南美响尾蛇

南美响尾蛇
	委内瑞拉响尾蛇（Crotalus durissus cumanensis）
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	爬行纲 Reptilia
目：	有鳞目 Squamata
亚目：	蛇亚目 Serpentes
科：	蝰科 Viperidae
属：	响尾蛇属 Crotalus
种：	南美响尾蛇 C. durissus
二名法
	Crotalus durissus; Linnaeus, 1758
异名
	C. Dryinas; Caudisona orientalis; Caudisona Gronovii; C. orientalis; C. strepitans var. dryinas; Uropsophus durissus; C. pulvis; C. terrificus durissus; C. Gronovii; C. durissus dryinus; C. (Crotalus) durissus dryinus;

南美响尾蛇（Crotalus durissus）是一种分布在南美洲的响尾蛇。它们是属内分布最广的物种^[2]，并在其出没的一些地区引发毒蛇咬伤的救治难题。^[3]其下已发现了8个亚种。^[4]

特征

南美响尾蛇可以长达1.8米，颈部到头部有两道明显的黑线（其实视脊椎骨的突起痕迹）。

分布

除了厄瓜多尔及智利，南美响尾蛇分布在南美洲的所有国家。不过，它们的分布地却是断断续续的^[2]，在北部的哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉、圭亚那、苏里南、法属圭亚那及巴西北部有一些孤立的群落。它们出没于哥伦比亚及巴西东部至秘鲁东南部、玻利维亚、乌拉圭、巴拉圭及阿根廷北部。^[5]它们也在加勒比海的一些岛上生活，包括塔玛林多及阿鲁巴。^[2]

栖息地

南美响尾蛇喜欢大草原、卡丁加群落及喜拉多。它们也曾在委内瑞拉西北部的海岸丛林出没。在巴拉圭的格兰查科，它们栖息在较干旱及多沙的地方。^[2]

毒素

南美响尾蛇的毒素有如在玩俄罗斯轮盘。成年响尾蛇的毒素效果只会破坏血液细胞和组织，但年幼响尾蛇还没有能发出警告的响环，因此他们的毒素还会让肌肉弯曲痉挛，并攻击呼吸系统，导致呼吸衰竭。效果较强的毒素可弥补年幼响尾蛇无法发出警告的缺陷。

亚种

亚种^[4]	命名者^[4]	俗称	分布
C. d. cumanensis	Humboldt, 1833	委内瑞拉响尾蛇^[6]
C. d. durissus	Linnaeus, 1758	南美响尾蛇^[2]（指名亚种）
C. d. marajoensis	Hoge, 1966
C. d. maricelae	García Pérez, 1995
C. d. ruruima	Hoge, 1966		分布在委内瑞拉的罗赖马山；在巴西也有发现一些标本。^[2]
C. d. terrificus	(Laurenti, 1768)		分布在巴西的卡斯卡韦尔。^[6]
C. d. trigonicus	Harris & Simmons, 1978
C. d. unicolor	Lidth de Jeude, 1887	阿鲁巴响尾蛇^[7]	分布在委内瑞拉对出的阿鲁巴岛上。^[7]
C. d. vegrandis	Klauber, 1941	乌拉岗响尾蛇^[7]	分布在委内瑞拉的摩纳加斯。^[7]

分类

圭亚那响尾蛇原先被命名为C. d. dryinus^[5]，现已被认为是指名亚种的异名。正确来说，以往南美响尾蛇的指名亚种后来成为了C. simus的指名亚种，而圭亚那响尾蛇则改为南美响尾蛇的指名亚种。^[2]C. d. collilineatus及C. d. cascavella都被认为是C. d. terrificus的异名。^[8]^[9]

参考

^ Cacciali, P.; Caicedo, J.R.; Carreira, S.; Fitzgerald, L.; Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.; Kacoliris, F.; Montero, R.; Renjifo, J.; Rivas, G.; Rodríguez, J.; Scott, N. Crotalus durissus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T178477A44954627 [28 August 2024]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T178477A44954627.en .
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Campbell JA, Lamar WW. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 2004: 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
^ Warrell DA. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. Campbell JA, Lamar WW (编). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 2004: 870 pp. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Crotalus durissus. ITIS. 2007 [28 November, 2007].
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 1999: 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Mehrtens JM. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 1987: 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. 2 volumes. Reprint, University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
^ Wüster W, Ferguson JE, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Pook CE, Salomão MG, Thorpe RS. Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus) (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14: 1095–1108 [2020-12-29]. （PDF 原始内容请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF)存档于2006-12-25）.
^ Wüster W, Ferguson JE, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Pook CE, Salomão MG, Thorpe RS. No rattlesnakes in the rainforests: reply to Gosling and Bush (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14: 3619–3621 [2020-12-29]. （PDF 原始内容请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF)存档于2006-12-27）.

外部链接

TIGR Reptile Database上的Crotalus durissus

[iucn-1] Cacciali, P.; Caicedo, J.R.; Carreira, S.; Fitzgerald, L.; Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.; Kacoliris, F.; Montero, R.; Renjifo, J.; Rivas, G.; Rodríguez, J.; Scott, N. Crotalus durissus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T178477A44954627 [28 August 2024]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T178477A44954627.en .

[C&L04-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Campbell JA, Lamar WW. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 2004: 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.

[War-C&L04-3] Warrell DA. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. Campbell JA, Lamar WW (编). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 2004: 870 pp. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.

[ITIS-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Crotalus durissus. ITIS. 2007 [28 November, 2007].

[McD99-5] 5.0 ^5.1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 1999: 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6.

[Meh87-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Mehrtens JM. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 1987: 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.

[Kla97-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. 2 volumes. Reprint, University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.

[8] Wüster W, Ferguson JE, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Pook CE, Salomão MG, Thorpe RS. Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus) (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14: 1095–1108 [2020-12-29]. （PDF 原始内容请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF)存档于2006-12-25）.

[9] Wüster W, Ferguson JE, Quijada-Mascareñas JA, Pook CE, Salomão MG, Thorpe RS. No rattlesnakes in the rainforests: reply to Gosling and Bush (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 2005, 14: 3619–3621 [2020-12-29]. （PDF 原始内容请检查|url=值 (帮助) (PDF)存档于2006-12-27）.

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