article

Free access

Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

Author:

Jon M. KleinbergAuthors Info & Claims

Journal of the ACM (JACM), Volume 46, Issue 5

Pages 604 - 632

https://doi.org/10.1145/324133.324140

Published: 01 September 1999 Publication History

PDF eReader

Abstract

The network structure of a hyperlinked environment can be a rich source of information about the content of the environment, provided we have effective means for understanding it. We develop a set of algorithmic tools for extracting information from the link structures of such environments, and report on experiments that demonstrate their effectiveness in a variety of context on the World Wide Web. The central issue we address within our framework is the distillation of broad search topics, through the discovery of “authorative” information sources on such topics. We propose and test an algorithmic formulation of the notion of authority, based on the relationship between a set of relevant authoritative pages and the set of “hub pages” that join them together in the link structure. Our formulation has connections to the eigenvectors of certain matrices associated with the link graph; these connections in turn motivate additional heuristrics for link-based analysis.

References

[1]

AROCENA,G.O.,MENDELZON,A.O.,AND MIHAILA, G. A. 1997. Applications of a Web query language. In Proceedings of the 6th International World Wide Web Conference (Santa Clara, Calif., Apr. 7-11).

Crossref

Google Scholar

[2]

BARRETT, R., MAGLIO, P., AND KELLEM, D. 1997. How to personalize the web. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '97) (Atlanta, Ga., Mar. 22-27). ACM, New York, pp. 75-82.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[3]

BERMAN, O., HODGSON,M.J.,AND KRASS, D. 1995. Flow-interception problems. In Facility Location: A Survey of Applications and Methods, Z. Drezner, ed. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Google Scholar

[4]

BERNERS-LEE, T., CAILLIAU, R., LUOTONEN, A., NIELSEN,H.F.,AND SECRET, A. 1994. The world-wide web. Commun. ACM 37, 1 (Jan.), 76-82.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[5]

BHARAT, K., BRODER, A., HENZINGER,M.R.,KUMAR, P., AND VENKATASUBRAMANIAN, S. 1998. Connectivity server: Fast access to linkage information on the web. In Proceedings of the 7th International World Wide Web Conference (Brisbane, Australia, Apr. 14-18).

Crossref

Google Scholar

[6]

BHARAT, K., AND HENZINGER, M. R. 1998. Improved algorithms for topic distillation in a hyperlinked environment. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (Melbourne, Australia, Aug. 24-28). ACM, New York, pp. 104-111.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[7]

BOTAFOGO, R., RIVLIN, E., AND SHNEIDERMAN, B. 1992. Structural analysis of hypertext: Identify-ing hierarchies and useful metrics. ACM Trans. Inf. Sys. 10, 2 (Apr.), 142-180.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[8]

BRIN, S., AND PAGE, L. 1998. Anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. In Proceedings of the 7th International World Wide Web Conference (Brisbane, Australia, Apr. 14-18). pp. 107-117.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[9]

CARRIERE, J., AND KAZMAN, R. 1997. WebQuery: Searching and visualizing the web through connectivity. In Proceedings of the 6th International World Wide Web Conference (Santa Clara, Calif., Apr. 7-11).

Crossref

Google Scholar

[10]

CHAKRABARTI, S., DOM, B., GIBSON, D., KUMAR,S.R.,RAGHAVAN, P., RAJAGOPALAN, S., AND TOMKINS, A. 1998. Experiments in topic distillation. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR Workshop on Hypertext Information Retrieval on the Web (Melbourne, Australia). ACM, New York.

Google Scholar

[11]

CHAKRABARTI, S., DOM, B., GIBSON, D., KLEINBERG, J., RAGHAVAN, P., AND RAJAGOPALAN, S. 1998. Automatic resource compilation by analyzing hyperlink structure and associated text. In Proceed-ings of the 7th International World Wide Web Conference (Brisbane, Australia, Apr. 14-18). pp. 65-74.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[12]

CHUNG, F. R. K. 1997. Spectral Graph Theory. AMS Press, Providence, R.I.

Google Scholar

[13]

CHEKURI, C., GOLDWASSER, M., RAGHAVAN, P., AND UPFAL, E. 1997. Web search using automated classification. In Proceedings of the 6th International World Wide Web Conference (Santa Clara, Calif., Apr. 7-11).

