skip to main content
10.1145/3290605.3300559acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

SurfaceSight: A New Spin on Touch, User, and Object Sensing for IoT Experiences

Published: 02 May 2019 Publication History

Abstract

IoT appliances are gaining consumer traction, from smart thermostats to smart speakers. These devices generally have limited user interfaces, most often small buttons and touchscreens, or rely on voice control. Further, these devices know little about their surroundings unaware of objects, people and activities happening around them. Consequently, interactions with these "smart" devices can be cumbersome and limited. We describe SurfaceSight, an approach that enriches IoT experiences with rich touch and object sensing, offering a complementary input channel and increased contextual awareness. For sensing, we incorporate LIDAR into the base of IoT devices, providing an expansive, ad hoc plane of sensing just above the surface on which devices rest. We can recognize and track a wide array of objects, including finger input and hand gestures. We can also track people and estimate which way they are facing. We evaluate the accuracy of these new capabilities and illustrate how they can be used to power novel and contextually-aware interactive experiences.

Supplementary Material

MP4 File (paper329.mp4)
Supplemental video

References

[1]
Gregory D. Abowd, Anind K. Dey, Peter J. Brown, Nigel Davies, Mark Smith, and Pete Steggles. 1999. Towards a Better Understanding of Context and Context-Awareness. In Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC '99), Hans-Werner Gellersen (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, London, UK, UK, 304--307.
[2]
Fadel Adib, Chen-Yu Hsu, Hongzi Mao, Dina Katabi, and Frédo Durand. 2015. Capturing the human figure through a wall. ACM Trans. Graph. 34, 6, Article 219 (October 2015), 13 pages.
[3]
Michelle Annett, Tovi Grossman, Daniel Wigdor, and George Fitzmaurice. 2011. Medusa: a proximity-aware multi-touch tabletop. In Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 337346.
[4]
Geovany Araujo Borges and Marie-José Aldon. Line extraction in 2D range images for mobile robotics. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 40(3):267-- 297, 2004.
[5]
Alex Butler, Shahram Izadi, and Steve Hodges. 2008. SideSight: multi"touch" interaction around small devices. In Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 201--204.
[6]
Zhe Cao, Tomas Simon, Shih-En Wei, and Yaser Sheikh. "Realtime multi-person 2d pose estimation us-ing part affinity fields." arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.08050 (2016).
[7]
Álvaro Cassinelli, Stéphane Perrin, and Masatoshi Ishikawa. 2005. Smart laser-scanner for 3D human-machine interface. In CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '05). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1138--1139.
[8]
Ke-Yu Chen, Kent Lyons, Sean White, and Shwetak Patel. 2013. uTrack: 3D input using two magnetic sensors. In Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 237--244.
[9]
Louis Columbus. "2017 Roundup Of Internet Of Things Forecasts". Forbes, Dec 10, 2017.
[10]
Andreas Ess and Konrad Schindler and Bastian Leibe and Luc Van Gool. 2009. Improved Multi-Person Tracking with Active Occlusion Handling. In Proceedings of IEEE ICRA '09.
[11]
Eibe Frank, Mark A. Hall, and Ian H. Witten. 2016. The WEKA Workbench. Online Appendix for "Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques", Morgan Kaufmann, Fourth Edition, 2016.
[12]
Dustin Freeman, Hrvoje Benko, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Daniel Wigdor. 2009. ShadowGuides: visualizations for in-situ learning of multi-touch and whole-hand gestures. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (ITS '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 165--172.
[13]
Mehdi Golestanian and Christian Poellabauer. 2016. Indoor localization using multi-range beaconing: poster. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 397--398.
[14]
Ian Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, nd Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Generative Adversarial Nets. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27. 2672--2680.
[15]
Dan Gregor, Ondrej Prucha, Jakub Rocek, and Josef Kortan. 2017. Digital playgroundz. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2017 VR Village (SIGGRAPH '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 4, 2 pages.
[16]
Tobias Grosse-Puppendahl, Sebastian Herber, Raphael Wimmer, Frank Englert, Sebastian Beck, Julian von Wilmsdorff, Reiner Wichert, and Arjan Kuijper. 2014. Capacitive near-field communication for ubiquitous interaction and perception. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 231--242.
[17]
Teng Han, Khalad Hasan, Keisuke Nakamura, Randy Gomez, and Pourang Irani. 2017. SoundCraft: Enabling Spatial Interactions on Smartwatches using Hand Generated Acoustics. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 579--591.
