research-article

Assessing computational thinking: : A systematic review of empirical studies

Authors:

Xiaoming ZhaiAuthors Info & Claims

Volume 148, Issue C

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103798

Published: 01 April 2020 Publication History

Abstract

With the increasing attention to Computational Thinking (CT) in education, there has been a concomitant rise of needs and interest in investigating how to assess CT skills. This study systematically reviewed how CT has been assessed in the literature. We reviewed 96 journal articles to analyze specific CT assessments from four perspectives: educational context, assessment construct, assessment type, and reliability and validity evidence. Our review results indicate that (a) more CT assessments are needed for high school, college students, and teacher professional development programs, (b) most CT assessments focus on students' programming or computing skills, (c) traditional tests and performance assessments are often used to assess CT skills, and surveys are used to measure students’ CT dispositions, and (d) more reliability and validity evidence needs to be collected and reported in future studies. This review identifies current research gaps and future directions to conceptualize and assess CT skills, and the findings are expected to be beneficial for researchers, curriculum designers, and instructors.

Highlights

•

A review of current CT assessments about context, construct, assessment type, and psychometric evidence.

•

Fewer CT assessments were examined in high school, college, and professional development than in elementary school.

•

Most CT assessments focused on students' programming or computing skills.

•

Traditional and portfolio assessments were often used to assess CT, and surveys were used to measure CT dispositions.

•

Half of the studies reported reliability and validity evidence of their CT assessment.

References

[1]

A.A. diSessa, Computational literacy and “the big picture” concerning computers in mathematics education, Mathematical Thinking and Learning 20 (1) (2018) 3–31.

[2]

R.F. Adler, H. Kim, Enhancing future K-8 teachers' computational thinking skills through modeling and simulations, Education and Information Technologies 23 (4) (2018) 1501–1514.

[3]

A.P. Ambrosio, L.S. Almeida, J. Macedo, A.H.R. Franco, Exploring core cognitive skills of Computational Thinking, in: Paper presented at the psychology of programming interest group Annual conference 2014 (PPIG 2014), 2014.

[4]

A.L.S.O. Araujo, W.L. Andrade, D.D.S. Guerrero, M.R.A. Melo, How many abilities can we measure in computational thinking?: A study on Bebras challenge, in: Paper presented at the proceedings of the 50th ACM technical symposium on computer science education, 2019.

[5]

S. Atmatzidou, S. Demetriadis, Advancing students' computational thinking skills through educational robotics: A study on age and gender relevant differences, Robotics and Autonomous Systems 75 (Part B) (2016) 661–670.

[6]

D. Barr, J. Harrison, L. Conery, Computational thinking: A digital age skill for everyone, Learning and Leading with Technology 38 (6) (2011) 20–23.

[7]

V. Barr, C. Stephenson, Bringing computational thinking to K-12: What is involved and what is the role of the computer science education community?, Acm Inroads 2 (1) (2011) 48–54.

Digital Library

[8]

S. Basu, G. Biswas, J.S. Kinnebrew, Learner modeling for adaptive scaffolding in a Computational Thinking-based science learning environment, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 27 (1) (2017) 5–53.

[9]

S. Basu, G. Biswas, P. Sengupta, A. Dickes, J.S. Kinnebrew, D. Clark, Identifying middle school students' challenges in computational thinking-based science learning, Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning 11 (1) (2016) 13.

[10]

M.U. Bers, L. Flannery, E.R. Kazakoff, A. Sullivan, Computational thinking and tinkering: Exploration of an early childhood robotics curriculum, Computers & Education 72 (2014) 145–157.

[11]

M. Bower, L.N. Wood, J.W.M. Lai, C. Howe, R. Lister, R. Mason, et al., Improving the computational thinking pedagogical capabilities of school teachers, Australian Journal of Teacher Education 42 (3) (2017) 53–72.

