UDMV: EG Workshop on Urban Data Modelling and Visualisation

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3D Cities Rendering and Visualisation: A Web-Based Solution
(The Eurographics Association, 2016) Haje, Noura El; Jessel, Jean-Pierre; Gaildrat, Véronique; Sanza, Cédric; Vincent Tourre and Filip Biljecki
3D cities reconstruction and visualisation have always been a challenging area. Many software have been developed for constructing, editing and visualising 3D virtual cities. These software that allow the semi-automatic generation of virtual cities whether destined for visualisation, simulation and games have largely reduced the cost and charges of manual generation and sometimes their work outstrips the geometry to reach the semantics at a higher level. However, for faster and better performance, we are focusing on the visualisation and management of real-world data and more precisely geographic data for the web. This data is written in different standards and is largely available to users and cost free. This paper proposes a user intuitive solution based on the quite recent ArcGIS software Application Programming Interface (API) and CityGML (Geography Markup Language) in order to visualise and manage a real interactive editable city.
3D Model for Solar Energy Potential on Buildings from Urban LiDAR Data
(The Eurographics Association, 2016) Bill, Andreas; Mohajeri, Nahid; Scartezzini, Jean-Louis; Vincent Tourre and Filip Biljecki
One of the most promising sustainable energies that can be considered in urban environments is solar energy. A 3D model for solar energy potential on building envelopes based on urban LiDAR data was developed in this study. The developed algorithm can be used to model solar irradiation with high spatio-temporal resolution for roof-, facade-, and ground surfaces simultaneously, while taking into account the surrounding vegetation. Global solar irradiation is obtained for regularly spaced points on building- and ground surfaces with a spatial resolution of 1m2 and a time resolution of 1 hour. The algorithm has been implemented in Matlab and results were generated for two different test areas in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. The results for these specific areas show that, even in a dense urban area, the upper parts of south-east to south-west oriented facades receive 600 to 1000 kWh/m2/year of solar input, which is suitable for active solar installations. The results also show that south oriented facades can get higher solar input during winter months than the low inclined roof surfaces. This demonstrates that, depending on the latitude, facades can have a significant impact on the solar potential of buildings in urban areas, particularly for a sustainable energy planning application.
5D Multi-Purpose Land Information System
(The Eurographics Association, 2015) Ioannidis, Charalabos; Verykokou, Styliani; Soile, Sofia; Potsiou, Chryssy; Filip Biljecki and Vincent Tourre
The complexity of modern urban environments has led to the introduction of 3D Land Information Systems (LISs), which tend to replace traditional 2D LIS architectures for the purposes of urban planning and regeneration, land administration, real estate management and civil development. Both the need for 3D visualization of the geometry of buildings in various time instances through the years and the need for acquisition of 3D models in various levels of detail (LoDs), which not only fulfill the requirements of the various users but also they speed up the visualization process, are obvious. Thus, additional dimensions, that is, for time and scale, need to be supported by a modern LIS. This paper introduces a 5D modelling pipeline that may be adopted by a multi-purpose LIS for the selective creation of 3D models of an urban area in various time instances and at various LoDs, enriched with cadastral and other spatial data. The methodology is based on automatic change detection algorithms for spatial-temporal analysis of the spatial changes that took place in subsequent time periods, using image orientation, dense image matching and structure from motion algorithms; the procedure requires photogrammetric stereo plotting, implements procedural modelling and relies on the availability of overlapping aerial and terrestrial imagery, ground control points and cadastral information. Finally, an application based on the proposed methodology in an urban area in Greece is presented and the future work is discussed.
Applying Level-of-detail and Perceptive Effects to 3D Urban Semantics Visualization
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Zhang, Fan; Tourre, Vincent; Moreau, Guillaume; Gonzalo Besuievsky and Vincent Tourre
Urban environment consists of various types of data, both geometric ones and non-geometric ones, among which urban semantics are important sources for non-geometric data. The modelling and visualization of urban semantics is one type of information visualization (InfoVis). In both 2D and 3D environment, a lot of work has been done, which use different kinds of representation forms to illustrate knowledge and information stored in the original abstract dataset. This paper aims to apply the idea of information level-of-detail (LoD) to urban semantics visualization and a text-based semantic database is built to illustrate how the idea works. Then in the implementation process, four perceptive factors for text visualization are chosen, while we mainly test, compare and analyse text size, aiming to better aid users find new knowledge and make decisions.
