اقدم المبانى الموجوده
أقدم المبانى الموجودة .
معايير
[تعديل]تعريف المبنى على أنه أى هيكل من صنع الإنسان يستخدم أو واجهة لدعم أو إيواء أى استخدام أو إشغال مستمر. علشان التأهل لهذه القائمة، لازم على الهيكل:
- يكون مبنى مميز؛
- دمج ميزات أعمال البناء من التاريخ المطالب به ل1.5 متر على الأقل (4.9 قدم) فى الارتفاع؛
- أن تكون كاملة لحد كبير أو تشمل أعمال البناء على ده الارتفاع لمعظم محيطها.
- فيها منطقة مقفولة بيها نقطة دخول واحدة على الأقل.
و ده يستبعد عمد الآثار والتماثيل ذات الارتفاع المحدود. وتستثنى ال كمان :
- الدولمينات ، نوع من المقابر الصخرية المكونة من اوضه واحدة، وفى العاده تتكون من 3 أحجار مستقيمة أو اكتر تدعم قمة أفقية مسطحة كبيرة. كانت الدولمينات فى العاده متغطيه بالأرض أو بالحجارة الصغيرة لتشكل ركام (المدرجة فى القائمة). وفى كثير من الحالات، تآكل ده الغطاء، و مافضلش اللا "الهيكل العظمي" الحجرى لتلة الدفن سليمًا. الدولمينات من العصر الحجرى الحديث كثيرة للغاية، حيث تم الإبلاغ عن اكتر من 1000 منها فى مكلنبورغ-فوربومرن فى المانيا وحدها.[1]
- كيرنز ، هيا ببساطة أكوام كبيرة من الحجارة السائبة (على عكس الحجرة الحجرية )
- الحلقات الحجرية ال، زى ستونهنج ، لا يتم احتسابها كمان لأنها غير مقفولة مش ليها أسقف.
تم التوصل لتواريخ الكتير من أقدم الهياكل عن طريق التأريخ بالكربون المشع وينبغى اعتبارها تقريبية.
حسب العمر
[تعديل]بعض من أقدم المبانى فى العالم اللى حافظت على متطلباتها. توجد مواقع احتلال بيها هياكل أقدم من صنع الإنسان زى تلك الموجودة فى غوبيكلى تيبى ، لكن الهياكل آثار ولا تستوفى تعريف المبنى (الذى ممكن رؤيته أعلاه). تحتوى الكتير من المبانى المدرجة فى العلى الطوب بشكل أساسي، لكن الأهم من كده هو الحفاظ على جدرانها و أسقفها. هناك الكتير من الهياكل الموجودة اللى لسه فى جزر أوركنى فى اسكتلندا، وبعض أشهرها هيا جزء من موقع التراث العالمى فى قلب العصر الحجرى الحديث فى أوركنى .[2] وتحتوى ال كمان على الكتير من المبانى الكبيرة من عصر الأهرامات المصرية.
Building | Image | Country | Continent | First built | Use | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Göbekli Tepe | Turkey | اسيا | 9500–7500 BC | Place of worship | Located in southern Turkey. The tell includes two phases of use, believed to be of a social or ritual nature by site discoverer and excavator Klaus Schmidt, dating back to the 10th–8th millennium BC. The structure is 300 m in diameter and 15 m high. | |
Tower of Jericho | West Bank, Palestine | اسيا | 8000 BC | Tower | is an 8.5-metre-tall (28 ft) stone structure, constructed of undressed stones, with an internal staircase of twenty-two steps. | |
Çatalhöyük | Turkey | اسيا | 7500–5700 BC | Settlement | A very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia | |
Mehrgarh | Pakistan | اسيا | 7000 BC | Settlement | A Neolithic archaeological site situated on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan in Pakistan. It is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River and between the modern-day Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. | |
Barnenez | فرنسا | اوروبا | 4800 BC | Passage grave | Located in northern Finistère and partially restored. According to André Malraux it would have been better named 'The Prehistoric Parthenon'. The structure is 72 م (236 قدم) long, 25 م (82 قدم) wide and over 8 م (26 قدم) high.[3][4] | |
Tumulus of Bougon | فرنسا | اوروبا | 4800 BC | Tumulus | A necropolis, complex of tombs with varying dates in Deux-Sèvres near Niort and Poitiers, the oldests being E and F0 .[3] | |
Saint-Michel tumulus | فرنسا | اوروبا | 4500 BC | Tumulus | The tumulus forms what is almost an artificial hillock of more than 30,000 م3 (1,100,000 قدم3) (60 م × 125 م × 10 م (197 قدم × 410 قدم × 33 قدم)).[5][6] | |
Anu ziggurat of Uruk | Iraq | اسيا | 4000–3800 BC | Ziggurat | A massive White Temple was built atop of the ziggurat. Under the northwest edge of the ziggurat a Stone Temple has been discovered. | |
Monte d'Accoddi | Italy (Sardinia) | اوروبا | 4000–3650 BC[7][8] | Possibly an open-air temple, or a step pyramid. | A trapezoidal platform on an artificial mound, reached by a sloped causeway. New radiocarbon dating (2011) allow us to date the building of the first monument to 4000–3650 BC, the second shrine dating to 3500–3000 BC."[9] | |
La Hougue Bie | Jersey | اوروبا | 4000–3500 BC | Passage grave | An 18.6 م (61 قدم) long Neolithic passage grave with 12th century (medieval) chapel above [10] and World War II structures.[11][12] | |
Knap of Howar | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3700 BC | House | Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[13][14][15] | |
Ġgantija | Malta | اوروبا | 3700 BC | Temple | Two structures on the island of Gozo. The second was built four centuries after the oldest.[16][17] | |