Google Scholar

[14]

CUTTING,D.R.,PEDERSEN, J., KARGER,D.R.,AND TUKEY, J. W. 1992. Scatter/gather: A cluster-based approach to browsing large document collections. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (Copenhagen, Denmark, June 21-24). ACM, New York, pp. 330-337.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[15]

DE SOLLA PRICE, D. 1981. The analysis of square matrices of scientometric transactions. Sciento-metrics 3 55-63.

Google Scholar

[16]

DEERWESTER, S., DUMAIS, S., LANDAUER, T., FURNAS, G., AND HARSHMAN, R. 1990. Indexing by latent semantic analysis. J. Amer. Soc. Info. Sci. 41, 391-407.

Google Scholar

[17]

DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. AltaVista search engine, http://altavista.digital.com/.

Google Scholar

[18]

DONATH,W.E.,AND HOFFMAN, A. J. 1973. Lower bounds for the partitioning of graphs. IBM J. Res. Develop. 17.

Google Scholar

[19]

DOREIAN, P. 1988. Measuring the relative standing of disciplinary journals, Inf. Proc. Manage. 24, 45-56.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[20]

DOREIAN, P. 1994. A measure of standing for citation networks within a wider environment. Inf. Proc. Manage. 30, 21-31.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[21]

EGGHE, L. 1988. Mathematical relations between impact factors and average number of citations. Inf. Proc. Manage. 24, 567-576.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[22]

EGGHE, L., AND ROUSSEAU, R. 1990. Introduction to Informetrics, Elsevier, North-Holland, Am-sterdam, The Netherlands.

Google Scholar

[23]

FIELDER, M. 1973. Algebraic connectivity of graphs. Czech. Math. J. 23, 298-305.

Google Scholar

[24]

FRIEZE, A., KANNAN, R., AND VEMPALA, S. 1998. Fast Monte-Carlo Algorithms for Finding Low-Rank Approximations. In Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (Palo Alto, Calif., Nov. 8-11). IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, Calif.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[25]

FRISSE, M. E. 1988. Searching for information in a hypertext medical handbook. Commun. ACM 31, 7 (July), 880-886.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[26]

GARFIELD, E. 1972. Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation. Science 178, 471-479.

Google Scholar

[27]

GELLER, N. 1978. On the citation influence methodology of Pinski and Narin. Inf. Proc. Manage. 14, 93-95.

Google Scholar

[28]

GIBSON, D., KLEINBERG, J., AND RAGHAVAN, P. 1998. Inferring web communities from link topology. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (Pittsburgh, Pa., June 20-24). ACM, New York, pp. 225-234.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[29]

GIBSON, D., KLEINBERG, J., AND RAGHAVAN, P. 1998. Clustering categorical data: An approach based on dynamical systems. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Very Large Databases (New York, N.Y., Aug. 24-27). pp. 311-322.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[30]

GOLUB, G., AND VAN LOAN, C. F. 1989. Matrix Computations. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md.

Google Scholar

[31]

HOTELLING, H. 1933. Analysis of a complex statistical variable into principal components. J. Educ. Psychol. 24, 417-441.

Google Scholar

[32]

HUBBELL, C. H. 1965. An input-output approach to clique identification. Sociometry 28, 377-399.

Google Scholar

[33]

HUBERMAN, B., PIROLLI, P., PITKOW, J., AND LUKOSE, R. 1998. Strong regularities in world wide web surfing. Science, 280.

Google Scholar

[34]

JOLLIFFE, I. T. 1986. Principal Component Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Google Scholar

[35]

KATZ, L. 1953. A new status index derived from sociometric analysis. Psychometrika 18, 39-43.

Google Scholar

[36]

KESSLER, M. M. 1963. Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers. Amer. Document. 14, 10-25.

Google Scholar

[37]

LARSON, R. 1996. Bibliometrics of the world wide web: An exploratory analysis of the intellectual structure of cyberspace. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Information Science (Baltimore, Md., Oct. 19-24).

Google Scholar

[38]

LEVINE, J. H. 1979. Joint-space analysis of 'pick-any' data: Analysis of choices from an uncon-strained set of alternatives. Psychometrika, 44, 85-92.

Google Scholar

[39]

MARCHIORI, M. 1997. The quest for correct information on the web: Hyper search engines. In Proceedings of the 6th International World Wide Web Conference (Santa Clara, Calif., Apr. 7-11).