[12]

K. Brennan, M. Resnick, New frameworks for studying and assessing the development of computational thinking, in: Proceedings of the 2012 annual meeting of the American educational research association, vancouver, Canada, Vol. 1, 2012, April, p. 25.

[13]

J.C. Brown, A metasynthesis of the complementarity of culturally responsive and inquiry‐based science education in k‐12 settings: Implications for advancing equitable science teaching and learning, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 59 (9) (2017).

[14]

A. Cartelli, V. Dagiene, G. Futschek, Bebras contest and digital competence assessment: Analysis of frameworks. Current trends and future practices for digital literacy and competence , IGI Global, Hershey, PA, 2012.

[15]

I. Cetin, Preservice teachers' introduction to computing: Exploring utilization of scratch, Journal of Educational Computing Research 54 (7) (2016) 997–1021.

[16]

G. Chen, J. Shen, L. Barth-Cohen, S. Jiang, X. Huang, M. Eltoukhy, Assessing elementary students' computational thinking in everyday reasoning and robotics programming, Computers & Education 109 (2017) 162–175.

[17]

CSTA, ISTE, Operational definition of computational thinking for K–12 education, 2011, Retrieved from http://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/CurrFiles/CompThinkingFlyer.pdf.

[18]

J. Cuny, L. Snyder, J.M. Wing, Demystifying computational thinking for non-computer scientists, 2010, Unpublished manuscript in progress, referenced in http://www.cs.cmu.edu/CompThink/resources/TheLinkWing.pdf.

[19]

V. Dagienė, G. Futschek, Bebras international contest on informatics and computer literacy: Criteria for good tasks, in: Paper presented at the 3rd international conference on informatics in secondary schools - evolution and perspectives: Informatics education - supporting computational thinking torun, Poland, 2008.

[20]

J. Denner, L. Werner, E. Ortiz, Computer games created by middle school girls: Can they be used to measure understanding of computer science concepts?, Computers & Education 58 (1) (2012) 240–249.

Digital Library

[21]

T. Djambong, V. Freiman, Task-based assessment of students' computational thinking skills developed through visual programming or tangible coding environments, International Association for Development of the Information Society, 2016.

[22]

H.Y. Durak, M. Saritepeci, Analysis of the relation between computational thinking skills and various variables with the structural equation model, Computers & Education 116 (2018) 191–202.

Digital Library

[23]

L. English, On MTL's second milestone: Exploring computational thinking and mathematics learning, Mathematical Thinking and Learning 20 (1) (2018) 1–2.

[24]

K.A. Ericsson, H.A. Simon, How to study thinking in everyday life: Contrasting think-aloud protocols with descriptions and explanations of thinking, Mind, Culture and Activity 5 (3) (1998) 178–186.

[25]

G. Falloon, An analysis of young students' thinking when completing basic coding tasks using Scratch Jnr. On the iPad, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 32 (6) (2016) 576–593.

Digital Library

[26]

D.A. Fields, D. Lui, Y.B. Kafai, Teaching computational thinking with electronic textiles: Modeling iterative practices and supporting personal projects in exploring computer science, in: Computational thinking education, Springer, Singapore, 2019, pp. 279–294.

[27]

D.A. Fields, M.S. Shaw, Y.B. Kafai, Personal learning journeys: Reflective portfolios as “objects-to-learn-with” in an e-textiles high school class, in: V. Dagiene, E. Jastu˙e (Eds.), Constructionism 2018: Constructionism, computational thinking and educational innovation: Conference proceedings, 2018, pp. 213–223. Vilnius, Lithuania, http://www.constructionism2018.fsf.vu.lt/proceedings.

[28]

A.E. Flanigan, M.S. Peteranetz, D.F. Shell, L.-K. Soh, Implicit intelligence beliefs of computer science students: Exploring change across the semester, Contemporary Educational Psychology 48 (2017) 179–196.

[29]

F. Flórez, R. Casallas, M. Hernández, A. Reyes, S. Restrepo, G. Danies, Changing a generation's way of thinking: Teaching computational thinking through programming, Review of Educational Research 87 (4) (2017) 834–860.