[18]
Chris Harrison and Scott E. Hudson. 2009. Abracadabra: wireless, high-precision, and unpowered finger input for very small mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 121--124.
[19]
Chris Harrison, Robert Xiao, and Scott Hudson. 2012. Acoustic barcodes: passive, durable and inexpensive notched identification tags. In Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 563568.
[20]
Chris Harrison. Appropriated Interaction Surfaces. IEEE Computer Magazine, June 2010, 43(6). IEEE, Washington, D.C. 86--89.
[21]
Andy Harter, Andy Hopper, Pete Steggles, Andy Ward, and Paul Webster. 1999. The anatomy of a context-aware application. In Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking (MobiCom '99). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 59--68.
[22]
Hiroshi Ishii, Craig Wisneski, Julian Orbanes, Ben Chun, and Joe Paradiso. 1999. PingPongPlus: design of an athletic-tangible interface for computer-supported cooperative play. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI confer-ence on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '99). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 394--401.
[23]
Hideki Koike, Motoki Kobayashi. Integrating paper and digital information on EnhancedDesk: a method for realtime finger tracking on an augmented desk system. ACM Trans. on Computer-Human Inter., 8(4), 307--322.
[24]
Sven Kratz and Michael Rohs. 2009. HoverFlow: expanding the design space of around-device interaction. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 4, 8 pages.
[25]
Beth M. Lange, Mark A. Jones, and James L. Meyers. 1998. Insight lab: an immersive team environment linking paper, displays, and data. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '98), Clare-Marie Karat, Arnold Lund, Joëlle Coutaz, and John Karat (Eds.). ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 550--557.
[26]
Gierad Laput, Chouchang Yang, Robert Xiao, Alanson Sample, and Chris Harrison. 2015. EM-Sense: Touch Recognition of Uninstrumented, Electrical and Electromechanical Objects. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology (UIST '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 157--166.
[27]
Gierad Laput, Karan Ahuja, Mayank Goel, Chris Harrison. Ubicoustics: Plug-and-Play Acoustic Activity Recognition. 2018. In Proceedings of UIST '18.
[28]
Gierad Laput, Robert Xiao, and Chris Harrison. 2016. ViBand: HighFidelity Bio-Acoustic Sensing Using Commodity Smartwatch Accelerometers. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 321--333.
[29]
Gierad Laput, Robert Xiao, Xiang 'Anthony' Chen, Scott E. Hudson, and Chris Harrison. 2014. Skin buttons: cheap, small, low-powered and clickable fixed-icon laser projectors. In Proceedings of the 27th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 389--394.
[30]
Gierad Laput, Walter S. Lasecki, Jason Wiese, Robert Xiao, Jeffrey P. Bigham, and Chris Harrison. 2015. Zensors: Adaptive, Rapidly Deployable, Human-Intelligent Sensor Feeds. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1935--1944.
[31]
Eric Larson, Gabe Cohn, Sidhant Gupta, Xiaofeng Ren, Beverly Harrison, Dieter Fox, and Shwetak Patel. 2011. HeatWave: thermal imaging for surface user interaction. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Fac-tors in Computing Systems (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2565--2574.
[32]
Walter S. Lasecki, Young Chol Song, Henry Kautz, and Jeffrey P. Bigham. 2013. Real-time crowd labeling for deployable activity recognition. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1203--1212.
[33]
Mathieu Le Goc, Stuart Taylor, Shahram Izadi, and Cem Keskin. 2014. A low-cost transparent electric field sensor for 3d interaction on mobile devices. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3167--3170.
[34]
Eui-Jung Jung, Jae Hon Lee, Byung-Ju Yi, Jooyoung Park, Shin'ichi Yuta and Si-Tae Noh, "Development of a Laser-Range-Finder-Based Human Tracking and Control Algorithm for a Marathoner Service Robot," in IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1963--1976, Dec. 2014.
[35]
Timothy Lee. Why experts believe cheaper, better lidar is right around the corner. Are Technica, January 1, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018. https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/01/driving-aroundwithout-a-driver-lidar-technology-explained/
[36]
Hanchuan Li, Can Ye, and Alanson P. Sample. 2015. IDSense: A Human Object Interaction Detection System Based on Passive UHF RFID. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2555--2564.
[37]
Zhi Liu, Jie Zhang and L. Geng, "An Intelligent Building Occupancy Detection System Based on Sparse Auto-Encoder," 2017 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW), Santa Rosa, CA, 2017, pp. 17--22.
[38]
Takuya Maekawa, Yasue Kishino, Yasushi Sakurai, and Takayuki Suyama. 2013. Activity recognition with hand-worn magnetic sensors. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 17, 6 (August 2013), 1085--1094.