Crossref

Google Scholar

[40]

MCBRYAN, O. 1994. GENVL and WWWW: Tools for taming the web. In Proceedings of the 1st International World Wide Web Conference (Geneva, Switzerland, May).

Google Scholar

[41]

MCCAIN, K. 1986. Co-cited author mapping as a valid representation of intellectual structure. J. Amer. Soc. Info. Sci. 37, 111-122.

Google Scholar

[42]

NOMA, E. 1982. An improved method for analyzing square scientometric transaction matrices. Scientometrics 4, 297-316.

Google Scholar

[43]

NOMA, E. 1984. Co-citation analysis and the invisible college. J. Amer. Soc. Info. Sci. 35, 29-33.

Google Scholar

[44]

PAPADIMITRIOU,C.H.,RAGHAVAN, P., TAMAKI, H., AND VEMPALA, S. 1998. Latent semantic indexing: A probabilistic analysis. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD-SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (Seattle, Wash., June 1-3). ACM, New York, pp. 159-168.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[45]

PINSKI, G., AND NARIN, F. 1976. Citation influence for journal aggregates of scientific publications: Theory, with application to the literature of physics. Inf. Proc. Manage. 12, 297-312.

Google Scholar

[46]

PIROLLI, P., PITKOW, J., AND RAO, R. 1996. Silk from a sow's ear: Extracting usable structures from the web. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '96) (Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Apr. 13-18). ACM, New York, pp. 118-125.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[47]

PITKOW, J., AND PIROLLI, P. 1997. Life, death, and lawfulness on the electronic frontier. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '97) (Atlanta, Ga., Mar. 22-27). ACM, New York, pp. 383-390.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[48]

SALTON, G. 1989. Automatic Text Processing. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[49]

SHAW, W. M. 1991. Subject and citation indexing. Part I: The clustering structure of composite representations in the cystic fibrosis document collection. J. Amer. Soc. Info. Sci. 42, 669-675.

Google Scholar

[50]

SHAW, W. M. 1991. Subject and citation indexing. Part II: The optimal, cluster-based retrieval performance of composite representations. J. Amer. Soc. Info. Sci. 42, 676-684.

Google Scholar

[51]

SMALL, H. 1973. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. J. Amer. Soc. Info. Sci. 24, 265-269.

Google Scholar

[52]

SMALL, H. 1986. The synthesis of specialty narratives from co-citation clusters. J. Amer. Soc. Info. Sci. 37, 97-110.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[53]

SMALL, H., AND GRIFFITH, B. C. 1974. The structure of the scientific literatures I. Identifying and graphing specialties. Science Studies 4, 17-40.

Google Scholar

[54]

SPERTUS, E. 1997. ParaSite: Mining structural information on the web. In Proceedings of the 6th International World Wide Web Conference (Santa Clara, Calif., Apr. 7-11).

Crossref

Google Scholar

[55]

VAN RIJSBERGEN, C. J. 1979. Information Retrieval. Butterworths, London, England.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[56]

WEISS, R., VELEZ, B., SHELDON,M.A.,NEMPREMPRE, C., SZILAGYI, P., DUDA, A., AND GIFFORD, D. K. 1996. HyPursuit: A hierarchical network search engine that exploits content-link hypertext clustering. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Hypertext (Washington, D.C., Mar. 16-20). ACM, New York, pp. 180-193.

Crossref

Google Scholar

[57]

WIRED DIGITAL,INC. Hotbot, http://www.hotbot.com.

Google Scholar

[58]

YAHOO!CORPORATION Yahoo!, http://www.yahoo.com.

Google Scholar

Cited By

View all

Gromov D(2025)Social balance-based centrality measure for directed signed networksSocial Networks10.1016/j.socnet.2024.08.00280(1-9)Online publication date: Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2024.08.002
Pang JHu AHuang Q(2025)Bundle fragments into a whole: Mining more complete clusters via submodular selection of interesting webpages for web topic detectionExpert Systems with Applications10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125125260(125125)Online publication date: Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125125
Yang LWang MLou W(2025)An automated dynamic quality assessment method for cyber threat intelligenceComputers & Security10.1016/j.cose.2024.104079148(104079)Online publication date: Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2024.104079
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

Recommendations

Hubs, authorities, and communities
Structural analysis for web documentation using the non-well-founded set
HYPERTEXT '04: Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia

We propose a method for the structural analysis of Web documentation. Employing the non-well-founded set theory, we have developed a means of reduction analysis to detect irregularities in the structures of target documents. To test this method's ...
Analysis and improvement of HITS algorithm for detecting Web communities

This paper discusses Kleinberg's HITS algorithm (hyperlink-induced topic search) that extracts the Web community by Web inherent hyperlink analysis. The problems of the algorithm are analyzed and an improvement is proposed. For this purpose, a tool (...