Dolmen of Menga | اسبانيا | اوروبا | 3700 BC | Tomb | A megalithic burial mound called a tumulus, a long barrow form of dolmen | |
West Kennet Long Barrow | المملكه المتحده (England) | اوروبا | 3650 BC | Tomb | Located near Silbury Hill and Avebury stone circle.[18] | |
Listoghil | Ireland | اوروبا | 3550 BC | Passage Tomb | At the centre of the Carrowmore passage tomb cluster, a simple box-shaped chamber is surrounded by a kerb c.34 م (112 قدم) in diameter and partly covered by a cairn. It has been partly reconstructed.[19] | |
Stoney Littleton Long Barrow | المملكه المتحده (England) | اوروبا | 3550 BC | Tomb | Neolithic chambered tomb with multiple burial chambers, belonging to the Severn-Cotswold group located near Wellow, Somerset, England.[20] | |
Sechin Bajo | Peru | South America | 3500 BC | Plaza | The oldest known building in the Americas.[21] | |
Dholavira | India | اسيا | 3500 BC | Settlement | A complex of ruins with varying dates at Dholavira.[22][23][24]
It has brick water reservoirs, with steps, circular graves and the ruins of a well planned town. Recent research suggests the beginning of occupation around 3500 BCE (pre-Harappan) and continuity until around 1800 BCE (early part of Late Harappan period).[25] | |
Midhowe Chambered Cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3500 BC | Tomb | A well-preserved chambered cairn of the Orkney-Cromarty type on the island of Rousay.[26] | |
Gavrinis passage tomb | فرنسا | اوروبا | 3500 BC | Tomb | On a small island, situated in the Gulf of Morbihan.[27] | |
Wayland's Smithy | المملكه المتحده (England) | اوروبا | 3460 BC | Chamber tomb | A barrow constructed on top of an older burial chamber.[28] | |
Unstan Chambered Cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3450 BC | Tomb | Excavated in 1884, when grave goods were found, giving their name to Unstan ware.[29][30][31] | |
Loughcrew | Ireland | Europe | 3400 BC | Tomb | It is the site of megalithic burial grounds dating back to approximately 3500 and 3300 BC | |
Knowe of Yarso chambered cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3350 BC | Tomb | One of several Rousay tombs. It contained numerous deer skeletons when excavated in the 1930s.[29][32][33] | |
Quanterness chambered cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3250 BC | Tomb | The remains of 157 individuals were found inside when excavated in the 1970s.[29][34][35] | |
Tarxien Temples | Malta | اوروبا | 3250 BC | Temples | Part of the Megalithic Temples of Malta World Heritage Site.[16][36] | |
Shahr-e Sukhteh | Iran | اسيا | 3200 BC | Settlement | A rich source of information regarding the emergence of complex societies and contacts between them in the third millennium[37] | |
Newgrange | Ireland | اوروبا | 3200 BC[38] | Burial | Partially reconstructed around original passage grave.[39] | |
Knowth | Ireland | اوروبا | c. 3200 BC | Passage grave | A Neolithic passage grave and an ancient monument of the World Heritage Site of Brú na Bóinne | |
Dowth | Ireland | اوروبا | between 3200 and 2900 BC | Tomb | The cairn is about 85 مترs (280 قدم) in diameter and 15 مترs (50 قدم) high. | |
Skara Brae | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3180 BC | Settlement | Northern Europe's best preserved Neolithic village.[40][41] | |
Tomb of the Eagles | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3150 BC | Tomb | In use for 800 years or more. Numerous bird bones were found here, predominantly white-tailed sea eagle.[42][43] | |
Tepe Sialk ziggurat | Iran | اسيا | 3000 BC | Ziggurat | The oldest settlements in Sialk to date to around 6000–5500 BC.[44][45] The Sialk ziggurat was built around 3000 BC. | |
Dolmen de Bagneux | فرنسا | اوروبا | 3000 BC | Dolmen | This is the largest dolmen in France, and perhaps the world; the overall length of the dolmen is 23 م (75 قدم), with the internal chamber at over 18 م (59 قدم) in length and at least 3 م (9.8 قدم) high.[46][47][48] | |
Grey Cairns of Camster | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3000 BC or older | Tomb | Located near Upper Camster in Caithness.[49][50] | |
Hulbjerg Jættestue | Denmark | اوروبا | 3000 BC | Passage grave | The grave is concealed by a round barrow on the southern tip of the island of Langeland. One of the skulls found there showed traces of the world's earliest dentistry work.[51][52][53] | |
Dolmens of North Caucasus | روسيا | اوروبا | 3000 BC | Tomb | There are numerous tombs, some perhaps originating in the Maikop culture, in the North Caucasus.[54][55] | |
Taversoe Tuick chambered cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3000 BC | Tomb | Unusually, there is an upper and lower chamber.[56] | |