[30]

J.R. Fraenkel, N.E. Wallen, H.H. Hyun, How to design and evaluate research in education, 9th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY, 2015.

[31]

V. Garneli, K. Chorianopoulos, Programming video games and simulations in science education: Exploring computational thinking through code analysis, Interactive Learning Environments 26 (3) (2018) 386–401.

[32]

M.R. González, Computational thinking test: Design guidelines and content validation, in: Paper presented at the proceedings of EDULEARN15 conference, 2015.

[33]

S. Grover, Assessing algorithmic and computational thinking in K-12: Lessons from a middle school classroom, in: Emerging research, practice, and policy on computational thinking, Springer, 2017, pp. 269–288.

[34]

S. Grover, Assessing algorithmic and computational thinking in K-12: Lessons from a middle school classroom. Emerging research, practice, and policy on computational thinking, Springer, 2017, pp. 269–288.

[35]

S. Grover, R. Pea, Computational thinking in K–12: A review of the state of the field, Educational Researcher 42 (1) (2013) 38–43.

[36]

S. Grover, R. Pea, Computational thinking: A competency whose time has come. Computer science education: Perspectives on teaching and learning in school, Bloomsbury Academic, London, 2018.

[37]

S. Grover, R. Pea, S. Cooper, Designing for deeper learning in a blended computer science course for middle school students, Computer Science Education 25 (2) (2015) 199–237.

[38]

Y. Gülbahar, S. Kert, F. Kalelioğlu, The self-efficacy perception scale for computational thinking skill: Validity and reliability study, Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education 10 (1) (2018) 1–29.

[39]

R. Hadad, M. Kachovska, K. Thomas, Y. Yin, Practicing formative assessment for computational thinking in making environments, Journal of Science Education and Technology (2019) 1–12.

[40]

R. Hadad, K. Lawless, Assessing computational thinking, in: M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of information science and technology, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, 2014, pp. 1568–1578.

[41]

H.I. Haseski, U. Ilic, U. Tugtekin, Defining a new 21st century skill-computational thinking: Concepts and trends, International Education Studies 11 (4) (2018) 29–42.

[42]

P.B. Henderson, T.J. Cortina, J.M. Wing, Computational thinking, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 39 (1) (2007) 195–196.

[43]

E.J.V. Hennessey, J. Mueller, D. Beckett, P.A. Fisher, Hiding in plain sight: Identifying computational thinking in the Ontario elementary school curriculum, Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 6 (1) (2017) 79–96.

[44]

T.C. Hsu, S.C. Chang, Y.T. Hung, How to learn and how to teach computational thinking: Suggestions based on a review of the literature, Computers & Education 126 (2018) 296–310.

[45]

ISTE, CT leadership toolkit, 2015.

[46]

S. Jacob, H. Nguyen, C. Tofel-Grehl, D. Richardson, M. Warschauer, Teaching computational thinking to English learners, NYS TESOL journal 5 (2) (2018).

[47]

K. Jaipal-Jamani, C. Angeli, Effect of robotics on elementary preservice teachers' self-efficacy, science learning, and computational thinking, Journal of Science Education and Technology 26 (2) (2017) 175–192.

[48]

C. Jenkins, Poem generator: A comparative quantitative evaluation of a microworlds-based learning approach for teaching English, International Journal of Education and Development using ICT 11 (2) (2015).

[49]

J. Jenson, M. Droumeva, Exploring media literacy and computational thinking: A game maker curriculum study, Electronic Journal of E-Learning 14 (2) (2016) 111–121.

[50]

K. Jona, U. Wilensky, L. Trouille, M. Horn, K. Orton, D. Weintrop, et al., Embedding computational thinking in science, technology, engineering, and math (CT-STEM), in: Paper presented at the future directions in computer science education summit meeting, Orlando, FL, 2014.

