skip to main content
research-article

Contact-aware nonlinear control of dynamic characters

Published: 27 July 2009 Publication History

Abstract

Dynamically simulated characters are difficult to control because they are underactuated---they have no direct control over their global position and orientation. In order to succeed, control policies must look ahead to determine stabilizing actions, but such planning is complicated by frequent ground contacts that produce a discontinuous search space. This paper introduces a locomotion system that generates high-quality animation of agile movements using nonlinear controllers that plan through such contact changes. We demonstrate the general applicability of this approach by emulating walking and running motions in rigid-body simulations. Then we consolidate these controllers under a higher-level planner that interactively controls the character's direction.

Supplementary Material

JPG File (tps006_09.jpg)
MP4 File (tps006_09.mp4)

References

[1]
Abe, Y., da Silva, M., and Popović, J. 2007. Multiobjective control with frictional contacts. In Symposium on Computer Animation (SCA), 249--258.
[2]
Anitescu, M., and Potra, F. A. 1997. Formulating dynamic multi-rigid-body contact problems with friction as solvable linear complementarity problems. nonlinear dynamics. Nonlinear Dynamics 14, 231--247.
[3]
Atkeson, C. G., and Morimoto, J. 2002. Nonparametric representation of policies and value functions: A trajectory-based approach. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol. 15. 1611--1618.
[4]
Atkeson, C. G. 1994. Using local trajectory optimizers to speed up global optimization in dynamic programming. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol. 6, 663--670.
[5]
Barbič, J., and Popović, J. 2008. Real-time control of physically based simulations using gentle forces. ACM Transactions on Graphics 27, 4, 163:1--163:10.
[6]
Betts, J. T., and Huffman, W. P. 1997. Sparse optimal control software socs. Tech. Rep. MEA-LR-085, Boeing Information and Support Services, The Boeing Co., Seattle, USA.
[7]
Brotman, L. S., and Netravali, A. N. 1988. Motion interpolation by optimal control. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 88), 309--315.
[8]
Byl, K., and Tedrake, R. 2008. Approximate optimal control of the compass gait on rough terrain. In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 1258--1263.
[9]
Cohen, M. F. 1992. Interactive spacetime control for animation. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92), vol. 26, 293--302.
[10]
Coros, S., Beaudoin, P., Yin, K. K., and van de Pann, M. 2008. Synthesis of constrained walking skills. ACM Transactions on Graphics 27, 5, 113:1--113:9.
[11]
Cottle, R., Pang, J., and Stone, R. 1992. The Linear Complementarity Problem. Academic Press, San Diego.
[12]
da Silva, M., Abe, Y., and Popović, J. 2008. Simulation of human motion data using short-horizon model-predictive control. Computer Graphics Forum 27, 2, 371--380.
[13]
da Silva, M., Abe, Y., and Popović, J. 2008. Interactive simulation of stylized human locomotion. ACM Transactions on Graphics 27, 3, 82:1--82:10.
[14]
Faloutsos, P., van de Panne, M., and Terzopoulos, D. 2001. Composable controllers for physics-based character animation. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, Annual Conference Series, 251--260.
[15]
Fang, A. C., and Pollard, N. S. 2003. Efficient synthesis of physically valid human motion. ACM Transactions on Graphics 22, 3, 417--426.
[16]
Fujimoto, Y., Obata, S., and Kawamura, A. 1998. Robust biped walking with active interaction control between foot and ground. In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2030--2035.
[17]
Hirai, K., Hirose, M., Haikawa, Y., and Takenaka, T. 1998. The development of honda humanoid robot. In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 1321--1326.
[18]
Hodgins, J. K., and Pollard, N. S. 1997. Adapting simulated behaviors for new characters. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97, Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, 153--162.
[19]
Hodgins, J. K., Wooten, W. L., Brogan, D. C., and O'Brien, J. F. 1995. Animating human athletics. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 95, Annual Conference Series, 71--78.
[20]
Kolter, J. Z., Coates, A., Ng, A. Y., Gu, Y., and DuHadway, C. 2008. Space-indexed dynamic programming: learning to follow trajectories. In ICML '08: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning, 488--495.
[21]
Laszlo, J. F., van de Panne, M., and Fiume, E. L. 1996. Limit cycle control and its application to the animation of balancing and walking. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96, Annual Conference Series, 155--162.
[22]