Automated Production of Interactive 3D Temporal Geovisualizations so as to Enhance Flood Risk Awareness
(The Eurographics Association, 2016) Jacquinod, Florence; Pedrinis, Frédéric; Edert, Jérémy; Gesquière, Gilles; Vincent Tourre and Filip Biljecki
The FLOOD AR project originates from an explicitly expressed need for digital 3D temporal georeferenced models that can be largely diffused among riverside residents through computers and mobile devices, in order to support the raising of public awareness concerning flood risk along the Rhône river. This project is led by a multidisciplinary consortium of researchers from several fields who are working together to develop usable tools and models as well as recommendations regarding visual content, interfaces and context of use for those 3D models. As far as computer science is concerned, given the practical difficulties of resorting to 3D georeferenced technologies for practitioners and the current limitations of commonly used GIS data formats and tools, automatic tools allowing any interested parties to produce 3D temporal models in order to support flood risk awareness' enhancement were developed in the first phase of the project. The storage of those 3D models in an interoperable format (CityGML) ensures that those 3D temporal models are available for other purposes in relation to flood mitigation (regarding flood risk mitigation planning and public consultations or visual analysis for instance). Automating the production of 3D temporal models guarantees that those models can be produced for any territory along the Rhône river. A tool to visualize those 3D temporal models interactively will also be made available as an open source tool as part of the project.
An Automatic Comparison Approach to Detect Errors on 3D City Models
(The Eurographics Association, 2016) Gorszczyk, Benjamin; Damiand, Guillaume; Servigne, Sylvie; Diakité, Abdoulaye; Gesquière, Gilles; Vincent Tourre and Filip Biljecki
3D building models are needed in several professional domains. To provide better results, these models must be errors-free and that is why it is required to have a way to detect and to correct errors. These errors can be geometric, topological or semantic. By using a topological structure called EBM-LCC that allows to model buildings, we create a new tool that allows to detect these three type of errors in 3D city models. The solution we propose is an algorithm that compares two EBM-LCC. This algorithm can be used to compare two different models, for example acquired with two different processes, or resulting from two different acquisition campaigns. It is also an interesting tool to compare and validate algorithms. In this work, we compare an EBM-LCC loaded directly from a CityGML model with an EBM-LCC reconstructed from a soup of polygons only. Then we can use the result of this comparison to outline possible differences or to correct one of the two models by using the information of the other one. This algorithm allowed to automatically detect and correct semantic errors on several models that are currently used by professionals. This shows the interest of EBM-LCC for the city modeling domain as it helps to reach an error-free model.
Automatic Semantic-preserving Conversion Between OBJ and CityGML
(The Eurographics Association, 2015) Biljecki, Filip; Arroyo Ohori, Ken; Filip Biljecki and Vincent Tourre
We investigate the automatic conversion between two substantially different formats used in 3D city models: the ubiquitous but semantically poor Wavefront OBJ and the semantically rich but less used OGC standard CityGML. We elaborate on their differences and on the challenges involved in their conversion, such as the inference of semantics in an OBJ file for their use in CityGML, and the storage of these semantics back in OBJ. We implement two software prototypes: a conversion of 3D building models from CityGML to OBJ (CityGML2OBJs), and one from OBJ to CityGML (OBJ2CityGML). By presenting both methods and implementations, we aim at increasing the availability of CityGML datasets and the possibility to create them in powerful 3D modelling software.
Challenges and Ideas in Procedural Modeling of Interiors
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Ilcik, Martin; Wimmer, Michael; Vincent Tourre and Gonzalo Besuievsky
While the creation of convincing cityscapes from the outside is already possible, there is a lack of robust and efficient techniques for modeling the interior of buildings. In particular, we focus on challenges for the subdivision of the interior space into rooms and for placement of furniture in those rooms.
Challenges in Procedural Modeling of Buildings
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Patow, Gustavo; Besuievsky, Gonzalo; Vincent Tourre and Gonzalo Besuievsky
The use of procedural modeling for building generation has risen dramatically over the last years, being an elegant and fast way to generate huge, complex and realistically looking urban sites. However, due to its generative nature there are still unsolved problems that limits they usage. In this paper we report on the challenges still pending on procedural modeling of buildings. We provide a state of the art on most recent solution and we draw possible research avenue that could be taken for spreading the use of procedural modeling in current applications.