Reviews

Reviewer: Lynda Hardman

Searching for relevant information on the World Wide Web can be very much a hit-or-miss experience. In order to improve matters, Kleinberg first introduces the notion of broad-topic queries, where the user is interested in information on a particular topic and a standard text search may produce hundreds or thousands of hits of uncertain relevance. He then introduces the notions of hubs and authorities, where an authority is a page linked to by many hubs, and a hub is a page linking to many authorities. While this at first seems to be a circular definition, he presents a computationally inexpensive algorithm that is able to identify hubs and authorities reliably. (Note that Kleinberg does not claim that the algorithm finds all hubs and authorities relevant to the query.) In addition, the motivation of the algorithm is highly intuitive and is , in itself, an interesting and insightful contribution. In addition to presenting his own work, the author devotes a large part of the paper to a thorough discussion of related work, covering studies not only of online sources but also of printed materials (such as journal citation indices). Not only is the paper authoritative in its own right, it is a hub pointing to other works on the topic.

Access critical reviews of Computing literature here

Become a reviewer for Computing Reviews.

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

Journal of the ACM Volume 46, Issue 5

Sept. 1999

210 pages

ISSN:0004-5411

EISSN:1557-735X

DOI:10.1145/324133

Issue’s Table of Contents

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 September 1999

Published in JACM Volume 46, Issue 5

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

5,979
Total Citations
View Citations
19,495
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)1,627
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)302

Reflects downloads up to 06 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all

Gromov D(2025)Social balance-based centrality measure for directed signed networksSocial Networks10.1016/j.socnet.2024.08.00280(1-9)Online publication date: Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2024.08.002
Pang JHu AHuang Q(2025)Bundle fragments into a whole: Mining more complete clusters via submodular selection of interesting webpages for web topic detectionExpert Systems with Applications10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125125260(125125)Online publication date: Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125125
Yang LWang MLou W(2025)An automated dynamic quality assessment method for cyber threat intelligenceComputers & Security10.1016/j.cose.2024.104079148(104079)Online publication date: Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2024.104079
Liu HLu JZhang THou XAn P(2024)Relation semantic fusion in subgraph for inductive link prediction in knowledge graphsPeerJ Computer Science10.7717/peerj-cs.232410(e2324)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2324
Vélaz Ciaurriz D(2024)La comunicación de la Prehistoria a través de las redes sociales: El caso de TwitterComplutum10.5209/cmpl.9226834:2(553-573)Online publication date: 9-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.5209/cmpl.92268
Li MZhao L(2024)Using data mining and complex network analysis for causal analysis of impact factors in hazardous chemical accidentsJournal of Industrial and Management Optimization10.3934/jimo.2024026(0-0)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.3934/jimo.2024026
Zeng XHu YPan CHou Y(2024)Exploring Systemic Risk Dynamics in the Chinese Stock Market: A Network Analysis with Risk Transmission IndexRisks10.3390/risks1203005612:3(56)Online publication date: 20-Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12030056
Wu WWang SLiu B(2024)Software Fault Localization Based on Weighted Association Rule Mining and Complex NetworksMathematics10.3390/math1213211312:13(2113)Online publication date: 5-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/math12132113
Tsoni RPaxinou EGkoulalas-Divanis AKarapiperis DKalles DVerykios V(2024)Exploiting Properties of Student Networks to Enhance Learning in Distance EducationInformation10.3390/info1504023415:4(234)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/info15040234
Peng PXu YYu LXie X(2024)Global Traction Battery Cathode Material Industrial Chain Trade Analysis: A Multilayer Modeling ApproachEntropy10.3390/e2611089526:11(895)Online publication date: 23-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/e26110895
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Abstract

References

Cited By

Index Terms

Recommendations

Hubs, authorities, and communities

Structural analysis for web documentation using the non-well-founded set

Analysis and improvement of HITS algorithm for detecting Web communities

Reviews

Access critical reviews of Computing literature here

Comments

Information

Published In

Publisher

Publication History

Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View options

PDF

eReader

Get Access

Login options

Full Access

Figures

Other

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media

Affiliations