Üləma
Üləma (ərəb. علماء)[1] — islamda dini biliklərin, o cümlədən islam doktrinasının və hüququnun qoruyucuları, ötürücüləri və tərcüməçiləri.[2]
Tarixi ənənəyə görə, üləmalar dini müəssisələrdə, yəni mədrəsələrdə təhsil alırlar. Quran və sünnə ənənvi islam hüququnun müqəddəs qaynaqlarıdır.[3]
İstinadlar
- ↑ Brown, Jonathan A.C. Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. 2014. səh. 3. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9.
The ulama (literally, the learned ones)
- ↑ Cl. Gilliot; R.C. Repp; K.A. Nizami; M.B. Hooker; Chang-Kuan Lin; J.O. Hunwick. P. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (redaktorlar ). ʿUlamāʾ. In: Encyclopaedia of Islam (2). Leiden: E.J. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1278. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
- ↑ Muhammad Qasim Zaman. The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. 2007. səh. 1. ISBN 978-0-691-13070-5.
Əlavə ədəbiyyat
- Guy Burak. The second formation of Islamic Law. The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-1-107-09027-9.
- Robert W. Hefner; Muhammad Qasim Zaman, redaktorlar Schooling Islam: The culture and politics of modern Muslim education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-691-12933-4.
- Thomas Pierret. Religion and state in Syria. The Sunni ulama from coup to revolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-60990-7.
- Muhammad Qasim Zaman. The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-691-13070-5. PDF, accessed 2 May 2017
- Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Cook, Michael (redaktor). Transmitters of authority and ideas across cultural boundaries, eleventh to eighteenth century. In: The new Cambridge history of Islam (3rd). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-51536-8.
- Bein, Amit. Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition (2011) Amazon.com
- Hatina, Meir. Ulama, Politics, and the Public Sphere: An Egyptian Perspective (2010). ISBN 978-1-60781-032-2ISBN 978-1-60781-032-2
- Heyd. Uriel. "Some Aspects of The Ottoman Fetva." School of Oriental and African Studies Bulletin; 32 (1969), p. 35–56.
- Inalcik, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178.
- Mehmet, Ipsirli, Guidelines to the Jurisprudence of Ottoman Ulema
- Rabithah Ma'ahid Islamiyah Biografi Ulama of Indonesia
- Tasar, Murat. "The Ottoman Ulema: their understanding of knowledge and scholarly contribution." The Turks. 3: Ottomans. Editors: Hasan Celâl Güzel, C.Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2002, pp. 841–850.
- Zilfi, Madeline C. 1986. "The Kadizadelis: Discordant Revivalism in Seventeenth Century Istanbul." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45 (4): 251–269.