skip to main content
10.1145/2029956.2029967acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesubicompConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Speed-accuracy trade-off in dwell-based eye pointing tasks at different cognitive levels

Published: 18 September 2011 Publication History

Abstract

In this paper, we present a target searching experiment to investigate how long is long enough to maintain the speed-accuracy trade-off in eye pointing tasks that use dwell time as the activation mechanism. The experimental task, which took account of three factors including cognitive complexity, dwell time and visual feedback mode, mixes visual search and target acquisition together. In other words, the subjects need to search for and recognize the target before the final selection in each trial. The results clarify the suitable ranges of dwell time for users to avoid wrong selections as possible as they can under different cognitive load conditions. We also discussed the implications for user interface designs.

References

[1]
Aaltonen, A., Hyrskykari, A. and Räihä, K.-J. 101 spots, or how do users read menus? In Proc. CHI'98, pages 132--139. ACM Press.
[2]
Ashmore, M., Duchowski, A. T. and Shoemaker, G. Efficient eye pointing with a fisheye lens. In Proc. Graphics Interface, pages 203--210, 2005.
[3]
Drewes, H., Luca, A. D. and Schmidt, A. Eye-gaze interaction for mobile phones. In Proc. Mobility Conference 2007, pages 364--371. ACM Press, 2007.
[4]
Drury, C. G. and Clement, M. R. The effect of area, density, and number of background characters on visual search. Human Factors, 20:597--602, 1978.
[5]
Hansen, J. P., Johansen, A. S., Hansen, D. W., Itoh, K. and Mashino, S. Command without a click: dwell time typing by mouse and gaze selections. In Proc. INTERACT'03, pages 121--128. IOS Press, 2003.
[6]
Hendrickson, J. J. Performance, preference, and visual scan patterns on a menu-based system: Implications for interface design. In Proc. CHI'89, pages 217--222. ACM Press, 1989.
[7]
Hogeboom, M. and Leeuwen, V. C. Visual search strategy and perceptual organization cocvary with individual preference and structural complexity. Acta Psychologica, 95:141--164.
[8]
Hornof, A. J. Visual search and mouse pointing in labeled versus unlabeled two-dimensional visual hierarchies. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 8(3):171--197, 2001.
[9]
Hornof, A. J. and Kieras, D. E. Cognitive modeling reveals menu search is both random and systematic. In Proc. CHI'97, pages 107--114. ACM Press, 1997.
[10]
Hyrskykari, A., Majaranta, P., Aaltonen, A. and Räihä, K.-J. Design issues of idict: A gaze-assisted translation aid. In Proc. ETRA 2000, pages 9--14. ACM Press, 2000.
[11]
Istance, H., Bates, R., Hyrskykari, A. and Vickers, S. Snap clutch, a moded approach to solving the midas touch problem. In Proc. ETRA 2008, pages 221--228, Savannah, Georgia, 2008. ACM Press.
[12]
Jacob, R. The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: What you look at is what you get. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 9(3):152--169, 1991.
[13]
Kumar, M., Garfinkel, T., Boneh, D. and Winograd, T. Reducing shoulder-surfing by using gaze-based password entry. In Proc. the 3rd symposium on usable privacy and security, pages 13--19. ACM Press, 2007.
[14]
Kumar, M., Paepcke, A. and Winograd, T. Eyepoint: Practical pointing and selection using gaze and keyboard. In Proc. CHI 2007, pages 421--430. ACM Press, 2007.
[15]
Lankford, C. Effective eye-gaze input into windows. In Proc. ETRA 2000, pages 23--27. ACM Press, 2000.
[16]
MacKenzie, I. S. Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:91--139, 1992.
[17]
Majaranta, P., Aula, A. and Räihä, K-J. Effects of feedback on eye typing with a short dwell time. In Proc. ETRA 2004, pages 139--146. ACM Press, 2004.
[18]
Majaranta, P., MacKenzie, I. S., Aula, A. and Räihä, K-J. Effects of feedback and dwell time on eye typing speed and accuracy. Journal of Universal Access in the Information Society, 5(2):199--208, 2006.
[19]
Miyoshi, T. and Murata, A. Input device using eye tracker in human-computer interaction. In IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, pages 580--585, 2001.
[20]
Ohno, T. Features of eye gaze interface for selection tasks. In Proc. APCHI'98, pages 176--181. IEEE Computer Society, 1998.
[21]
Ojanpää, H. Visual search and eye movements: Studies of perceptual span. PhD thesis, University of Helsinki, Department of Psychology, 2006.
[22]
Scharroo, J., Stalmeier, P. F. M. and Boselie, F. Visual search and segregation as a function of display complexity. The Journal of General Psychology, 121:5--18, 1994.
[23]
Scott, D. Visual search in modern human-computer interfaces. Behaviour & Information Technology, 12(3):174--189, 1993.
[24]
Sibert, L. and Jacob, J. Evaluation of eye gaze interaction. In 2000, editor, Proc. CHI 2000, pages 281--288. ACM Press.
[25]
Simonin, J., Kieffer, S. and Carbonell, N. Effects of display layout on gaze activity during visual search. In Proc. INTERACT 2005, pages 1054--1057, 2005.
[26]
Smith, J. D. and Graham, T. C. Use of eye movements for video game control. In Proc. ACE 2006. ACM Press, 2006.
[27]
Stampe, D. M. and Reingold, E. M. Selection by looking: A novel computer interface and its application to psychological research. In Eye Movement Research: Mechanisms, Processes, and Applications, pages 467--478. Elsevier Science Publishing, 1995.
[28]
Surakka, V., Illi, M. and Isokoski, P. Gazing and frowning as a new human-computer interaction technique. ACM Transactions on Applied Perceptions, 1(1):40--56, 2004.
[29]
Ware, C. and Mikaelian, H. H. An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input. In Proc. CHI'87, pages 183--188. ACM Press, 1987.
[30]
Wolfe, J. M. Visual search. In H. Pashler, editor, Attention. London, UK: University College London Press, 1998.
[31]
Zhai, S. and Morimoto, C. and Ihde, S. Manual and gaze input cascaded (magic) pointing. In Proc. CHI'99, pages 246--253. ACM Press, 1999.
[32]
Zhang, Q., Imamiya, A., Go, K. and Mao, X. Resolving ambiguities of a gaze and speech interface. In Proc. ETRA 2004, pages 85--92. ACM Press, 2004.
[33]
Zhang, X., Ren, X. and Zha, H. Improving eye cursor's stability for eye pointing tasks. In Proc. CHI 2008, pages 525--534. ACM Press, 2008.
[34]
Zhang, X., Ren, X. and Zha, H. Modeling dwell-based eye pointing target acquisition. In Proc. CHI 2010, pages 2083--2092. ACM Press, 2010.

Cited By

View all

Index Terms

  1. Speed-accuracy trade-off in dwell-based eye pointing tasks at different cognitive levels

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    PETMEI '11: Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on pervasive eye tracking & mobile eye-based interaction
    September 2011
    64 pages
    ISBN:9781450309301
    DOI:10.1145/2029956
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Sponsors

    In-Cooperation

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 18 September 2011

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. cognitive complexity
    2. dwell time
    3. gaze input
    4. midas touch
    5. speed-accuracy trade-off
    6. target selection
    7. visual search

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Conference

    Ubicomp '11

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)22
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4
    Reflects downloads up to 23 Jan 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all

    View Options

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media