Holm of Papa chambered cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3000 BC | Tomb | The central chamber is over 20 م (66 قدم) long.[57][58] | |
Barpa Langass | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3000 BC | Tomb | The best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides.[59][60] | |
Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 3000 BC | Tomb | Excavated in 1901, when it was found to contain the bones of men, dogs and oxen.[61][62] | |
Quoyness cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 2900 BC | Tomb | An arc of Bronze Age mounds surrounds this cairn on the island of Sanday.[63] | |
Maeshowe | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 2800 BC | Tomb | The entrance passage is 36 قدم (11 م) long and leads to the central chamber measuring about 15 قدم (4.6 م) on each side.[64][65] | |
Shunet El Zebib | ملف:خع سخموى Monument (I).jpg | مصر | افريقيا | 2700 BC | Mortuary temple | Built as a funerary enclosure, a place where the deceased king was worshipped and memorialised. |
Pyramid of Djoser | مصر | افريقيا | 2667–2648 BC | Burial | Earliest large-scale cut stone construction.[66] | |
Harappa | Pakistan | اسيا | 2600 BC | Settlement | A Bronze Age fortified city with clay sculptured houses located west of Sahiwal.[67]
The Indus Valley civilization had a possible writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system. | |
Mohenjo Daro | Pakistan | اسيا | 2600 BC | Settlement | An archeological site near Larkana.[68]
The world's earliest settlement with one and two storied brick houses, public baths, assembly halls, central marketplace and covered drains. | |
Caral | Peru | South America | 2600 BC | Pyramid | Once thought to be the oldest building in South America.[69] | |
Pyramid of Meidum | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2580 BC | Tomb | Fourth Dynasty structure completed by Sneferu. | |
Bent Pyramid | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2580 BC | Tomb | A second structure completed by Sneferu. | |
Red Pyramid | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2580 BC | Tomb | Third large pyramid completed by Sneferu.[70] | |
Great Pyramid of Giza | مصر | افريقيا | 2560 BC | Tomb | Mausoleum for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu. [بحاجة لمصدر ]
--> World's tallest man-made structure for over 3800 years, until Lincoln Cathedral in 1311. | |
Megalithic Monuments of Alcalar | پورتوجال | اوروبا | Between 3000 and 2000 BC | Tomb | A group of burial tombs that comprise a Calcolithic necropolis. | |
Capel Garmon | المملكه المتحده (Wales) | اوروبا | c. 2500 BC | Tomb | Burial chamber dating from the 3rd millennium BC that belongs to the Severn-Cotswold Group.[71] | |
Pyramid of Khafre | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2500 BC | Tomb | One of the Pyramids of Giza.[72] | |
Pyramid of Menkaure | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2500 BC | Tomb | Menkaure was probably Khafre's successor. | |
Pyramid of Userkaf | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2480 BC | Tomb | Located close to Pyramid of Djoser.[73] | |
Pyramid of Sahure | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2480 BC | Tomb | Built for Sahure.[74] | |
Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2460 BC | Tomb | Built for Neferirkare Kakai.[74] | |
Pyramid of Neferefre | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2455 BC | Tomb | Never completed but does contain a tomb.[74] | |
Pyramid of Niuserre | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2425 BC | Tomb | [75] | |
Royal Palace of Ebla | Syria | اسيا | 2400–2300 BC | Palace | ||
Pyramid of Djedkare-Isesi | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2370 BC | Tomb | ||
Pyramid of Unas | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2340 BC | Tomb | [76] | |
Pyramid of Teti | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2330 BC | Tomb | ||
Labbacallee | Ireland | اوروبا | c. 2300 BC | Tomb | The largest wedge tomb in Ireland.[77] | |
Shimao | China (Shaanxi) | اسيا | 2300–2000 BC | Settlement | Fortified Neolithic site, centered on a large stepped pyramid with a height of 70m.[78] | |
Pyramid of Merenre | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2275 BC | Tomb | Built for Merenre Nemtyemsaf I but not completed. | |
Pyramid of Pepi II Neferkare | مصر | افريقيا | c. 2180 BC | Tomb | ||
Crantit cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 2130 BC | Tomb | Discovered in 1998 near Kirkwall.[79][80] | |
