UQhiwu lobuNgqwangqwa
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Ekujinjweni kwezinto eziphilayo, uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa liwumngangatho wokuhlobana kweqembu leziphili (ingqwanye) ekuzalaneni kwazo ngokoqhiwu. Uhlelo oluvamile lubandakanya imiqhinqo, uzalo, umndeni, uhlelo, isigaba, umhibatho, umbuso, isidlangala. Ukufundwa ngengqwangqwa kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ezemixhantelo (cladistics).
Uqhiwu ngalunye luvame ukuba neminxa eminye ngaphansi kwalo, okuyiyona echazisa kabanzi ngezinhlobo zokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalo, uqhiwu ngalunye lujinjwe ngaphakathi kweminxa ebanzi yeziphili bamaqembu eziphili ehlobene eduze ngefa lofuzo noma ulwangu aluthole kukhokho munye. Uqhiwu lwanoma imuphi umqhinkqo kanye nencaziso yozalo kungokwesisekelo; okusho ukuthi ukuze uhlonze isiphili esithile, imvame akuyona imfuneko ukubalula uqhiwu olunye ngaohandle kwalolu olubili lokuqala.