[51]

F. Kalelioğlu, Y. Gülbahar, V. Kukul, A framework for computational thinking based on a systematic research review, Baltic Journal of Modern Computing 4 (3) (2016) 583.

[52]

E.J.S. Kang, C. Donovan, M.J. McCarthy, Exploring elementary teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and confidence in implementing the NGSS science and engineering practices, Journal of Science Teacher Education 29 (1) (2018) 9–29.

[53]

S. Kjällander, A. Åkerfeldt, L. Mannila, P. Parnes, Makerspaces across settings: Didactic design for programming in formal and informal teacher education in the nordic countries, Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education 34 (1) (2018) 18–30.

[54]

Ö. Korkmaz, R. Çakir, M.Y. Özden, A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (CTS), Computers in Human Behavior 72 (2017) 558–569.

Digital Library

[55]

I. Lee, F. Martin, K. Apone, Integrating computational thinking across the K--8 curriculum, Acm Inroads 5 (4) (2014) 64–71.

[56]

I. Lee, F. Martin, J. Denner, B. Coulter, W. Allan, J. Erickson, …., L. Werner, Computational thinking for youth in practice, Acm Inroads 2 (1) (2011) 32–37.

Digital Library

[57]

J. Leonard, J. Barnes-Johnson, M. Mitchell, A. Unertl, C.R. Stubbe, L. Ingraham, Developing teachers' computational thinking beliefs and engineering practices through game design and robotics, North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, 2017.

[58]

J. Leonard, M. Mitchell, J. Barnes-Johnson, A. Unertl, J. Outka-Hill, R. Robinson, et al., Preparing teachers to engage rural students in computational thinking through robotics, game design, and culturally responsive teaching, Journal of Teacher Education 69 (4) (2018) 386–407.

[59]

J. Lockwood, A. Mooney, Computational thinking in education: Where does it fit? A systematic literary review, International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Systems 2 (1) (2018) 41–60.

[60]

D. Lui, J.T. Walker, S. Hanna, Y.B. Kafai, D. Fields, G. Jayathirtha, Communicating computational concepts and practices within high school students' portfolios of making electronic textiles, Interactive Learning Environments (2019) 1–18.

[61]

S.Y. Lye, J.H.L. Koh, Review on teaching and learning of computational thinking through programming: What is next for K-12?, Computers in Human Behavior 41 (2014) 51–61.

Digital Library

[62]

J. Malyn-Smith, I. Lee, Application of the occupational analysis of computational thinking-enabled STEM professionals as a program assessment tool, The Journal of Computational Science Education 3 (1) (2012) 2–10.

[63]

C. Martin, Libraries as facilitators of coding for all, Knowledge Quest 45 (3) (2017) 46–53.

[64]

J.H. McMillan, Classroom assessment: Principles and practice for effective instruction, 6th ed., Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 2013.

[65]

L.A. Mesiti, A. Parkes, S.C. Paneto, C. Cahill, Building capacity for computational thinking in youth through informal education, Journal of Museum Education 44 (1) (2019) 108–121.

[66]

J. Moreno-León, G. Robles, M. Román-González, Towards data-driven learning paths to develop computational thinking with scratch, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing (99) (2017) pp. 1-1.

[67]

A.G.V. Muñoz-Repiso, Y.A. Caballero-González, Robotics to develop computational thinking in early childhood education, Comunicar: Media Education Research Journal 27 (59) (2019) 63–72.

[68]

National Research Council, Committee for the Workshops on Computational Thinking: Report of a workshop on the scope and nature of computational thinking, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2010.

[69]

National Research Council, Committee for the Workshops on Computational Thinking: Report of a workshop of pedagogical aspects of computational thinking, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2011.

[70]

National Research Council, A framework for K–12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2012.

[71]

NGSS Lead States, Next generation science standards: For states, by states, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2013.

[72]

T. Nishida, S. Kanemune, Y. Idosaka, M. Namiki, T. Bell, Y. Kuno, A CS unplugged design pattern, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 41 (1) (2009) 231–235.