Ziggurat of Ur | Iraq | اسيا | 2100 BC | Temple | The Great Ziggurat of Ur was a temple built under King Ur-Nammu in honor of the goddess Nanna. It was partially reconstructed in the 1980s under Saddam Hussein. | |
Dolmen de Viera | اسبانيا | اوروبا | 2000 BC | Tomb | The Dolmen de Viera or Dolmen de los Hermanos Viera is a dolmen—a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb[81] | |
Dolmen of Cava dei Servi | Italy (Sicily) | اوروبا | 2000 BC | Tomb | The dolmen of Cava dei Servi is a semi-oval monument formed by four rectangular slabs fixed into the ground. Three slabs are on top, leaning in such a way they reduce the surface and form a false dome.[82] | |
Rubha an Dùnain passage grave | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 2000 BC or older | Tomb | [83][84][85] | |
Corrimony chambered cairn | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 2000 BC or older | Tomb | A Clava-type passage grave surrounded by a circle of 11 standing stones.[86][87] | |
Bryn Celli Ddu | المملكه المتحده (Wales) | اوروبا | 2000 BC | Tomb | Located on the island of Anglesey.[88] | |
Balnuaran of Clava | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 2000 BC | Tomb | The largest of three is the north-east cairn, which was partially reconstructed in the 19th century. The central cairn may have been used as a funeral pyre.[85][89][90] | |
Vinquoy chambered cairn, Eday | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 2000 BC | Tomb | [91] | |
Pyramid of Amenemhat I | مصر | افريقيا | c. 1960 BC | Tomb | ||
Karnak | مصر | افريقيا | 1971–1926 BC | Temple | Actually a temple complex. | |
Pyramid of Senusret I | مصر | افريقيا | c. 1920 BC | Tomb | ||
Pyramid of Senusret II | مصر | افريقيا | c. 1875 BC | Tomb | ||
Knossos | Greece | اوروبا | 1850–1750 BC | Palace | Minoan structure on a Neolithic site.[92] | |
Pyramid of Senusret III | مصر | افريقيا | c. 1835 BC | Tomb | Built for Senusret III. | |
Black Pyramid | مصر | افريقيا | c. 1820 BC | Tomb | Built for Amenemhat III, it has multiple structural deficits. | |
Hawara | مصر | افريقيا | c. 1810 BC | Tomb | Also built for Amenemhat III. | |
Pyramid of Khendjer | مصر | افريقيا | c. 1760 BC | Tomb | Built for pharaoh Khendjer. | |
Daorson | Bosnia and Herzegovina | اوروبا | 17–16th century BC | City and citadel | Illyrian settlement and capital of Daorsi tribe. | |
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut | مصر | افريقيا | 15th century BC | Temple | ||
Nuraghe Santu Antine | Italy (Sardinia) | اوروبا | 1600 BC | Possibly a fort | The second tallest of these megalithic edifices found in Sardinia and tallest still standing.[93] | |
Sinauli | India | اسيا | 1800 BC | Settlement | The Sinauli excavation site is located in Sinauli, western Uttar Pradesh, India, at the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.[94][95] Major findings from 2018 trial excavations are dated to c. 2000 - 1800 BCE, and ascribed to the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (OCP)/Copper Hoard Culture. The rituals relating to the Sanauli burials shows close affinity with Vedic rituals.[96] | |
Adichanallur | India | اسيا | 1500 BC | Settlement | In 2004, a number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware urns. Some of these urns contained writing in Tamil Brahmi script. While some of the burial urns contained skeletons.[97] In 2018, research on skeletons remains were dated at Manipur University to around 1500 BC.[98] | |
Su Nuraxi di Barumini | Italy (Sardinia) | اوروبا | 1500 BC | Possibly a fort or a palace | The palace of Barumini is formed by a huge quatrefoiled nuraghe, whose central tower is its oldest construction. Originally it was almost 20 م (66 قدم) high and divided into three floors.[99][100] | |
Luxor Temple | مصر | افريقيا | c.1400 BC | Temple | Actually a temple complex. | |
Nuraghe La Prisciona | Italy (Sardinia) | اوروبا | 1400 BC | Possibly a fort | The monument has a central tower and 2 side towers, the former with an entrance defined by a massive lintel of 3.20 م (10.5 قدم). The central chamber has a false dome, which is more than 6 م (20 قدم) high.[101] | |
The King's Grave | Sweden | اوروبا | 1400 BC | Tomb | Near Kivik is the remains of an unusually grand Nordic Bronze Age double burial.[102] | |
The Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu | Iraq | اسيا | 14th century BC | Probably religious rituals | Built for the Kassite King Kurigalzu I.[103] | |
Treasury of Atreus | Greece | اوروبا | 1250 BC | Tomb | The tallest and widest dome in the world for over a thousand years.[104] | |
Chogha Zanbil | Iran | اسيا | 1250 BC | Temple | One of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia.[105] | |
