiangnan He, Lizi Liao, Hanwang Zhang, Liqiang Nie, Xia Hu, and Tat-Seng Chua. 2017. Neural Collaborative Filtering. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web (Perth, Australia) (WWW ’17). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE, 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1145/3038912.3052569
[10]
Nicolas Hug. 2020. Surprise: A Python library for recommender systems. Journal of Open Source Software 5, 52 (2020), 2174. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02174
[11]
Yehuda Koren, Robert Bell, and Chris Volinsky. 2009. Matrix Factorization Techniques for Recommender Systems. Computer 42, 8 (2009), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2009.263
[12]
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. 2017. Fixing Weight Decay Regularization in Adam. CoRR abs/1711.05101(2017). arxiv:1711.05101http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.05101
[13]
Xin Luo, Mengchu Zhou, Yunni Xia, and Qingsheng Zhu. 2014. An Efficient Non-Negative Matrix-Factorization-Based Approach to Collaborative Filtering for Recommender Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 10, 2 (2014), 1273–1284. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2014.2308433
[14]
Hoang NT and Takanori Maehara. 2019. Revisiting Graph Neural Networks: All We Have is Low-Pass Filters. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1905.09550
[15]
Adam Paszke, Sam Gross, Francisco Massa, Adam Lerer, James Bradbury, Gregory Chanan, Trevor Killeen, Zeming Lin, Natalia Gimelshein, Luca Antiga, Alban Desmaison, Andreas Kopf, Edward Yang, Zachary DeVito, Martin Raison, Alykhan Tejani, Sasank Chilamkurthy, Benoit Steiner, Lu Fang, Junjie Bai, and Soumith Chintala. 2019. PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32, H. Wallach, H. Larochelle, A. Beygelzimer, F. d'Alché-Buc, E. Fox, and R. Garnett (Eds.). Curran Associates, Inc., 8024–8035. http://papers.neurips.cc/paper/9015-pytorch-an-imperative-style-high-performance-deep-learning-library.pdf
[16]
Steffen Rendle, Christoph Freudenthaler, Zeno Gantner, and Lars Schmidt-Thieme. 2009. BPR: Bayesian Personalized Ranking from Implicit Feedback. In UAI 2009, Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, QC, Canada, June 18-21, 2009, Jeff A. Bilmes and Andrew Y. Ng (Eds.). AUAI Press, 452–461. https://dslpitt.org/uai/displayArticleDetails.jsp?mmnu=1&smnu=2&article_id=1630&proceeding_id=25
[17]
scikit. 2022. HashingVectorizer. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer.html. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer.html [Online].
[18]
Rianne van den Berg, Thomas N. Kipf, and Max Welling. 2017. Graph Convolutional Matrix Completion. CoRR abs/1706.02263(2017). arXiv:1706.02263http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02263
[19]
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Ł ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is All you Need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, I. Guyon, U. Von Luxburg, S. Bengio, H. Wallach, R. Fergus, S. Vishwanathan, and R. Garnett (Eds.). Vol. 30. Curran Associates, Inc.https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/file/3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Paper.pdf
[20]
Petar Veličković, Guillem Cucurull, Arantxa Casanova, Adriana Romero, Pietro Liò, and Yoshua Bengio. 2018. Graph Attention Networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations. https://openreview.net/forum?id=rJXMpikCZ
[21]
Maksims Volkovs, Guangwei Yu, and Tomi Poutanen. 2017. DropoutNet: Addressing Cold Start in Recommender Systems. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, I. Guyon, U. Von Luxburg, S. Bengio, H. Wallach, R. Fergus, S. Vishwanathan, and R. Garnett (Eds.). Vol. 30. Curran Associates, Inc.https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/file/dbd22ba3bd0df8f385bdac3e9f8be207-Paper.pdf
[22]
Jizhe Wang, Pipei Huang, Huan Zhao, Zhibo Zhang, Binqiang Zhao, and Dik Lun Lee. 2018. Billion-scale Commodity Embedding for E-commerce Recommendation in Alibaba. arXiv:arXiv:1803.02349https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02349
[23]
Shoujin Wang, Liang Hu, Yan Wang, Xiangnan He, Quan Z. Sheng, Mehmet A. Orgun, Longbing Cao, Francesco Ricci, and Philip S. Yu. 2021. Graph Learning based Recommender Systems: A Review. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-21, Zhi-Hua Zhou (Ed.). International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 4644–4652. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/630 Survey Track.
[24]
Yinwei Wei, Xiang Wang, Qi Li, Liqiang Nie, Yan Li, Xuanping Li, and Tat-Seng Chua. 2021. Contrastive Learning for Cold-Start Recommendation. CoRR abs/2107.05315(2021). arXiv:2107.05315https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.05315
[25]
Tiansheng Yao, Xinyang Yi, Derek Zhiyuan Cheng, Felix Yu, Ting Chen, Aditya Menon, Lichan Hong, Ed H. Chi, Steve Tjoa, Jieqi (Jay) Kang, and Evan Ettinger. 2021. Self-Supervised Learning for Large-Scale Item Recommendations. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 4321–4330. https://doi.org/10.1145/3459637.3481952
[26]
Rex Ying, Ruining He, Kaifeng Chen, Pong Eksombatchai, William L. Hamilton, and Jure Leskovec. 2018. Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systems. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, KDD 2018, London, UK, August 19-23, 2018, Yike Guo and Faisal Farooq (Eds.). ACM, 974–983. https://doi.org/10.1145/3219819.3219890
[27]
Yuefeng Zhang. 2022. An Introduction to Matrix factorization and Factorization Machines in Recommendation System, and Beyond. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2203.11026

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences
AIMLSystems '22: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on AI-ML Systems
October 2022
209 pages
ISBN:9781450398473
DOI:10.1145/3564121
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 16 May 2023

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. compute efficiency
  2. data efficiency
  3. graph neural networks
  4. personalization
  5. recommendation system

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed limited

Conference

AIMLSystems 2022

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • 0
    Total Citations
  • 202
    Total Downloads
  • Downloads (Last 12 months)174
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)18
Reflects downloads up to 25 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

HTML Format

Login options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media