[73]

T. Palts, M. Pedaste, V. Vene, L. Vinikienė, Tasks for assessing skills of computational thinking, in: Paper presented at the proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on innovation and technology in computer science education, 2017.

[74]

S. Papert, Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas, Basic Books, Inc, 1980.

Digital Library

[75]

S. Papert, The connected family: Bridging the digital generation gap, Vol. 1, Taylor Trade Publishing, 1996.

[76]

A. Peel, T.D. Sadler, P. Friedrichsen, Learning natural selection through computational thinking: Unplugged design of algorithmic explanations, Journal of Research in Science Teaching (2019).

[77]

C. Pei, D. Weintrop, U. Wilensky, Cultivating computational thinking practices and mathematical habits of mind in Lattice Land, Mathematical Thinking and Learning 20 (1) (2018) 75–89.

[78]

M.S. Peteranetz, A.E. Flanigan, D.F. Shell, L.-K. Soh, Computational creativity exercises: An avenue for promoting learning in computer science, IEEE Transactions on Education 60 (4) (2017) 305–313.

[79]

A. Pugnali, A. Sullivan, M.U. Bers, The impact of user Interface on young children's computational thinking, Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice 16 (2017) 171–193.

[80]

A. Repenning, D. Webb, A. Ioannidou, March). Scalable game design and the development of a checklist for getting computational thinking into public schools, in: Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science education, ACM, 2010, pp. 265–269.

[81]

K.M. Rich, E. Spaepen, C. Strickland, C. Moran, Synergies and differences in mathematical and computational thinking: Implications for integrated instruction. Interactive Learning Environments, 2019.

[82]

M. Román-González, J.-C. Pérez-González, C. Jiménez-Fernández, Which cognitive abilities underlie computational thinking? Criterion validity of the computational thinking test, Computers in Human Behavior 72 (2017) 678–691.

Digital Library

[83]

M.A. Ruiz-Primo, R.J. Shavelson, L. Hamilton, S. Klein, On the evaluation of systemic science education reform: Searching for instructional sensitivity, Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching 39 (5) (2002) 369–393.

[84]

J.-M. Sáez-López, M. Román-González, E. Vázquez-Cano, Visual programming languages integrated across the curriculum in elementary school: A two year case study using “scratch” in five schools, Computers & Education 97 (2016) 129–141.

Digital Library

[85]

C.C. Selby, J. Woollard, Computational thinking: The developing definition, in: Paper presented at the 18th annual conference on innovation and technology in computer science education, Canterbury, 2013.

[86]

P. Sengupta, J.S. Kinnebrew, S. Basu, G. Biswas, D. Clark, Integrating computational thinking with K-12 science education using agent-based computation: A theoretical framework, Education and Information Technologies 18 (2) (2013) 351–380.

[87]

S. Sentance, A. Csizmadia, Computing in the curriculum: Challenges and strategies from a teacher's perspective, Education and Information Technologies 22 (2) (2017) 469–495.

[88]

D.F. Shell, L.-K. Soh, Profiles of motivated self-regulation in college computer science courses: Differences in major versus required non-major courses, Journal of Science Education and Technology 22 (6) (2013) 899–913.

[89]

V.J. Shute, C. Sun, J. Asbell-Clarke, Demystifying computational thinking, Educational Research Review 22 (2017) 142–158.

[90]

F.R. Sullivan, J. Heffernan, Robotic construction kits as computational manipulatives for learning in the STEM disciplines, Journal of Research on Technology in Education 48 (2) (2016) 105–128.

[91]

E. Sung, Fostering computational thinking in technology and engineering education: An unplugged hands-on engineering design approach, Technology and Engineering Teacher 78 (5) (2019) 8–13.