City Reconstruction and Visualization from Public Data Sources
(The Eurographics Association, 2016) Menzel, J. Robert; Middelberg, Sven; Trettner, Philip; Jonas, Bastian; Kobbelt, Leif; Vincent Tourre and Filip Biljecki
We present a city reconstruction and visualization framework that integrates geometric models reconstructed with a range of different techniques. The framework generates the vast majority of buildings procedurally, which yields plausible visualizations for structurally simple buildings, e.g. residential buildings. For structurally complex landmarks, e.g. churches, a procedural approach does not achieve satisfactory visual fidelity. Thus, we also employ image-based techniques to reconstruct the latter in a more realistic, recognizable way. As the manual acquisition of data required for the procedural and image-based reconstructions is practically infeasible for whole cities, we rely on publicly available data as well as crowd sourcing projects. This enables our framework to render views from cities without any dedicated data acquisition as long as there are sufficient public data sources available. To obtain a more lively impression of a city, we also visualize dynamic features like weather conditions and traffic based on publicly available real-time data.
Combining Geometry, Topology and Semantics for Generic Building Description and Simulations
(The Eurographics Association, 2015) Horna, Sébastien; Damiand, Guillaume; Diakité, Abdoulaye; Meneveaux, Daniel; Filip Biljecki and Vincent Tourre
2D and 3D virtual architectural models are the common ground of many studies, including environmental protection, energy saving, or human well-being. Building or urban environment simulations concern for instance heat transfer, lighting, and acoustics, each of them requiring physical parameters additionally to the geometric representation. Furthermore, geometry does not generally comply straightforwardly with physical parameters and users are forced to manually adapt the models before simulation. This paper proposes an overview of modeling and simulation studies that make use of topological representations, and discusses the advantages of a topological representation for various types of applications. Such a representation can be used not only to maintain the 3D model global coherence, but also to automatically retrieve walls, doors, or room volumes for instance. Based on the existing model of generalized maps, this paper also illustrates some examples of structure traversal that can be used for providing the users with adequate simulation data.
Commercial Evolution Simulation
(The Eurographics Association, 2015) Soriano, Carlos; Patow, Gustavo; Filip Biljecki and Vincent Tourre
Simulating the evolution of urban landscapes is a challenging objective with a large impact not only for Computer Graphics (for its applications in the filming and gaming industries), but also for urban planning, economical and historical studies, urban physics, and many other. However, this target has remained elusive because of the large complexity implied by urban structures and their evolutions. We present a system that aims at simulating the evolution of the commercial structure in a modern city. In particular, given an initial distribution of shops, it studies the evolution when larger commercial areas, like malls, are introduced. This is computed using the Huff model as a measure of the attraction each commerce has on potential consumers, and an agent-based simulation to determine how these aspects affect their choices. Then, after a given simulation time, the system decides whether the shop has retained an income such that it can continue operating, or has gone bankrupt. Our system is used to study the evolution of the commercial structure of Barcelona city over the last century.
Conceptualizing, Managing and Developing: A Web Based 3D City Information Model for Urban Energy Demand Simulation
(The Eurographics Association, 2015) Padsala, Rushikesh; Coors, Volker; Filip Biljecki and Vincent Tourre
In this paper we describe a concept to manage and develop a web based virtual 3D scene, based on CityGML LoD 2 models, DTM tiles, ortho-photos and energy simulation results of specific heating demand and photovoltaic potential generated from SimStadt simulation platform, by integrating it on ESRI 3D City Information Model (3DCIM) platform. The final output results into a web based 3D visualization of multiple layers of building attributes such as building age, building height, building type, building usage and energy simulation results in terms of specific heating demand and PV potential. Additionally 3D modelling of trees and waterbody were produced based on its location to visually enrich the final virtual 3D scene.
A Configurable LoD for Procedural Urban Models intended for Daylight Simulation
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Besuievsky, Gonzalo; Barroso, Santiago; Beckers, Benoit; Patow, Gustavo; Gonzalo Besuievsky and Vincent Tourre
In many applications, such as in massive urban models visualization or in the study of the impact of urban simulation at different scales, models with different levels of detail are required. In this paper we propose a flexible system for configuring level of details models using Procedural Modeling aiming to generate only the geometry required for each specific need. We test our system for a solar simulation analysis at urban scale. We evaluate the solar irradiation and the Sky View Factor in order to study the impact at different scales. We show that our tool provides a way to handle the complexity of urban scale models, and specifically to study the sensitivity of the geometry.