[39]
Trinh Minh Tri Do, Kyriaki Kalimeri, Bruno Lepri, Fabio Pianesi, and Daniel Gatica-Perez. 2013. Inferring social activities with mobile sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction (ICMI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 405--412.
[40]
Jon Moeller and Andruid Kerne. 2012. ZeroTouch: an optical multitouch and free-air interaction architecture. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2165--2174.
[41]
Rajalakshmi Nandakumar, Vikram Iyer, Desney Tan, and Shyamnath Gollakota. 2016. FingerIO: Using Active Sonar for Fine-Grained Finger Tracking. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1515--1525.
[42]
Joseph Paradiso, Che King Leo, Nisha Checka and Kaiyuh Hsiao. Passive acoustic sensing for tracking knocks atop large interactive displays. In Proc. IEEE Sensors '02. 521--527.
[43]
Joseph Paradiso, Kaiyuh Hsiao, Joshua Strickon, Joshua Lifton and A. Adler. Sensor Systems for Interactive Surfaces. IBM Systems Journal, Volume 39, Nos. 3 & 4, October 2000, pp. 892--914.
[44]
Nissanka B. Priyantha, Anit Chakraborty, and Hari Balakrishnan. 2000. The Cricket location-support system. In Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking (MobiCom '00). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 32--43.
[45]
Qifan Pu, Sidhant Gupta, Shyamnath Gollakota, and Shwetak Patel. 2013. Whole-home gesture recognition using wireless signals. In Proceedings of the 19th annu-al international conference on Mobile computing & networking (MobiCom '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 27--38.
[46]
Tauhidur Rahman, Alexander T. Adams, Ruth Vinisha Ravichandran, Mi Zhang, Shwetak N. Patel, Julie A. Kientz, and Tanzeem Choudhury. 2015. DoppleSleep: a contactless unobtrusive sleep sensing system using short-range Doppler radar. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 39--50.
[47]
Lenin Ravindranath, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Piyush Agrawal. 2008. SixthSense: RFID-based Enterprise Intelligence. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (MobiSys '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 253--266.
[48]
Jun Rekimoto, and Nobuyuki Matsushita. "Perceptual surfaces: Towards a human and object sensitive interac-tive display." In Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces (PUI'97), pp. 30--32. 1997.
[49]
Claire Rowland, Elizabeth Goodman, Martin Charlier, Ann Light, and Alfred Lui. 2015. Designing Connected Products: UX for the Consumer Internet of Things. O'Reilly Media, Newton, MA.
[50]
Slamtec RPLIDAR A2. https://www.slamtec.com/en/Lidar/A2Spec Last retrieved September 19, 2018
[51]
Bill Schilit, Norman Adams, and Roy Want. Context-Aware Computing Applications. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Santa Cruz, CA, December 1994. Pages 85--90. IEEE Computer Society.
[52]
Dan Smith, Ling Ma, and Nick Ryan. 2006. Acoustic environment as an indicator of social and physical context. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 10, 4 (March 2006), 241--254.
[53]
Timothy J. Smith, Stefan Saroiu, and Alec Wolman. 2009. BlueMonarch: a system for evaluating bluetooth applications in the wild. In Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (MobiSys '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 41--54.
[54]
T. Steel, D. Kuiper and R. Z. Wenkstern, "Context-Aware Virtual Agents in Open Environments," 2010 Sixth International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems, Cancun, 2010, pp. 90--96.
[55]
STMicroelectronics. World's Smallest Time-of-Flight (ToF) Sensor. https://www.st.com/en/imaging-and-photonics-solutions/vl53l0x.html. Last retrieved September 19, 2018
[56]
Joshua Strickon and Joseph Paradiso. 1998. Tracking hands above large interactive surfaces with a low-cost scanning laser rangefinder. In CHI 98 Conference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '98). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 231--232.
[57]
M. Vázquez, A. Steinfeld and S. E. Hudson, "Parallel detection of conversational groups of free-standing people and tracking of their lower-body orientation," 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Hamburg, 2015, pp. 30103017.
[58]
Edward J. Wang, Tien-Jui Lee, Alex Mariakakis, Mayank Goel, Sidhant Gupta, and Shwetak N. Patel. 2015. MagnifiSense: inferring device interaction using wrist-worn passive magneto-inductive sensors. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 15--26.
[59]
Jue Wang, Deepak Vasisht, and Dina Katabi. 2014. RF-IDraw: virtual touch screen in the air using RF signals. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 44, 4 (August 2014), 235--246.
[60]
Roy Want, Andy Hopper, Veronica Falcão, and Jonathan Gibbons. 1992. The active badge location system. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 10, 1 (January 1992), 91--102.
[61]