Mortuary Temple of Seti I | مصر | افريقيا | 13th century BC | Temple | ||
Ramesseum | مصر | افريقيا | 13th century BC | Temple | Mortuary temple of Ramses II. | |
Naveta d'Es Tudons | اسبانيا | اوروبا | 1200–750 BC | Ossuary | The most famous megalithic chamber tomb in Menorca.[106] | |
Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III | مصر | افريقيا | 1186–1155 BC | Temple | ||
Dún Aonghasa | Ireland | اوروبا | 1100 BC | Fort | Dún Aonghasa, also called Dun Aengus, has been described as one of the most spectacular prehistoric monuments in western Europe. The drystone walled hillfort is made up of 4 widely spaced concentric ramparts.[107][108] | |
Cuicuilco Circular Pyramid | Mexico | North America | 800–600 BC | Ceremonial center | One of the oldest standing structures of the Mesoamerican cultures. First steps in the creation of a sun based calendar.[109] | |
Van Fortress | Turkey | اسيا | 750 BC | Fortress | Massive Urartean stone fortification overlooking Tushpa. | |
Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia | Italy | اوروبا | 700 BC | Tombs | These Etruscan necropolises contain thousands of tombs, some organized in a city-like plan.[110] | |
Temple of Cyrene | Libya | افريقيا | c. 630 BC | Temple | The temple was destroyed and rebuilt around 115 AD and was damaged in the 4th century AD. | |
Keezhadi excavation site | India | اسيا | 580 BC | Settlement | Keezhadi (also as Keeladi) excavation site is a Sangam period settlement that is being excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India and the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department. | |
Temple of Hera | Italy | اوروبا | 550 BC | Temple | Part of a complex of three great temples in Doric style.[111] | |
Tomb of Cyrus | Iran | اسيا | 530 BC | Tomb | Tomb of Cyrus the Great, located in Pasargadae | |
Persepolis | Iran | اسيا | 522 BC | Ceremonial capital | Ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire | |
Yeha Temple | Ethiopia | افريقيا | 500 BC | Temple | Temple of the sun and moon. | |
Parthenon | Greece | اوروبا | 432–447 BC | Temple | In the Acropolis of Athens | |
Tomb of Seuthes III | Bulgaria | اوروبا | 450–400 BC | Tomb | The tomb was originally a monumental temple at Golyama Kosmatka Mound, built in the second half of the 5th century BC. After extended use as a temple, at the later part of the 3rd century BC the Thracian king Seuthes III was buried inside. | |
Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak | Bulgaria | اوروبا | 300–400 BC | Tomb | Located near Seutopolis, the capital city of the Thracian king Seuthes III, and part of a large necropolis.[112]
It is one of the most elaborate tombs in the Valley of the Thracian Rulers where the first use of brickwork in Europe was established. | |
Sanchi Stupa | India | اسيا | 300 BC | Buddhist temple | In the village of Sanchi | |
Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari | Bulgaria | اوروبا | 300–280 BC | Tomb | Discovered in 1982 in a mound, this 3rd century BC Getic tomb reflects the fundamental structural principles of Thracian cult buildings. The tomb's architectural decor is considered to be unique, with polychrome half-human, half-plant caryatids and painted murals. | |
Dhamek Stupa | India | اسيا | 249 BC rebuilt c. 500 AD | Buddhist Temple | In Sarnath, Varanasi | |
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor | China | اسيا | Began construction 246 BC, finished 208 BC | Tomb | Commonly known as the Terracotta Army, this is one of the largest tombs ever built. It does not only contain the entire stone army, but a complex of halls and of the resting place of Qin Shi Huang. | |
Ruwanwelisaya | Sri Lanka | اسيا | 140 BC | Stupa | In Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka | |
Broch of Mousa | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 100 BC | Broch | Located in Shetland it is among the best-preserved prehistoric buildings in Europe.[113][114] | |
Dun Carloway | المملكه المتحده (Scotland) | اوروبا | 100 BC | Broch | Built in the first century BC[115] | |
Masada | Israel | اسيا | 37 BC | Fortress | Herod the Great built two palaces for himself on the mountain and fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BCE. | |
Maison Carrée | فرنسا | اوروبا | 4–7 AD | Temple | one of the best preserved Roman temples, in Nîmes | |
Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum | China (Hong Kong) | اسيا | 25 AD | Tomb | ||
Temple of Garni | Armenia | اسيا | c. 77 AD | Temple | ||
Colosseum | Italy | اوروبا | 70–80 AD | Amphitheatre |
حسب القارة
[تعديل]بعض من أقدم المبانى المعروفة الموجودة فى القارات الرئيسية.