A Data Model for Simulation Models Relying on Spatio-temporal Urban Data
(The Eurographics Association, 2016) Langlois, Jean-Gil; Tourre, Vincent; Servières, Myriam; Gervais, B.; Gesquière, Gilles; Vincent Tourre and Filip Biljecki
To understand the complexity of modern cities and anticipate their expansion, experts from various fields conceive simulation models that can be very different. Those simulation models work with a variety of data with their own organization. Furthermore, because the urban objects are studied in the context of the evolution of a city or urban area, they carry temporal and spatial information (ADD EXAMPLES). In this paper, we present the base classes of a common data model robust and flexible enough to serve the identified use cases (EXAMPLES). We then introduce a mechanism that allows to add thematic information to those classes (AND OTHER MECHANISMS). We also present some possibilities of the use of the data model. (We end this paper by evoking the future improvements of the data model NOT MANDATORY).
Dual-Domain Visual Exploration of Urban Solar Potential
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Seipel, Stefan; Lingfors, David; Widén, Joakim; Vincent Tourre and Gonzalo Besuievsky
Traditional methods for estimating the solar energy potential in buildings determine energy yields on an annual base and make use of highly aggregated geo-spatial data. This work proposes a method for detailed assessment of the potential solar energy yield in the temporal and spatial domain. Solar irradiance is evaluated using numerical methods based on hourly variation of solar irradiance and on actual building geometry. Results of our initial studies allow exploration of the variation patterns in solar yield depending on local and time-varying factors, which cannot be seen in coarse level solar planning tools. This helps identifying surfaces with good solar yield that are deemed unfavorable according to traditional planning practices.
Dynamizers - Modeling and Implementing Dynamic Properties for Semantic 3D City Models
(The Eurographics Association, 2015) Chaturvedi, Kanishk; Kolbe, Thomas H.; Filip Biljecki and Vincent Tourre
Today, more and more cities worldwide are realizing the importance of semantic 3D city models. Various application areas of 3D city models such as simulations require the usage of highly dynamic and time-varying attributes, which are currently not supported by any standard. In this paper, we propose a new concept 'dynamizer', which extends static 3D city models by supporting variations of individual feature properties and associations over time. It allows to inject dynamic variations of city object properties into the static representation. In addition, the concept allows to model and study complex patterns representing dynamic variation of properties based on statistics and general rules.
Far-LoD: Level of Detail for Massive Sky View Factor Calculations in Large Cities
(The Eurographics Association, 2015) Novoa, David Muñoz; Beckers, Benoit; Besuievsky, Gonzalo; Patow, Gustavo; Filip Biljecki and Vincent Tourre
In many applications, such as in urban physical simulations or in the study of the effect of the solar impact at different scales, models with different levels of detail are required. In this paper we propose an efficient system for quickly computing the Sky View Factor (SVF) for any point inside a large city. To do that, we embed the city into a regular grid, and for each cell we select a subset of the geometry consisting of a square area centered on the cell and including it. Then, we remove the selected geometry from the city model and we project the rest onto a panoramic image (in our case, the sides of a box). Later, when several SVF evaluations are required, we only need to determine the cell that the evaluation point belongs to, and compute the SVF with the cell's geometry plus the environment map. To test our system, we perform several evaluations inside a cell's area, and compare the results with the ground truth SVF evaluation. Our results show the feasibility of the method and its advantages when used for a large set of computations. We show that our tool provides a way to handle the complexity of urban scale models, and specifically to study the sensitivity of the geometry.
From Regional LULC Model to Urban Population Density Simulation in Wallonia
(The Eurographics Association, 2016) Stephenne, Nathalie; Poelmans, Lien; Hallot, Eric; Beaumont, Benjamin; Uljee, Inge; Vincent Tourre and Filip Biljecki
Cities must develop ''Smart'' management and planning strategies to mitigate the challenges caused by urban population growth. The SmartPop project proposes a LULC model and dasymetric population density maps to Walloon policy makers for analyzing and simulating future city development and localization of citizens. In this study, the constrained Cellular Automata LULC change model developed for Flanders and the Brussels-Capital Region is applied to the Walloon Region. This paper presents the first outputs from both parts of the project. On the one hand, maps of current and simulated LULC in 2050, resulting from the the first prototype of the LULC model are presented. Secondly, the dasymetric mapping protocol developed for Flanders is calibrated with Walloon data. The resulting population density map is validated with anonymous data of the National Register of Natural Persons. This project makes use of existing tools and data to propose a common spatial planning model for Wallonia, Flanders and Brussels.
Frontmatter: Eurographics Workshop on Urban Data Modelling and Visualisation
(The Eurographics Association, 2015) Biljecki, Filip; Tourre, Vincent; Filip Biljecki and Vincent Tourre

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