Lewis, F. L., and Syrmos, V. L. 1995. Optimal Control. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA.
[23]
Liu, C. K., Hertzmann, A., and Popović, Z. 2005. Learning physics-based motion style with nonlinear inverse optimization. ACM Transactions on Graphics 24, 3, 1071--1081.
[24]
McCann, J., and Pollard, N. 2007. Responsive characters from motion fragments. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26, 3, 6:1--6:7.
[25]
Miura, H., and Shimoyama, I. 1984. Dynamic walk of a biped. International Journal of Robotics Research 3, 2, 60--74.
[26]
Ngo, J. T., and Marks, J. 1993. Spacetime constraints revisited. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, Annual Conference Series, 343--350.
[27]
Pearson, J. D. 1962. Approximation methods in optimal control. Journal of Electronics and Control 13, 453--465.
[28]
Popović, Z., and Witkin, A. P. 1999. Physically based motion transformation. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99), Annual Conference Series, 11--20.
[29]
Raibert, M. H., and Hodgins, J. K. 1991. Animation of dynamic legged locomotion. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 91), ACM SIGGRAPH, Annual Conference Series, 349--358.
[30]
Raibert, M. H. 1986. Legged Robots That Balance. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
[31]
Safonova, A., Hodgins, J., and Pollard, N. 2004. Synthesizing physically realistic human motion in low-dimensional, behavior-specific spaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics 23, 3, 514--521.
[32]
Sharon, D., and van de Panne, M. 2005. Synthesis of controllers for stylized planar bipedal walking. In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2387--2392.
[33]
Sok, K. W., Kim, M., and Lee, J. 2007. Simulating biped behaviors from human motion data. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26, 3, 107:1--107:9.
[34]
Stewart, A. J., and Cremer, J. F. 1989. Algorithmic control of walking. In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 1598--1603.
[35]
Stewart, D. E., and Trinkle, J. C. 1996. An implicit time-stepping scheme for rigid body dynamics with inelastic collisions and coulomb friction. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39, 15, 2673--2691.
[36]
Sulejmanpasić, A., and Popović, J. 2005. Adaptation of performed ballistic motion. ACM Transactions on Graphics 24, 1, 165--179.
[37]
Tassa, Y., Erez, T., and Smart, W. 2008. Receding horizon differential dynamic programming. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), vol. 20. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1465--1472.
[38]
Tedrake, R. L. 2004. Applied Optimal Control for Dynamically Stable Legged Locomotion. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
[39]
Treuille, A., Lee, Y., and Popović, Z. 2007. Near-optimal character animation with continuous control. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26, 3, 7:1--7:7.
[40]
Vukobratovic, M., and Juricic, D. 1969. Contribution to the synthesis of biped gait. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 16, 1--6.
[41]
Wernli, A., and Cook, G. 1975. Suboptimal control for the nonlinear quadratic regulator problem. Automatica 11, 75--84.
[42]
Westervelt, E., Grizzle, J., and Koditschek, D. 2003. Hybrid zero dynamics of planar biped walkers. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 48, 1, 42--56.
[43]
Wieber, P.-B., and Chevallereau, C. 2006. Online adaptation of reference trajectories for the control of walking systems. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 54, 7, 559--566.
[44]
Witkin, A., and Kass, M. 1988. Spacetime constraints. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 88), vol. 22, 159--168.
[45]
Yin, K., Loken, K., and van de Panne, M. 2007. SIMBICON: Simple biped locomotion control. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26, 3, 105:1--105:10.

Cited By

View all

Index Terms

  1. Contact-aware nonlinear control of dynamic characters

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Transactions on Graphics
    ACM Transactions on Graphics  Volume 28, Issue 3
    August 2009
    750 pages
    ISSN:0730-0301
    EISSN:1557-7368
    DOI:10.1145/1531326
    Issue’s Table of Contents
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 27 July 2009
    Published in TOG Volume 28, Issue 3

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. character control
    2. character simulation
    3. physics-based character animation

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Funding Sources

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)10
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
    Reflects downloads up to 25 Dec 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all

    View Options

    Login options

    Full Access

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media