مبنى | صورة | دولة | القارة | بنيت لأول مرة | يستخدم | ملحوظات |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
غوبيكلى تيبى | ديك رومى | آسيا | 9500 – 7500 قبل الميلاد | معبد مش معروف، على الأرجح | فى جنوب تركيا . يتضمن السرد مرحلتين من الاستخدام، يعتقد أنهما ذات طبيعة اجتماعية أو طقسية على ايد مكتشف الموقع والمنقّب كلاوس شميدت ، ويرجع تاريخهما لالألفية العاشرة لالثامنة قبل الميلاد. و قطر المبنى 300 متر وارتفاعه 15 مترا. | |
دورانكولاك (موقع أثري) | بلغاريا | أوروبا | 5500-4100 ق.م | مستعمرة | يجمع مجمع دورانكولاك الأثرى بين 3 مواقع: تل جوليميا أوستروف - الجزيرة الكبيرة، دورانكولاك - المقبرة ودورانكولاك - الحقول. توجد فى تل غوليميجا أوستروف (الجزيرة الكبيرة) مستوطنات من العصر الحجرى الحديث المبكر - ثقافة هاماندجيا التالت والرابع، والعصر الحجرى الحديث المتأخر - ثقافة فارنا، وحفر طقوس و أبراج قرابين من العصرين البرونزى والبرونزى - ثقافات تشيرنافودا الاولانى والتالت، مستوطنة محصنة من أواخر العصر البرونزى - ثقافة كوسلوجينى ("المجمع الثقافى ساباتينوفكا-نوا-كوسلوجيني")، ومبانى قديمة بيها معبد كهفى للإلهة سيبيل ومستوطنة بلغارية أولية من العصور الوسطى تضم الكتير من القاعات المستديرة، اللى كانت موجودة من القرن التاسع لالبداية من القرن الحداشر الميلادي. و سمك الطبقات الثقافية 3.20 - 3.50 م. تتكون تلة المستوطنة من سبعة آفاق طبقية. | |
سولنيتساتا | بلغاريا | أوروبا | 5500 قبل الميلاد [116] | مستعمرة | يُعتقد أنها أقدم مدينة فى أوروبا، و كانت سولنتساتا موقع لمستوطنة حجرية محصنة ( مسورة ) تعود لعصور قبل التاريخ ( مدينة قبل التاريخ) ومنشأة لإنتاج الملح بالتقريب من الألفية السادسة لالألفية الخامسة قبل الميلاد؛ ازدهرت حوالى 4700-4200 قبل الميلاد.[117][118] اتلقا على مجموعة كبيرة من أقدم القطع الذهبية فى العالم فى مكان قريب، فى مقبرة فارنا [119] | |
سيتشين باجو | بيرو | أمريكا الجنوبية | 3500 قبل الميلاد | بلازا | أقدم مبنى معروف فى الأمريكتين.[21][120] | |
شونة الزبيب | ملف:خع سخموى Monument (I).jpg | مصر | افريقيا | 2700 قبل الميلاد | المعبد الجنائزي | اتبنا كسور جنائزي، و هو مكان لعبادة الملك المتوفى و إحياء ذكرىه. |
لوس نارانجوس | هوندوراس | أمريكا الشمالية | 2000 قبل الميلاد | المعابد | أقدم المبانى الموجودة فى هوندوراس، شيّدها أسلاف شعب لينكا .[121] | |
نان مادول | ولايات ميكرونيزيا الموحدة | أوقيانوسيا | 700s إعلان | مدينة | مدينة بناها البوهنبيان فى القرن السابع الميلادى على جزر من صنع الإنسان ( اتنشأت كمان بواسطة البوهنبيان). يحتوى Nan Madol على أقدم المبانى المعروفة الموجودة فى أوقيانوسيا. | |
أكواخ كيب أداري | تبعية روس | القارة القطبية الجنوبية | 1899 إعلان | أكواخ المستكشفين | المبانى الخشبية اللى شيدت على ايد كارستن بورشجريفينك فى فيكتوريا لاند .[122] |
شوف كمان
[تعديل]- أقدم المبانى فى اسكتلندا
- أقدم المبانى فى الأمريكتين
- أقدم المبانى فى المملكة المتحدة
- أقدم مبانى الكنيسة
- أقدم المدن المأهولة باستمرار
- أقدم المعابد اليهودية
- أقدم المبانى فى امريكا
- أقدم المساجد
مواقع
- لوس ميلاريس ، موقع من العصر النحاسى فى ألميريا باسبانيا، بما فيها الآثار و إعادة البناء
- موقع أنتقيرة دولمينات ، أنتقيرة مالقة اسبانيا، مجموعة تراثية ثقافية تضم 3 آثار ثقافية.
مصادر
[تعديل]- ↑ "Megaliths in Mecklenburg–Vorpommern". University of Toronto. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ "Heart of Neolithic Orkney". UNESCO. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ أ ب Chris Scarre, Roy Switsur, Jean-Pierre Mohen (1993) "New radiocarbon dates from Bougon and the chronology of French passage-graves" Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Antiquity/The Free Library. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ↑ Gibson, Marion; Trower, Shelley; Tregidga, Garry (2013) Mysticism, Myth and Celtic Identity. Routledge. Abingdon. p. 133
- ↑ "The Saint-Michel Tumulus". Culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ↑ "Saint-Michel tumulus". Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ Delfino, Carlo (ed) (2000) "The Prehistoric Altar of Monte d'Accoddi" Archived 2012-05-19 at the Wayback Machine. (pdf) Archaeological Sardinia. 29. Retrieved 14 October 2013. p. 45.
- ↑ Blake, Emma; Arthur Bernard Knapp (2004). The archaeology of Mediterranean prehistory. Wiley Blackwell. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-631-23268-1. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- ↑ "La Hougue Bie". Wondermondo. 2011-03-31. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ "Heritage Asset - La Hougue Bie, La Route de la Hougue Bie". Retrieved 2022-01-08.
- ↑ Le Conte, David (2008). Orientations of Channel Islands Megalithic Tombs - Further observations, La Société Guernesiaise Report and Transactions, Vol XXVI, Part III, pp414-417
- ↑ "Knap of Howar" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Historic Scotland. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ↑ "The Knap o' Howar, Papay" Archived 2019-10-17 at the Wayback Machine. Orkneyjar. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ↑ Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn. p. 40.