[92]

J. Testa, The Thomson Reuters journal selection process, Transnational Corporations Review 1 (4) (2009) 59–66.

[93]

T. Turchi, D. Fogli, A. Malizia, Fostering computational thinking through collaborative game-based learning, Multimedia Tools and Applications 78 (10) (2019) 13649–13673.

[94]

D. Weintrop, E. Beheshti, M. Horn, K. Orton, K. Jona, L. Trouille, et al., Defining computational thinking for mathematics and science classrooms, Journal of Science Education and Technology 25 (1) (2016) 127–147.

[95]

D. Weintrop, E. Beheshti, M.S. Horn, K. Orton, L. Trouille, K. Jona, et al., Interactive assessment tools for computational thinking in High School STEM classrooms, in: Paper presented at the international conference on intelligent Technologies for interactive entertainment, 2014.

[96]

L. Werner, J. Denner, S. Campe, Using computer game programming to teach computational thinking skills, in: Paper presented at the Learning, education and games, 2014.

[97]

L. Werner, J. Denner, S. Campe, D.C. Kawamoto, February). The fairy performance assessment: Measuring computational thinking in middle school, in: Proceedings of the 43rd ACM technical symposium on computer science education, ACM, 2012, pp. 215–220.

[98]

M.H. Wilkerson-Jerde, Construction, categorization, and consensus: Student generated computational artifacts as a context for disciplinary reflection, Educational Technology Research & Development 62 (1) (2014) 99–121.

[99]

J.M. Wing, Computational thinking, Communications of the ACM 49 (3) (2006) 33–35.

Digital Library

[100]

J.M. Wing, Computational thinking and thinking about computing, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366 (1881) (2008) 3717–3725.

[101]

J. Wing, Research notebook: Computational thinking—what and why, The Link Magazine, 2011.

[102]

U. Wolz, M. Stone, K. Pearson, S.M. Pulimood, M. Switzer, Computational thinking and expository writing in the middle school, ACM Transactions on Computing Education 11 (2) (2011) 9.

[103]

U. Wolz, M. Stone, S.M. Pulimood, K. Pearson, March). Computational thinking via interactive journalism in middle school, in: Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science education, ACM, 2010, pp. 239–243.

[104]

A. Yadav, J. Good, J. Voogt, P. Fisser, Computational thinking as an emerging competence domain, in: Competence-based vocational and professional education, Springer, 2017, pp. 1051–1067.

[105]

A. Yadav, C. Mayfield, N. Zhou, S. Hambrusch, J.T. Korb, Computational thinking in elementary and secondary teacher education, ACM Transactions on Computing Education 14 (1) (2014) 5.

[106]

Y. Yin, R. Hadad, X. Tang, Q. Lin, Improving and assessing computational thinking in maker activities: The integration with physics and engineering learning Journal of science Education and technology , 2019, pp. 1–26.

[107]

L. Zhang, J. Nouri, A systematic review of learning computational thinking through Scratch in K-9, Computers & Education 141 (2019) 103607.

Digital Library

[108]

B. Zhong, Q. Wang, J. Chen, Y. Li, An exploration of Three-Dimensional Integrated Assessment for computational thinking, Journal of Educational Computing Research 53 (4) (2016) 562–590.

Cited By

Al Khateeb AAldosemani TAbu-Dawood SAlgarni S(2024)Alignment of University Competencies With Global Skill MeasuresInternational Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education10.4018/IJICTE.33655920:1(1-16)Online publication date: 30-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.4018/IJICTE.336559
Zhang YRutherford T(2024)Scaffolding Expertise: Evaluating Scaffolds for Block-Based Coding Among Experts and NovicesProceedings of the 2024 International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for Education10.1145/3700297.3700345(277-282)Online publication date: 6-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3700297.3700345
Maximova AMonga MLonati VBarendsen ESheard JPaterson J(2024)Teaching Programming through Multi-Context Physical ComputingProceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 210.1145/3649405.3659482(850-851)Online publication date: 8-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3649405.3659482
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Assessing computational thinking: A systematic review of empirical studies
1. Applied computing
2. Social and professional topics
  1. Professional topics
    1. Computing education
      1. Computational thinking
      2. Computing education programs
        Computer science education

Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

Recommendations

Computational Thinking in Elementary and Secondary Teacher Education

Computational thinking (CT) is broadly defined as the mental activity for abstracting problems and formulating solutions that can be automated. In an increasingly information-based society, CT is becoming an essential skill for everyone. To ensure that ...
Computational thinking in high school courses
SIGCSE '10: Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science education

The number of undergraduates entering computer science has declined in recent years. This is paralleled by a drop in the number of high school students taking the CS AP exam and the number of high schools offering computer science courses. The declines ...
Assessing Computational Thinking in CS Unplugged Activities
SIGCSE '17: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education

Computer Science (CS) Unplugged activities have been deployed in many informal settings to present computing concepts in an engaging manner. To justify use in the classroom, however, it is critical for activities to have a strong educational component. ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Computers & Education

Computers & Education Volume 148, Issue C

Apr 2020

148 pages

ISSN:0360-1315

Issue’s Table of Contents

Elsevier Ltd.

Publisher

Elsevier Science Ltd.

United Kingdom

Publication History

Published: 01 April 2020

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

77
Total Citations
View Citations
0
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)0
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 06 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Al Khateeb AAldosemani TAbu-Dawood SAlgarni S(2024)Alignment of University Competencies With Global Skill MeasuresInternational Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education10.4018/IJICTE.33655920:1(1-16)Online publication date: 30-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.4018/IJICTE.336559
Zhang YRutherford T(2024)Scaffolding Expertise: Evaluating Scaffolds for Block-Based Coding Among Experts and NovicesProceedings of the 2024 International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for Education10.1145/3700297.3700345(277-282)Online publication date: 6-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3700297.3700345
Maximova AMonga MLonati VBarendsen ESheard JPaterson J(2024)Teaching Programming through Multi-Context Physical ComputingProceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 210.1145/3649405.3659482(850-851)Online publication date: 8-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3649405.3659482
Pozzan GPadova CMontuori CArfé BVardanega TMonga MLonati VBarendsen ESheard JPaterson J(2024)Experimental Analysis of First-Grade Students' Block-Based Programming Problem Solving ProcessesProceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 110.1145/3649217.3653586(143-149)Online publication date: 3-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3649217.3653586
Espinal AVieira CMagana A(2024)Professional Development in Computational Thinking: A Systematic Literature ReviewACM Transactions on Computing Education10.1145/364847724:2(1-24)Online publication date: 10-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3648477
Esche S(2024)Testing Programming Aptitude through Commonsense ComputingProceedings of the 26th Australasian Computing Education Conference10.1145/3636243.3636255(104-113)Online publication date: 29-Jan-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3636243.3636255
Liu RStephenson BStone JBattestilli LRebelsky SShoop L(2024)The Current Research Landscape of Computing Education in Elementary Settings: A Systematic Literature ReviewProceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 210.1145/3626253.3635622(1724-1725)Online publication date: 14-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626253.3635622
Meza FVásquez ASan Martín DStephenson BStone JBattestilli LRebelsky SShoop L(2024)Validation of a Bebras-Based Test to Assess Computational Thinking Abilities in First-Year College StudentsProceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 210.1145/3626253.3635523(1750-1751)Online publication date: 14-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626253.3635523
Morales-Navarro LFields DBarapatre DKafai YStephenson BStone JBattestilli LRebelsky SShoop L(2024)Failure Artifact Scenarios to Understand High School Students' Growth in Troubleshooting Physical Computing ProjectsProceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 110.1145/3626252.3630855(874-880)Online publication date: 7-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626252.3630855
Kaspersen MMusaeus LBilstrup KPetersen MIversen ODindler CDalsgaard P(2024)From Primary Education to Premium Workforce: Drawing on K-12 Approaches for Developing AI LiteracyProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642607(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642607
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents