research-article

Darjeeling, a feature-rich VM for the resource poor

Authors:

Niels Brouwers,

Koen Langendoen,

Peter CorkeAuthors Info & Claims

SenSys '09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

Pages 169 - 182

https://doi.org/10.1145/1644038.1644056

Published: 04 November 2009 Publication History

Abstract

The programming and retasking of sensor nodes could benefit greatly from the use of a virtual machine (VM) since byte code is compact, can be loaded on demand, and interpreted on a heterogeneous set of devices. The challenge is to ensure good programming tools and a small footprint for the virtual machine to meet the memory constraints of typical WSN platforms. To this end we propose Darjeeling, a virtual machine modelled after the Java VM and capable of executing a substantial subset of the Java language, but designed specifically to run on 8- and 16-bit microcontrollers with 2--10 KB of RAM.

The Darjeeling VM uses a 16- rather than a 32-bit architecture, which is more efficient on the targeted platforms. Darjeeling features a novel memory organisation with strict separation of reference from non-reference types which eliminates the need for run-time type inspection in the underlying compacting garbage collector. Darjeeling uses a linked stack model that provides light-weight threads, and supports synchronisation.

The VM has been implemented on three different platforms and was evaluated with micro benchmarks and a real-world application. The latter includes a pure Java implementation of the collection tree routing protocol conveniently programmed as a set of cooperating threads, and a reimplementation of an existing environmental monitoring application. The results show that Darjeeling is a viable solution for deploying large-scale heterogeneous sensor networks.

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Cited By

Ribeiro ERestivo AFerreira HDias J(2024)WASMICO: Micro-containers in microcontrollers with webassemblyJournal of Systems and Software10.1016/j.jss.2024.112081(112081)Online publication date: Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2024.112081
Zandberg KBaccelli EYuan SBesson FTalpin JBellavista PZhang KGherbi ABagchi SPatiño MDi Modica GGascon-Samson J(2022)Femto-containersProceedings of the 23rd ACM/IFIP International Middleware Conference10.1145/3528535.3565242(161-173)Online publication date: 7-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3528535.3565242
Behal AGupta G(2022)Contiki based Anatomization of Routing Protocols for Low-Power and Lossy Networks In IoT2022 International Conference on Futuristic Technologies (INCOFT)10.1109/INCOFT55651.2022.10094497(1-5)Online publication date: 25-Nov-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/INCOFT55651.2022.10094497
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Index Terms

Darjeeling, a feature-rich VM for the resource poor
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Embedded and cyber-physical systems
  2. Real-time systems
2. Software and its engineering
  1. Software notations and tools
    1. Compilers
      1. Interpreters

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Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

SenSys '09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

November 2009

438 pages

ISBN:9781605585192

DOI:10.1145/1644038

General Chair:
David Culler
University of California, Berkeley
,
Program Chairs:
Jie Liu
Microsoft Research
,
Matt Welsh
Harvard University

Copyright © 2009 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

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Publication History

Published: 04 November 2009

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Seventh Framework Programme

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SenSys09

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SenSys09: The 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems

November 4 - 6, 2009

California, Berkeley

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Overall Acceptance Rate 174 of 867 submissions, 20%

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Ribeiro ERestivo AFerreira HDias J(2024)WASMICO: Micro-containers in microcontrollers with webassemblyJournal of Systems and Software10.1016/j.jss.2024.112081(112081)Online publication date: Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2024.112081
Zandberg KBaccelli EYuan SBesson FTalpin JBellavista PZhang KGherbi ABagchi SPatiño MDi Modica GGascon-Samson J(2022)Femto-containersProceedings of the 23rd ACM/IFIP International Middleware Conference10.1145/3528535.3565242(161-173)Online publication date: 7-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3528535.3565242
Behal AGupta G(2022)Contiki based Anatomization of Routing Protocols for Low-Power and Lossy Networks In IoT2022 International Conference on Futuristic Technologies (INCOFT)10.1109/INCOFT55651.2022.10094497(1-5)Online publication date: 25-Nov-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/INCOFT55651.2022.10094497
Peng LXu HYu JLiu XGuan F(2021)EmSBoTScript: A Tiny Virtual Machine-Based Embedded Software FrameworkProceedings of the 2021 5th International Conference on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence10.1145/3507548.3507592(284-289)Online publication date: 4-Dec-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3507548.3507592
Oliveira JSousa F(2021)Reprogramming of Embedded Devices using Zephyr: Review and Benchmarking2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit)10.1109/EuCNC/6GSummit51104.2021.9482443(484-489)Online publication date: 8-Jun-2021
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Gaglio SLo Re GMartorella GPeri D(2020)Knowledge-Based Verification of Concatenative Programming Patterns Inspired by Natural Language for Resource-Constrained Embedded DevicesSensors10.3390/s2101010721:1(107)Online publication date: 26-Dec-2020
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Grunert K(2020)Overview of JavaScript Engines for Resource-Constrained Microcontrollers2020 5th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech)10.23919/SpliTech49282.2020.9243749(1-7)Online publication date: 23-Sep-2020
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Zandberg KBaccelli E(2020)Minimal Virtual Machines on IoT Microcontrollers: The Case of Berkeley Packet Filters with rBPF2020 9th IFIP International Conference on Performance Evaluation and Modeling in Wireless Networks (PEMWN)10.23919/PEMWN50727.2020.9293081(1-6)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020
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Oliver RWilde AZaluska E(2020)Reprogramming Embedded Systems at Run-TimeInternational Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems10.21307/ijssis-2019-0787:5(1-6)Online publication date: 15-Feb-2020
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