- ↑ أ ب "Megalithic Temples of Malta". UNESCO. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ Mcintosh, Jane (2009). Handbook of Life in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 261–62. ISBN 9780195384765. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
- ↑ "West Kennet Long Barrow, Avebury" English Heritage. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ Alastair Whittle, Frances Healy & Alex Bayliss. Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland. 2 volumes. 2011. Oxford: Oxbow; 978-1-84217-425-8
- ↑ "Stoney Littleton Long Barrow". English Heritage. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
- ↑ أ ب McDonnell, Patrick J. (February 26, 2008) "A new find is the Americas' oldest known urban site". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ Subramanian, T S (5–18 June 2010). "The rise and fall of a Harappan City". Frontline. Vol. 27, no. 12. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ↑ Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Oxford University Press. 1998
- ↑ "Will Dholavira ruins rewrite history of ancient theatre? by Robin David". The Times of India. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
- ↑ Sengupta, Torsa, et al. (2019)."Did the Harappan settlement of Dholavira (India) collapse during the onset of Meghalayan stage drought?" in Journal of Quaternary Science, First published: 26 December 2019.
- ↑ "The Midhowe Stalled Cairn, Rousay" Archived 2007-08-14 at the Wayback Machine. Orkneyjar. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ↑ Milisauskas, Sarunas (2002) European Prehistory: A Survey. Birkhäuser p. 231
- ↑ "Wayland's Smithy". English Heritage. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
- ↑ أ ب ت Fraser, David (1980) Investigations in Neolithic Orkney. Glasgow Archaeological Journal. 7 p. 13. ISSN 1471-5767
- ↑ "Unstan Chambered Cairn" Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Historic Scotland. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn. p. 48
- ↑ "Rousay, Knowe of Yarso" Archived 2020-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. Canmore. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
- ↑ Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn. pp. 56–57
- ↑ Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn. p. 50
- ↑ Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF), National Framework. Neolithic. Accessed May 2022.
- ↑ Cilia, Daniel (2004-04-08). "Tarxien". The Megalithic temples of Malta. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
- ↑ "Shahr-i Sokhta".
- ↑ "Newgrange Stone Age Passage Tomb – Boyne Valley, Ireland". www.newgrange.com. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
- ↑ O'Kelly, Michael J. 1982. Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend. London: Thames and Hudson. Page 13.
- ↑ Clarke, David (2000) Skara Brae; World Heritage Site. Historic Scotland. ISBN 1900168979
- ↑ Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF), National Framework. Neolithic: Places to live and ways of living. Accessed May 2022.
- ↑ "Tomb of the Eagles" tomboftheeagles.co.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ↑ Hedges, J. 1990. Tomb of the Eagles: Death and Life in a Stone Age Tribe. New Amsterdam Books. ISBN 0-941533-05-0 p. 73
- ↑ Fazeli, H., Beshkani A., Markosian A., Ilkani H., Young R. L. 2010. "The Neolithic to Chalcolithic Transition in the Qazvin Plain, Iran: Chronology and Subsistence Strategies", in Archäologische Mitteilungen Aus Iran and Turan 41, pp. 1–17
- ↑ Matthews, R. and Nashli, H. F., eds. 2013. The Neolithisation of Iran: The Formation of New Societies. British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology and Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp272.
- ↑ "The Loire Dolmens, France". Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
- ↑ "Le Grand Dolmen de Bagneux".
- ↑ "The Modern Antiquarian: Le Grand Dolmen de Bagneux".
- ↑ "Grey Cairns of Camster". Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ "Grey Cairns of Camster" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Historic Scotland. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ Danish National Museum Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 July 2012
- ↑ Gron, Ole "The World's Oldest Root-canal Work" Archived 2016-07-12 at the Wayback Machine. Kulturarv.dk. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ "Hulbjerg Jættestue". The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ "Карта объектов исследования". Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
- ↑ Markovin, V.I. "western Caucasian Dolmens". (pdf) Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 41, no. 4 (Spring 2002), pp. 68–88
- ↑ "The Taversoe Tuick, Rousay" [permanent dead link] Orkneyjar. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ "Info Board, Holm of Papa Westray Cairn" Wikimedia Commons/Historic Scotland. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn pp. 62–63
- ↑ "North Uist, Barpa Langass" Archived 2013-02-13 at the Wayback Machine. Canmore. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
- ↑ Armit, Ian (1996) The archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh University Press/Historic Scotland. p. 71
- ↑ "The Cuween Hill Cairn, Firth" Archived 2017-04-14 at the Wayback Machine. Orkneyjar. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ "Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Historic Scotland. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ "The Quoyness Cairn, Sanday" Archived 2017-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ↑ Childe, V. Gordon; W. Douglas Simpson (1952). Illustrated History of Ancient Monuments: Vol. VI Scotland. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp.18–19
- ↑ Ritchie, Graham & Anna (1981). Scotland: Archaeology and Early History. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27365-4. p. 29
- ↑ Shaw, Ian, ed (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
- ↑ "Archaeological Site of Harappa"
- ↑ "Archaeological Site of Mohen-Jo-Daro"
- ↑ "Oldest evidence of city life in the Americas reported in Science, early urban planners emerge as power players" Archived 2017-12-13 at the Wayback Machine. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ "King Snefru: The First Great Pyramid Builder" Archived 2012-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. Fathom. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ "Capel Garmon Burial Chamber"[permanent dead link]. Cadw. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ↑ "Pyramid of Chefren". SkyscraperPage. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ Winston, Alan "The Pyramid Complex of Userkaf at Saqqara". Retrieved 18 July 2012.