Jamie A. Ward, Paul Lukowicz, Gerhard Troster, and Thad E. Starner. 2006. Activity recognition of assembly tasks using body-worn microphones and accelerometers. In IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 28, no. 10: 1553--1567.
[62]
Kathryn Whitenton. "Voice First: The Future of Interaction?" Nielsen Norman Group, November 12, 2017.
[63]
Daniel Wigdor, Hrvoje Benko, John Pella, Jarrod Lombardo, and Sarah Williams. 2011. Rock & rails: extending multi-touch interactions with shape gestures to enable precise spatial manipulations. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1581--1590.
[64]
Andrew Wilson and Hrvoje Benko. 2010. Combining multiple depth cameras and projectors for interactions on, above and between surfaces. In Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface soft-ware and technology (UIST '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 273--282.
[65]
Jacob O. Wobbrock, Andrew D. Wilson, and Yang Li. 2007. Gestures without libraries, toolkits or training: a $1 recognizer for user interface prototypes. In Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '07). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 159--168.
[66]
Robert Xiao, Chris Harrison, and Scott E. Hudson. 2013. WorldKit: rapid and easy creation of ad-hoc inter-active applications on everyday surfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Com-puting Systems (CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 879--888.
[67]
Robert Xiao, Gierad Laput, and Chris Harrison. 2014. Expanding the input expressivity of smartwatches with mechanical pan, twist, tilt and click. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 193196.
[68]
Robert Xiao, Greg Lew, James Marsanico, Divya Hariharan, Scott E. Hudson and Chris Harrison. Toffee: enabling ad hoc, around-device interaction with acoustic time-of-arrival correlation. In Proc. MobileHCI '14. 67--76.
[69]
Robert Xiao, Scott Hudson, and Chris Harrison. 2016. DIRECT: Making Touch Tracking on Ordinary Surfaces Practical with Hybrid Depth-Infrared Sensing. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces (ISS '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 85--94.
[70]
Robert Xiao, Teng Cao, Ning Guo, Jun Zhuo, Yang Zhang, and Chris Harrison. 2018. LumiWatch: On-Arm Projected Graphics and Touch Input. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Paper 95, 11 pages.
[71]
YDLIDAR X4 360°. https://www.robotshop.com/en/ydlidar-x4--360laser-scanner.html
[72]
Hui-Shyong Yeo, Gergely Flamich, Patrick Schrempf, David HarrisBirtill, and Aaron Quigley. 2016. RadarCat: Radar Categorization for Input & Interaction. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 833--841.
[73]
Xiangyu Yue, Bichen Wu, Sanjit A. Seshia, Kurt Keutzer, and Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. 2018. A LiDAR Point Cloud Generator: from a Virtual World to Autonomous Driving. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM on International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 458--464.
[74]
Zulkarnain Zainudin, Sarath Kodagoda and Gamini Dissanayake. "Torso Detection and Tracking using a 2 D Laser Range Finder." (2010).Proceedings of the 2010 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, ACRA 2010.
[75]
Yang Zhang, Gierad Laput, and Chris Harrison. 2017. Electrick: LowCost Touch Sensing Using Electric Field Tomography. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--14.
[76]
Yang Zhang, Chouchang (Jack) Yang, Scott E. Hudson, Chris Harrison, and Alanson Sample. 2018. Wall++: Room-Scale Interactive and Context-Aware Sensing. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Paper 273, 15 pages.
[77]
Junhan Zhou, Yang Zhang, Gierad Laput, and Chris Harrison. 2016. AuraSense: Enabling Expressive Around-Smartwatch Interactions with Electric Field Sensing. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 81--86.

Cited By

View all

Index Terms

  1. SurfaceSight: A New Spin on Touch, User, and Object Sensing for IoT Experiences

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
    May 2019
    9077 pages
    ISBN:9781450359702
    DOI:10.1145/3290605
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 02 May 2019

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. iot
    2. smart environments
    3. ubiquitous sensing

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Conference

    CHI '19
    Sponsor:

    Acceptance Rates

    CHI '19 Paper Acceptance Rate 703 of 2,958 submissions, 24%;
    Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

    Upcoming Conference

    CHI 2025
    ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
    April 26 - May 1, 2025
    Yokohama , Japan

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)60
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)8
    Reflects downloads up to 01 Jan 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all

    View Options

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    HTML Format

    View this article in HTML Format.

    HTML Format

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media