- ↑ أ ب ت Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
- ↑ Lehner, Mark (1997) The Complete Pyramids London: Thames and Hudson pp. 148–49 ISBN 0-500-05084-8
- ↑ Jaromir Malek, "The Old Kingdom (c. 2160–2055 BCE)" in Ian Shaw (editor) (2000) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: University Press. p. 112
- ↑ "Visit Labbacallee Wedge Tomb with Discover Ireland".
- ↑ "Mysterious carvings and evidence of human sacrifice uncovered in Shimao". National Geographic Society. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020.
- ↑ "C14 Radiocarbon dating for Crantit" Canmore. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
- ↑ "Crantit" Archived 2020-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Canmore. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
- ↑ "Dolmenes de Antequera".
- ↑ Salvatore Piccolo, Ancient Stones: the Prehistoric Dolmens in Sicily, Brazen Head Publishing, Thornam/Norfolk (UK) 2013.
- ↑ Armit, Ian (1996) The archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh University Press/Historic Scotland. p. 73
- ↑ "Skye, Rubh' An Dunain, 'Viking Canal' " Archived 2012-10-22 at the Wayback Machine. Canmore. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ↑ أ ب "The Cairns of Clava, Scottish Highlands". The Heritage Trail. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ↑ "Corrimony Chambered Cairn & RSPB Nature Reserve". Glen Affric.org. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ "Corrimony Chambered Cairn" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Historic Scotland. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ "Bryn Celli Ddu". Ancient Britain Retrieved 18 July 2012.
- ↑ "A Visitors' Guide to Balnuaran of Clava: A prehistoric cemetery." (2012) Historic Scotland.
- ↑ Bradley, Richard (1996) Excavation at Balnuaran of Clava, 1994 and 1995. Highland Council.
- ↑ Uney, Graham (2010) Walking on the Orkney and Shetland Isles: 80 Walks in the Northern Isles. Cicerone Press. p. 71
- ↑ "Knossos". Interkriti. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ "Nuraghe Santu Antine e Museo della Valle dei Nuraghi". Museo Valle de Inuraghi. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ Sandeep Rai (June 6, 2018). "Meerut: ASI unearths 'first-ever' physical evidence of chariots in Copper-Bronze age | Meerut News - Times of India". The Times of India (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-06-05.
- ↑ Atul Sethi (July 1, 2006). "Grave Secrets of Sinauli - Times of India". The Times of India (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-06-05.
- ↑ "Royal burial in Sanauli". frontline.thehindu.com (in الإنجليزية). 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
- ↑ Kalyanaraman, M. (12 January 2018). "The ghosts of Adichanallur: Artefacts that suggest an ancient Tamil civilisation of great sophistication". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 April 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
- ↑ AS, Senthil Kumar (2012-04-14). Read Indussian: The Archaic Tamil from c.7000 BCE* (in الإنجليزية). Amarabharathi Publications & Booksellers, Tiruvannamalai. ISBN 978-93-80733-02-9.
- ↑ "Su Nuraxi di Barumini". Google World Wonders. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ↑ "Su Nuraxi di Barumini". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ↑ "Nuraghe la Prisgiona -Arzachena Costa Smeralda". Beepworld. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ↑ Goldhahn, Joakim (2005) Bredarör i Kivik. Department of Archaeology, University of Gothenburg. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ J A Brinkman, Materials and Studies for Kassite History Vol I: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1976, ISBN 0-918986-00-1
- ↑ "Treasury of Atreus" Structurae.de. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ "Chogha Zanbil" The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ↑ "Dun Aonghasa". Archaeology Travel. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ↑ "Dún Aonghasa" Archived 2016-04-10 at the Wayback Machine. The Discovery Programme. Retrieved 8 August 2012
- ↑ "Zona Arqueológica Cuicuilco". Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. (Spanish). Retrieved 12 July 2012
- ↑ "Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia". UNESCO. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ↑ "Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ "Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ Fojut, Noel (1981)"Is Mousa a broch?" Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. 111 pp. 220–228.
- ↑ Armit, I. (2003) Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1932-3 p. 15.
- ↑ "Doune Broch". Archived from the original on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ↑ Nikolov, Vassil. "Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (5500 – 4200 BC) (Abstract)" (PDF). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ↑ Survival of Information: the earliest prehistoric town in Europe
- ↑ Nikolov, Vassil. "Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (5500-4200 BC) (Abstract)" (PDF). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- ↑ المرجع غلط: اكتب عنوان المرجع فى النُص بين علامة الفتح
<ref>
وعلامة الافل</ref>
فى المرجعMaugh
- ↑ "Senchin Bajo – Plaza in Peru may be the America's oldest urban site". Gogeometry.com. Retrieved 12 July 2012
- ↑ Campbell, Lyle (January 1976). "The Last Lenca". International Journal of American Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 42 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1086/465390. ISSN 0020-7071. JSTOR 1264812. OCLC 1753556
- ↑ "Historic Huts in the Antarctic from the 'Heroic Age'." Antarctic-Circle.org. Retrieved 8 July 2012.